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10.14.2024 FINAL TERM: ACTION-REGULAR VERB

REVIEW:

Dongsa 동사 Verb

Two parts of the verb:

Stem Verb (Root Word/Verb) and Verb Ending

Korean Verbs are divided into:

1. Action Verb Dongjak dongsa 동작 동사

2. Descriptive Verbs Seosul dongsa 서술 동사

(adjective verb) hyeong-yongsa dongsa 형용사 동사

3. Linking Verb Ida dongsa 이다동사 [is am are was were]

4. Be-Verb Itda dongsa 있다동사 [existence: has/have/had/there is/there are]

이다 [linking verb in English.

Korean does not have a direct equivalent of the perfect or continuous aspects as in English, but it
does have past, present, and future tenses, and formal/informal variations.

Tense Informal Casual Polite Formal

Present C-이야 /V- 야 이다 C-이에요 / V-예요 입니다 Is, am, are

Present 아니야 아니다 아니에요 아닙니다 Is not, am

negative not, are not
Past C-이었어 / V-였어 이었다 C-이었어요 / 이었습니다 Was, were

V-였어요
Past 아니었어 아니었다 아니었어요 아니었습니다 Was not,
negative were not

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Future 일 거야 일 것이다 일 거예요 일 것입니다 Will be

Future 아닐 거야 아닐 아닐 거예요 아닐 것입니다 Will not be

negative
것이다

Notes:

• Present Tense (이다): The present tense for 이다 varies depending on the formality and
the subject. In formal settings, it's 입니다 (imnida). In informal speech, it's 이야 (iya)
after a consonant or simply 야 (ya) after a vowel.

• Past Tense (이었다 / 였다): After a consonant, it becomes 이었다 (ieotda), and after a
vowel, it's 였다 (yeotda).

• Future Tense: Future tense is expressed by 일 것입니다 (formal) or 일 거야 (informal),

meaning "will be."

• Negation: The negative form of 이다 is expressed with 아니다 (anida), which

conjugates like a regular verb.

The conjugation of 이다 across the four levels of politeness in Korean: Informal, Casual, Polite,
and Formal. (IS AM ARE-LINKING VERB)

Explanation of the Levels of Politeness:

1. Informal (이야 / 야): Used with close friends or those younger. This is very casual and
intimate.

o Example: 학생이야 (haksaengiya) — "You're a student."

2. Casual (이다): Still casual, but slightly more formal than the most informal level. Often
used in writing or monologues.

o Example: 학생이다 (haksaengida) — "He/She is a student."

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3. Polite (이에요 / 예요): Used in everyday situations with people you're not very close to,
or with strangers.

o Example: 학생이에요 (haksaeng-ieyo) — "You are a student."

4. Formal (입니다): Used in official settings, formal speeches, or with people of higher
status.

o Example: 학생입니다 (haksaengimnida) — "I am a student."

o [JEONEUN] HAKSAENGIEYO

Conjugation is the process in language where we alter, change the form, usually the end of the
word like verb or adjective in Korean to show different tenses, aspects or Level of politeness.

VERB OF EXISTENCE 있다= dictionary form/base form

The verb 있다 (itda) in Korean means "to exist" or "to have."

Conjugation of 있다 for Different Tenses and Levels of Politeness

(TO HAVE *VERB OF EXISTENCE*BE-VERB)

Tense Informal Casual Polite Formal

Present + 있어 있다 있어요 있습니다 There is,

there are, has
have
Present - 없어 없다 없어요 없습니다 There is no,
There are no,
has not, have
not
Past + 있었어 있었다 있었어요 있었습니다 There was,
there were,
had
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Past - 없었어 없었다 없었어요 없었습니다 There was no,

There were
no, had not
Future + 있을 거야 있을 것이다 있을 거예요 있을 것입니다 There will
(be), will have
Future - 없을 거야 없을 것이다 없을 거예요 없을 것입니다 There will not
(be), would
not have

Explanation of the Tenses and Politeness Levels

1. Present Tense:

o 있다 is used to express the current existence or possession of something.

o Examples:

▪ Informal: 있어 (isseo) — "I have it."

