Introduction to Electrical &

Electronic Engineering
ENGG1203
1st Semester, 2014-15 Extensive. Essential.
Extremely complicated.

Dr. Hayden Kwok-Hay So

Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 2

Wordcloud based on all courses offered by HKU EEE Wordcloud based on all course offered by HKU EEE
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Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 3 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 4
 4 Modules, 1 Project
Project: Rube Goldberg Machine
n You will build an incredible, amazing, creative,
Computer Digital and fun Rube Goldberg Machine to pop a
System
Logic balloon.
• Rube Goldberg Machine: “A machine designed to
lab perform a very simple task in a overly complex
way.”
n Must contain a number of required electronic
stages, connected in any imaginable ways
Signals Rewarded for being
Systems &
Project
Circuit

n
• Functional
Control
• Creative
• Fun

General Engineering Skills

2nd semester, 2013 ENGG1203 - HS 5 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 6

Project Competition Bridging Project, Lecture & Lab

Circuit

Digital
Logic

Signals
Systems &
Computer Control
System

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 7 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 8

Project Overview
n A key component of this course is your
project performance
n Engineering is about Problem Solving
• Problem solving skills are best trained through
group project
n Work with real-life engineering challenges
• Project deadline
• Budget constraints
• Disputes among teammates the boring but important bits of the course…

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 9 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 10

The Staff… Class Communication

Instructors
TAs http://www.eee.hku.hk/~engg1203

Dr. Hayden So • Dr. Leon LEI (Head) n Course information will be posted on the
Assistant Professor • Ho-Cheung NG course website as soon as they are available
• Bowen LI • Our “official” means of communications
• It’s your responsibility to know what’s posted
• Yu YANG there!
Dr. C K Lee • Nina ENGELHARDT n Queries, discussion, admin: Piazza
Assistant Professor
n Homework submission, lab, online
assignment: Moodle
Lab Assistants (LAs)

n All course-related announcements will be
made via email
• 1203 veterans… • Check your email – again your responsibility!

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 11 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 12

Class Mechanics Lab
Type Time Location n Must attend all labs and finish lab check-offs
Lectures Tuesdays Chow Yei Ching Building n Project group members must be from the
10:30-12:20 CYC
same lab session
Tutorials Fridays Cow Yei Ching Building
11:30-12:20 CYC
Labs 2 hours every week Chow Yei Ching (CB-LG205)
- W 9:30-11:30
- W 11:30-13:30

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 13 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 14

Assessment Plagiarism
Homework 15% • 3 homework assignments
Labs 10% • In-lab checkoffs
• Work with assigned partner Absolute ZERO tolerance in plagiarism
• New partner each week
Project 20% • Work with self-formed groups
of 4-5
n For official definition of plagiarism, see:
• Competition with prizes end
of semester
http://www0.hku.hk/plagiarism/
• Nov 26, 2014 tentatively n Guide to avoid plagiarism:
Midterm Exam 15% Oct 24, 11:30am-12:30pm http://aao.hku.hk/fy4/plan-of-study/exa-and-
tentatively ass/plagiarism/
Exam 40%

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 15 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 16

Plagiarism Action Items for YOU
n My unofficial definition: “Any copying and/or stealing of materials
and/or ideas from any person other than yourself” is regarded as n Homework 0
plagiarism. • Due Friday Sep 5, 2014, 23:59
• i.e. includes copying work from previous semester, from the Internet,
from your classmates, etc. • Get familiar with Moodle
n In the case of an individual assignment, you will automatically
get a ZERO mark for the assignment if acts of plagiarism is n Sign up on Piazza
detected, including, but not limited to homework, project report,
project peer-review, and project presentations. • You should have received a sign up invitation
n In the case of a group work, any act of plagiarism from any email to your HKU email
member of the group will result in ZERO mark for the entire
group, unless such act has been reported by members of the
group not involved in such act, in which case only the person(s) n Visit course homepage:
involved will receive ZERO mark. http://www.eee.hku.hk/~engg1203
n In addition, any person involved in act of plagiarism may be
subject to further investigation by the relevant University n Check that you are enrolled in the
disciplinary units.
ENGG1203 class in Moodle

