Optional Subjects

Geography
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:: PAPER - I ::

SECTION-A – PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

1. Geomophology: Origin and structure of the Earth, Earth movements, Plate tectonics and Mountain
Building, Isostasy; Vulcansim; Weathering and Erosion; Cycle of Erosion, Evolution of landforms;
fluvial, glacial, aeolion, marine and karst Rejuvenation and Polycyclic Land form features.

2. Climatology: Composition and structure of Atmoshphere, Insolation and Heat Budget

Atmospheric pressure and winds; Moisture and Precipitation; Air masses and Fronts

Cyclone: Origine, Movements and associated weather; Classification of world climates Koppen and
Thomthwaite.

3. Oceanography: Configuration of Ocean floor, Salinity, Ocean Currents, Tides Ocean deposits and
coral reefs.

4. Soil and Vegetation: Soils-geneisis; classification and world distribution, SoilVegetation

Symbiosis; Biotic Communities and Succession.

5. Ecosystem: Concept of Ecosystem, structure and functioning of Ecosystem, Types of Ecosystem;

Major Biomes; Man's impact on the Ecosystem and Global Ecological issues.

SECTION-B – HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

6. Evolution of Geographical Thought: Contributions of Indian, German, French, British and Soviet
Geographers; Traditional Paradigms:- Determinism, Possiblism, Regionalishm and Contemporary
Paradigms of Geography – positivism and quantitative revolution, models and systems in Geography,
Recent trends in geographic thought with special reference to behavioural radical, humanism, post-
modernism in Feminism and ecological paradigms.

7. Human Geography: Human habitat in major natural regions; Emergence of Man and Races of
Mankind; Cultural evolution and stages; Major cultural realms, Growth and Distribution of
population; International migration; Demorgraphic Transition and contemporary population
problems.

Address: 635, Ground Floor, Main Road, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi 110009
Phone: 011-49274400
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8. Settlement Geography: Concept of Settlement Geography; Rural settlements – Nature; Origin,

Types and patterns; Urban settlements: Origin, Patterns, Processes and consequences, Central place
theory; Classification of towns; Hierarchy of Urban Centres, Morphology of Towns; Rural-Urban
nexus, Umiand and urban finges; Futuristic trends.

9. Economic Geography: Fundamental concepts; Concepts of Resources: Classification,

Conservation and Management; Nature and Types of Agriculture, Agricultural land use; Location
theories; World Agricultural Regions; Major crops; Mineral and Power Resources; Occurrence,
Reserve, Utilization and Production patterns; World Energy crisis and search for alternatives;
Industries- Theories of Industrial location, Major industrial regions; Major Industries- Iron & Steel.
Paper, Textiles. Petro- Chemicals, Automobiles, Ship building- their location patterns, International
Trade, Trade Blocks, Trade routes; Ports and Global Trade Centres; Globalization and World
Economic Development Patterns, Concepts and approaches to Sustainable Development.

10. Political Geography: Concept of Nation and State; Frontiers, Boundaries and Buffer zones;
Concepts of Heartland and Rimland; Federalism, Contemporary world Geopolitical issues.

Address: 635, Ground Floor, Main Road, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi 110009
Phone: 011-49274400
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:: PAPER - II (GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA) ::

SECTION (A) PHYSICAL & HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

1. Physical Features: Geological systems and structure: Relief and drainage, soils and natural
vegetation; soil degradation and deforestation, origin and mechanism of Indian Monsoon, climatic
region, physiographic region.

2. Wild Life, National Park, Sanctuaries, biospheric reserves, biodiversity hot-spots.

3. Wetland, tourism- resource and economy, natural hazards, disasters and management,
environmental issues.

4. Population and Settlements- Distribution and growth, structural characteristics of population,

Rural Settlements- types, patterns and morphology, urban settlement- criteria and classification of
urban Settlement, hierarchy and umland, Urbanisastion, Urban Policy, Urban Planning, role of Small
Towns, Smart City and Smart Village.

5. Political organization: historical perspective on unity and diversity, states reorganization; regional
consciousness and national integration, geographical basis of Centre-State relations, International
Boundaries of India and related geo-political issues, India and the geopolitics of Indian ocean, India
and the SAARC.

SECTION (B) ECONOMIC & REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY

6. Agriculture: Salient Features of Indian Agriculture, problem of wastelands and their reclamation,
cropping patterns and intensity, agricultural efficiency and productivity, impact of green revolution,
agricultural regions, agro-ecological regions, land holding patterns, land reforms, crop combination
regions, modernization of agriculture and agricultural planning.

7. Resources: Distributional patterns, reserves and production trends, complementarity of minerals,

energy resources- coal, petroleum, hydro-power, mulitipurpose river valley projects, energy crisis and
search for alternatives, marine resources and biotic resources.

8. Industries: Industrial development, major Industries- Iron & Steel, Textiles, Paper, Cement,
Fertilizers, Sugar and Petro-Chemicals, Industrial Complexes and regions, industrial policy.

Address: 635, Ground Floor, Main Road, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi 110009
Phone: 011-49274400
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9. Transport and Trade: Railways and Roads networks, problems and prospects of Civil Aviation
and Water Transport; Inter-Regional Trade International trade, Major Ports and Trade Centres.

10. Regional Development and Planning: Problems of regional development and planning
strategies, multi- level planning, planning regions, planning for Metropolitan, Tribal, Hilly, Drought-
prone Regions, Watershed Management, Regional disparities in development, Five Year Plans and
planning for sustainable development.

Address: 635, Ground Floor, Main Road, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi 110009
Phone: 011-49274400
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