▪ Polite: 있어요 (isseoyo) — "You have it."

▪ Formal: 있습니다 (iSeumnida) — "It exists."

2. Negative Form:

o 없다 (eopda) is the negative form of 있다, meaning "to not exist" or "to not
have."

o Examples:

▪ Informal: 없어 (eopseo) — "I don’t have it."

▪ Polite: 없어요 (eopseoyo) — "You don’t have it."

▪ Formal: 없습니다 (eopseumnida) — "It does not exist."

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3. Past Tense:

o 있었다 (isseotda) is used to describe something that existed or was possessed in

the past.

o Examples:

▪ Informal: 있었어 (isseosseo) — "I had it."

▪ Polite: 있었어요 (isseosseoyo) — "You had it."

▪ Formal: 있었습니다 (isseotseumnida) — "It existed."

4. Future Tense:

o 있을 것이다 (isseul geosida) or 있을 거야 in informal speech means "will exist"

or "will have."

o Examples:

▪ Informal: 있을 거야 (isseul geoya) — "I will have it."

▪ Polite: 있을 거예요 (isseul geoyeyo) — "You will have it."

▪ Formal: 있을 것입니다 (isseul geosimnida) — "It will exist."

5. Negative Future:

o 없을 것이다 (eopseul geosida) is the future negative form, meaning "will not
exist" or "will not have."

o Examples:

▪ Informal: 없을 거야 (eopseul geoya) — "I will not have it."

▪ Polite: 없을 거예요 (eopseul geoyeyo) — "You will not have it."

▪ Formal: 없을 것입니다 (eopseul geosimnida) — "It will not exist."

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Politeness Levels:

• Informal: Used with close friends or younger people. Very casual and intimate.

o Present: 있어 / 없어

o Example: 난 책이 있어 (Nan chaeki isseo) — "I have a book."

• Casual: A neutral form often used in writing or monologues.

o Present: 있다 / 없다

o Example: 그는 돈이 없다 (Geuneun doni eopda) — "He doesn’t have money."

• Polite: Used with strangers or in everyday polite conversation.

o Present: 있어요 / 없어요

o Example: 시간이 있어요? (Sigani isseoyo?) — "Do you have time?"

• Formal: Used in official settings or formal speeches.

o Present: 있습니다 / 없습니다

o Example: 여기 사람이 있습니다 (Yeogi sarami itseumnida) — "There is a

person here."

Example: Verb of Existence/Be-verb [ITDA]

The farmer is in the field.

WbW 농부 있어요 밭

FT 농부 가 밭 에 있어요.
Nongbu ga bat-e iss-eoyo.

The farmer was in the field.

WbW 농부 있었어요. 밭
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FT 농부가 밭에 있었어요.

General Sentence Pattern:

topic/subj [C-eun/V-neun / i/ga] noun [V-reul/C-eul] word [~connector] verb.

-Topic or subject always at the beginning of the sentence followed by topic or subject
connector.

-Verb always at the end of the sentence in its right conjugation based on the level of
politeness, tense, and aspect.

-The words in between the topic/subject and the verb can be placed interchangeably as
long as the word is followed by its appropriate connector.

Examples: LINKING VERB [IDA]

This place is an apple orchard.

WbW 이곳 이야 사과 밭

FT 이곳은 사과밭이에요-(polite)
이곳은 사과밭입니다 (formal)

That is a farming tool.

WbW 저것 야 농기구

FT 저것은 농기구예요 (polite)

저것은 농기구입니다 (formal)

This place was a rice field.

WbW 이곳 이었어 벼밭

FT 이곳은 벼밭이었어요 (polite)

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이곳은 벼밭이었습니다 (formal)

Importance of Connectors:

ESP: S-LV-C
KSP: subj/topic C-eun/V-neun or i/ga noun V-reul/C-eul word ~# verb/adjective.

Eng: he ate burger at mcdo with his friends.