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 17 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 18

Administrivia
n First Lab is next Wednesday 9:30am
• Lab partner will be assigned randomly. Check on
Moodle, there will be a link that shows your
partner.
• Lab check-off in lab

Review lecture notes before coming to lab

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 19 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 20

 If Moore’s Law were to apply to
How complicated? Moore’s law homework
n “The number of transistors incorporated in a chip will approximately double
every 24 months.” n Assume:
—Gordon Moore, Intel Co-Founder (1965) • 10 minutes to solve a homework question with 10 circuit
components (level of this course)
n Core i7-980 has 1.17 billion transistors, at 3.33 GHz, 32nm technology
• Amount of time needed to analyze the circuit scales linearly
(much worse in real-life)
• An Intel Core i7 CPU contains ~1 billion components
n How long does it take to fully analyze the processor?
n Ans:

109 minutes = 694,444 days = 1,901 years

taken from: http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/silicon-innovations/moores-law-embedded-technology.html

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 21 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 22

Addressing Complex Systems.. Complex Systems (1)

Top-Level System
input Subsys B Subsys output
Subsystem A B-1
Subsys
C
Subsys
B-2

n Abstraction is the process of encapsulating (low- n Decompose a system into multiple sub-systems
• Each sub-systems can be decomposed into more sub-systems
level) details by well-defined interfaces. • A top-down approach
• Related concepts: layering, sub-system, hierarchy n Compose larger systems by connecting smaller sub-
n Hiding low-level details allows one to focus on systems
• Each composed system can be used to compose even bigger
the big-picture (current picture) systems
• A bottom-up approach
n In simple terms: Make use of something even n The organization of sub-systems forms a hierarchy
before you fully understand how it works

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 23 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 24

Complex Systems (2) Electronic Systems
Top-Level System Subsys B Subsys
Subsystem A B-1
Subsys Physical Physical
Subsys
C
World Input Process
Output World
B-2

n Engineers usually represent each sub-system as a n All electronic/electrical systems must ultimately be
block, forming block diagrams. interacting with the physical world:
• Temperature of the air,
n The boundary of each sub-system is somewhat • Time,
arbitrary • Light,
• Up to the engineering team • Sound,
n But the key is to have a clean and well-defined • Human movement…
interface n Hierarchy (the use of sub-system), might hide that fact,
• Abstraction but all systems do interact with the physical world

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 25 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 26

System Components - Input System Components - Output

• Sound • Sound
• Voltage (V) • Voltage (V)
• Temperature • Temperature
Physical • Current (I) • Current (I) Physical
• Light World
Input
• Resistance (R) • Resistance (R)

Output World • Light
• Pressure • Pressure
• Capacitance, Inductance… • Capacitance, Inductance…
• … • …

n Convert physical quantities into internal quantities that are n Convert internal quantities that are easy to
easy to manage
manage into physical quantities that interact with
n In EEE, it usually means converting a physical quantity the physical world
into electrical signals, such as voltage (V), current (I),
resistance (R), etc… n Examples
n Examples • A speaker translates voltage values (V) into movement
• A microphone translates movement of air in the form of air of air in the form of air pressure that generate sound
pressure into voltage
• A wind turbine translates wind into electrical power • A light bulb that turns current values (I) into light
• A light sensor translate light intensity (lumens) into resistance • A motor that drives a wheel to spin
• A thermistor translates temperature into resistance • A solenoid that generates a pulling force on a shaft

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 27 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 28

 Example Electrical Systems from
System Components - Processing
Project

Process
Process
Ball Rolls Turns on
Past Sensor
Input
Output
3 times? Laser

n Performs the intended function of the system.

