RAY DIAGRAMS FOR MIRROR AND LENSES

A. Concave Mirror (Converging Mirror) B. Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror)

1. P – F Ray. A ray of light 1. P – F Ray. A ray of light

parallel to the principal axis is parallel to the principal axis is
reflected passing through the reflected as if passing through
principal focus, F. the principal focus, F.

2. F – P Ray. A ray of light

2. F – P Ray. A ray of light directed towards the focus, F
passing through the focus, F is is reflected parallel to the
reflected parallel to the principal axis.
principal axis.

3. C – C Ray. A ray of light 3. C – C Ray. A ray of light

passing through the center of directed towards the center of
curvature, C reflects back curvature, C reflects back along
along its own path. its own path.

4. V Ray. A ray of light directed 4. V Ray. A ray of light

to the vertex reflects at equal directed to the vertex reflects
angle from the principal axis at equal angle from the
principal axis.

A. Convex Lens (Converging Lens) B. Concave Lens (Diverging Lens)

1. P–F Ray. A ray of light
1. P–F Ray. A ray of light parallel to the principal
parallel to the principal axis axis is refracted as if
is refracted passing through passing through the
the principal focus, F principal focus, F in front
behind the lens. of the lens.
2. F–P Ray. A ray of light
2.F–P Ray. A ray of light directed towards the
passing through the focus, F focus, F behind the lens
in front of the lens is is refracted parallel to
refracted parallel to the the principal axis.
principal axis.

3. V Ray. A ray of light

3. V Ray. A ray of passing through the
light passing through exact center of the lens
the exact center of (Vertex) continue to
the lens (Vertex) travel in the same
continue to travel in direction.
the same direction.
 Mirrors and Lenses in Optical Instruments
1. Cameras
▪ use convex lenses to form real images on film or sensors
▪ lens focuses light from distant objects to form a reduced, inverted, and real image.

2. Binoculars
▪ use a combination of convex lenses for magnification and prisms to correct image
orientation, making the image upright
▪ lenses create a magnified image of distant objects

3. Microscopes
▪ Use two convex lenses to magnify tiny objects.
▪ The first lens forms a magnified real image, which is further magnified by the second lens to
create an enlarged virtual image for observation.

4. Telescopes
▪ Use convex lenses (refracting telescopes) or concave mirrors (reflecting telescopes) to
gather and focus light from distant stars and planets, forming a magnified image.
 RAY DIAGRAMS FOR MIRROR AND LENSES
A. Concave Mirror (Converging Mirror) B. Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror)

1. P – F Ray. A ray of light 1. P – F Ray. A ray of light

parallel to the principal axis is parallel to the principal axis is
reflected passing through the reflected as if passing through
principal focus, F. the principal focus, F.

2. F – P Ray. A ray of light

2. F – P Ray. A ray of light directed towards the focus, F
passing through the focus, F is is reflected parallel to the
reflected parallel to the principal axis.
principal axis.

3. C – C Ray. A ray of light 3. C – C Ray. A ray of light

passing through the center of directed towards the center of
curvature, C reflects back curvature, C reflects back along
along its own path. its own path.

4. V Ray. A ray of light directed 4. V Ray. A ray of light

to the vertex reflects at equal directed to the vertex reflects
angle from the principal axis at equal angle from the
principal axis.

A. Convex Lens (Converging Lens) B. Concave Lens (Diverging Lens)

1. P–F Ray. A ray of light
1. P–F Ray. A ray of light parallel to the principal
parallel to the principal axis axis is refracted as if
is refracted passing through passing through the
the principal focus, F principal focus, F in front
behind the lens. of the lens.
2. F–P Ray. A ray of light
2.F–P Ray. A ray of light directed towards the
passing through the focus, F focus, F behind the lens
in front of the lens is is refracted parallel to
refracted parallel to the the principal axis.
principal axis.

3. V Ray. A ray of light

3. V Ray. A ray of passing through the
light passing through exact center of the lens
the exact center of (Vertex) continue to
the lens (Vertex) travel in the same
continue to travel in direction.
the same direction.
 Mirrors and Lenses in Optical Instruments
1. Cameras
▪ use convex lenses to form real images on film or sensors
▪ lens focuses light from distant objects to form a reduced, inverted, and real image.

2. Binoculars
▪ use a combination of convex lenses for magnification and prisms to correct image
orientation, making the image upright
▪ lenses create a magnified image of distant objects

3. Microscopes
▪ Use two convex lenses to magnify tiny objects.
▪ The first lens forms a magnified real image, which is further magnified by the second lens to
create an enlarged virtual image for observation.

4. Telescopes
▪ Use convex lenses (refracting telescopes) or concave mirrors (reflecting telescopes) to
gather and focus light from distant stars and planets, forming a magnified image.