WbW: 그 먹었습니다 버거 mcdo 그의 친구들

FT: 그는 그의친구들과 함께 mcdo 에서 버거를 먹었습니다.(simple past polite)

그는 mcdo 에서그의친구들과 함께 버거를 먹었습니다
그는버거를 mcdo 에서그의친구들과 함께먹었습니다

그는 그의 친구들과 함께 Mcdo 에서 버거를 먹었습니다

그는 Mcdo 에서버거를그의 친구들과 함께먹었습니다
그는 버거를그의 친구들과 함께 Mcdo 에서먹었습니다

• 그는 (geuneun): "He" with the topic marker 는 (neun).

• 그의 (geui): "His" (possessive pronoun).
• 친구들 (chingu-deul): "Friends." The suffix -들 makes 친구 (chingu) plural, meaning "friends."
• 과 (gwa): "With." 과 is used after a noun ending in a consonant. In this case, 친구들 ends with a
consonant sound, so 과 is appropriate.
• 함께 (hamkke): "Together." This is an adverb that emphasizes that the action was done together.
• Mcdo 에서 (Mcdo-eseo): "At McDonald's." 에서 is a location marker meaning "at" or "in" when
indicating where an action takes place.
• 버거를 (beogeoreul): "Burger." -를 is the object marker showing that 버거 (burger) is the direct
object of the verb.
• 먹었습니다 (meogeotseumnida): "Ate" (past tense, formal). The past tense of 먹다 (meokda),
meaning "to eat."
Breakdown:
• 그는 그의 친구들과 함께: "He, together with his friends."
• Mcdo 에서 버거를: "At McDonald's, (a) burger."

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• 먹었습니다: "Ate."
Final Translation (FT):
"He ate a burger at McDonald's together with his friends."
Grammar Points:
• The use of 그의 (his) is correct to show possession (his friends).
• 친구들과 is correct to show he was with his friends (친구들 = friends, -과 = with).
• 에서 correctly marks McDonald's as the location where the action happened.
• The verb 먹었습니다 is in the formal past tense, which is appropriate for polite or formal
speech

FINAL TERM LESSON 1: ACTION-REGULAR VERB: SIMPLE PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE TENSE IN POLITE
AND FORMAL FORM.

Here is a table showing the conjugation of regular action verbs in simple past, present, and future
tenses in the polite form (ending in -요, -아요, or -어요):
Tense Verb (가다 - to go) Verb (먹다 - to eat) Verb (하다 - to do)
Present + 가요 (go/goes) 먹어요 (I eat) 해요 (I do)
Present - 안 가요 (do/does not go) 안 먹어요 (I don’t eat) 안 해요 (I don’t do)
Past + 갔어요 (went) 먹었어요 (I ate) 했어요 (I did)
Past - 안 갔어요 (did not go) 안 먹었어요(I didn’t eat) 안 했어요 (I didn’t do)
Future + 갈 거예요 (will go) 먹을 거예요 (I will eat) 할 거예요 (I will do)
Future - 안 갈 거예요 (will not go) 안 먹을 거예요(I won’t eat) 안 할 거예요 (I won’t do)
Conjugation Rules:
In Korean, you can form negative sentences using 안 before the verb or -지 않다 as a formal structure.
Here, We use 안 because it is more commonly used and natural in everyday conversations.

• Present tense:
o If the last vowel is ㅏ(a) or ㅗ (o), add -아요 (e.g., 가다 → 가요). Kada> ka+ayo=kayo
o For other vowels, add -어요 (e.g., 먹다 → 먹어요).meokda> meok+eoyo=meogeoyo
o For 하다 verbs, use -해요 (e.g., 하다 → 해요).
Kongbuhada>kongbu+haeyo=kongbuhaeyo
• Past tense:
o Add -았어요 if the last vowel is ㅏ(a) or ㅗ (o) (e.g., 가다 → 갔어요).
o Add -었어요 for other vowels (e.g., 먹다 → 먹었어요).
o For 하다 verbs, use -했어요 (e.g., 하다 → 했어요).