n Examples
• Amplifies the electrical signal from a microphone
• Control the power of the motor of a fan depending on
input voltage
n Slightly more complex example:
• Mixes the voltage input from two different microphones,
amplifies the signal, and control the voltage that will
drive a signal indicator and output speaker

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 29 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 30

Abstraction at work… Ball Rolls

Past Sensor
Input
Process

Output Turns on
Laser
3 times?
Process
Ball Rolls Turns on
Past Sensor
Input
Output
Laser
3 times? DI DO

DI DO Assume we want to change the behavior of the

n The “Process” block only needs to focus on its own system such that
function:
• If DI is TRUE, then increment internal counter, otherwise do “the laser is turned on only after 3 balls have
nothing
• Set DO to TRUE only if internal count is 3, otherwise set DO passed through the tunnel AND a toy car has
to FALSE reached the bottom of a ramp”
n It does not need to know how the rest of the system
works
• It doesn’t know how to detect a ball Can we change the system easily by reusing all
• It doesn’t know how to turn on laser existing modules?
• …
Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 31 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 32
 “the laser is turned on only after 3 balls have passed through
the tunnel AND a toy car has reached the bottom of a ramp”
Attention Span
n the period of time during which you continue to
Car at Ramp Input be interested in something:
100

Percentage of people
paying attention
Process 75
Ball Rolls Turns on
Past Sensor
Input
Output
Laser
3 times?
50

25

A system that output TRUE when both inputs are 0

TRUE 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (mins)
n Two 45 mins lectures + 15 mins break
• Remind me if I forget!!!
Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 33 2nd sem. 2012-13 CCST9015 - HS 34

Digital Abstraction
n Abstract all signals as TWO discrete values
• Usually denoted TRUE, FALSE, high, low, ‘1’, ‘0’
• We use TRUE, high, ‘1’ synonymously
n The value TRUE does not necessarily
correspond to a high physical voltage
• We can define TRUE anyway we want as long as
Abstraction 1 it does not overlap with that of FALSE
• More in later lectures…
DIGITAL LOGIC
n An example of abstracting low-level details
using a well-defined interface

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 35 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 36

Digital Abstraction - Benefit The Primitives – Logic Gates
n Binary system can be effectively analyzed n Logic Gates: Basic operations on binary
with Boolean algebra digital signals
• Provides a mathematical basis for modeling the n A simple gate takes 1 or 2 digital input and
behavior of the system
output 1 single output
n Facilitate easy building of large system using • Complex gates may take > 2 inputs
hierarchy
n Common gates:
n Isolate all low level details of electrical signal • NOT, AND, OR – basic Boolean operators
so engineers can focus on high-level system • NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR – combination
design issues.
• E.g. How to count to 3? What is the best way to
perform “smile detection”?

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 37 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 38

AND Gate OR Gate

a b y a b y
0 0 0 0 0 0
a a
b
y 0 1 0 y = a⋅b b
y 0 1 1 y = a+b
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
Schematics Truth Table Boolean expression
n The output of an OR gate is HIGH if and only if one or
n The output of an AND gate is HIGH only when all more inputs are HIGH
inputs are HIGH. n The only case when the output is LOW is when all
inputs are LOW
n The AND operation is performed similar to an n Boolean notation is “+”
ordinary multiplication in linear algebra
• Assuming values can be only of 1s and 0s. n NOTE that it is somewhat different from human’s
normal language of “or”
• Notation in Boolean expression is also the same • John will either go to bed “or” go to bookstore

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 39 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 40

 “the laser is turned on only after 3 balls have passed through

NOT Gate the tunnel AND a toy car has reached the bottom of a ramp”

a y

a y 0 1 y=a Car at Ramp Input

1 0
Turns on

Output
Laser
Schematics Truth Table Boolean expression Ball Rolls
Process
Input
Past Sensor
3 times?
n The output of a NOT gate is always the
complement (opposite) of the input.
n Takes one input and output its complement
• 0 è 1, 1 è 0 A system that output TRUE when both inputs are
TRUE è AND Gate
n The bar notation in Boolean expression denotes
a NOT operation

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 41 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 42

Other Simple Gates XOR Gate

a b y
n All logic functions, no matter how complex, 0 0 0
can be completely expressed using the 3 a
y 0 1 1 y=a⊕b
b
basic operations AND, OR, NOT. 1 0 1
1 1 0
n However, many systems utilize more than just
the 3 basic logic gates because it makes the n The output of an XOR gate is HIGH if and
design cleaner and easier to understand (for only if exactly one input is HIGH
human).
n Similar to a normal OR gate except in the
case when both inputs are HIGH

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 43 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 44

 NAND, NOR Quick Quiz
a b y
a b y a b y a b y
0 0 1
a 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
b
y 0 1 1 y = a⋅b 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0
bubble = not
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
a b y
NAND NOR XOR
0 0 1
a
b
y 0 1 0 y = a+b a b y a b y a b y
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
n The complement of AND and OR gate 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

n Note the bubble – equivalent to a NOT gate AND OR XNOR

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 45 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 46

Combinational Functions Quick Quiz

n Large, complex functions can be composed n Which of the following is a combinational
using simpler functions function?
n A function is combinational if all of the 1 a 2
following conditions are met: y

• All enclosing functions are combinational a

y b
b c
• There is no loop in the connection
• Input of a function is connected only to ONE
output of another function 3 4
a CL
n A simple logic gate is combinational y
y
a
b CL

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 47 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 48

 3 Representations of Logic Functions Schematics to Boolean Expression
n Recall that any complex logic function can be
expressed in 3 ways: Truth Table, Boolean
Expression, Schematics
n Only Truth Table representation is unique Truth Table

n We can convert representation from one form to the
other
Truth Table

Boolean
Schematics

Expression

Boolean
Schematics

Expression

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 49 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 50

Truth Table
Truth Table

Schematics to Boolean Expression Example 2

Boolean Boolean
Schematics
Schematics

Expression
Expression

n Straightforward conversion:
n Determine the Boolean expression of the following
1 label all inputs circuit:
2 repeat until all nodes labeled:
3 forall gates G with all input labeled:
4 compute and label output of G A
A
A+B
n Example: Determine the Boolean expression of the B
following circuit: Note the bar is over the
entire expression
A AB
A A+B
B AB + C A+B
C B

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 51 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 52

 Truth Table

Example 3 Precedence
Boolean
Schematics

Expression

n Determines the order of evaluation of a

n Determine the Boolean expression of the following
circuit: Boolean expression

A A+B n Order: Operation Precedence

✓
✗
( ) Highest
B A + BC (A + B)C
C NOT
AND
OR Lowest

n A “bar” over an expression can be viewed as

The order of operation must be preserved.
one with a (), therefore, () take precedence
n E.g. a + b = (a + b) ⇒ (a + b) first, then inverse

Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 53 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 54

Truth Table

Quick Quiz Schematics

Boolean
And in conclusion…
Expression

n All electronic/electrical systems can be divided into

n What is the output expression of the three main sub-systems: input, process, output
following logic-circuit diagram? n Digital Logic is a powerful abstraction layer for
building large systems
• Only 2 values: TRUE and FALSE
• Operates with Boolean logic
n Logic gates are primitives of of the digital logic
abstraction
(
1 x = ABC A + D ) Truth Table, Schematics and Boolean Expression are
• n
2 x = ABCD 3 different ways to represent the same functionality
•
3 x = ABC ( A + D )
• Conversion between the 3 is relatively straight-forward
• • TT is the only representation that is unique
4 x = ABCD
•
Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 55 Fall 2014 ENGG1203 - HS 56