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• Future tense:
o Use -을 거예요 if the verb stem ends in a consonant (e.g., 먹다 → 먹을 거예요).
o Use -ㄹ 거예요 if the stem ends in a vowel (e.g., 가다 → 갈 거예요).
Kada> kal geoyeyo
o For 하다 verbs, use 할 거예요.
Kongbuhada> kongbu+hal geoyeyo= kongbuhalgeoyeyo

These polite forms are commonly used in everyday conversation to show respect.

Regular action verbs in Korean follow consistent patterns when conjugating into formal speech.
In the highest formal form:
• The positive present tense uses V -ㅂ니다 or C -습니다 based on whether the verb stem ends
in a vowel or consonant.
• For negative forms, -지 않다 is commonly used with the formal conjugation.

Tense Verb (가다 - to go) [a] Verb (먹다 - to eat) [g/k] Verb (하다 - to do)
Present + 갑니다 (I go) 먹습니다 (I eat) 합니다 (I do)
Present - 가지 않습니다 (I do not go) 먹지 않습니다 (I don’t eat) 하지 않습니다 (I don’t do)
Past + 갔습니다 (I went) 먹었습니다 (I ate) 했습니다 (I did)
Past - 가지 않았습니다 (I did not 먹지 않았습니다 (I didn’t 하지 않았습니다 (I didn’t
go) eat) do)
Future + 갈 것입니다 (I will go) 먹을 것입니다 (I will eat) 할 것입니다 (I will do)
Future - 가지 않을 것입니다 (I will 먹지 않을 것입니다 (I won’t 하지 않을 것입니다 (I
not go) eat) won’t do)

Let's break down how to conjugate them in past, present, and future tenses.

Basic Verb Form

Korean verbs are typically given in their dictionary form, which ends in -다.
Example:
• 먹다 (to eat)

Conjugation Rules to Formal Level

Present Tense
• Rule: Drop -다 and add -ㅂ니다 (if the verb stem ends in a vowel) or -습니다 (if it ends in a
consonant).
Example:
• 먹다 → 먹습니다 (I eat)

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Other Examples:
• 가다 (to go) → 갑니다 (I go)
• 보다 (to see) → 봅니다 (I see)
Past Tense
• Rule: Drop -다, and add -았/었/했습니다. Use -았 if the last vowel is ㅗ or ㅏ, and -었 for
other vowels. For 하다 verbs, use -했습니다.
Example:
• 먹다 → 먹었습니다 (I ate)
Other Examples:
• 가다 (to go) → 갔습니다 (I went)
• 하다 (to do) → 했습니다 (I did)

Future Tense
• Rule: Drop -다 and add -겠습니다 to indicate intention or certainty.
Example:
• 먹다 → 먹겠습니다 (I will eat)
Other Examples:
• 가다 (to go) → 가겠습니다 (I will go)
• 하다 (to do) → 하겠습니다 (I will do)

Let’s try this!

I will plant vegetable tomorrow in the garden.

WbW 나 (심다) 을 거예요 채소 내일 정원

FT 내일 나 neun 채소 reul 정원 esseo simda(polite-future positive) 심을 거예요.

내일 나는 채소를 정원에서 심을 거예요. (polite-future positive).

심겠습니다. (formal-future positive).

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Practice reading, writing, and constructing simple sentences conjugated into formal and polite with
different tenses in your notebook using the provided list of regular-action verbs:

Verb Present + Present - Past + Past - Future + Future -

가다 (to go) 가요 / 안 가요 / 갔어요 / 안 갔어요 / 갈 거예요 안갈

갑니다 가지 갔습니다 가지 /갈 거예요 /
않습니다 않았습니다 것입니다 가지 않을
것입니다

오다 (to 와요 / 안 와요 / 왔어요 / 안 왔어요 / 올 거예요 안올

come) 옵니다 오지 왔습니다 오지 /올 거예요 /
않습니다 않았습니다 것입니다 오지 않을
것입니다

먹다 (to eat) 먹어요 / 안 먹어요 먹었어요 / 안 먹었어요 먹을 안 먹을

먹습니다 / 먹지 먹었습니다 / 먹지 거예요 / 거예요 /
않습니다 않았습니다 먹을 먹지 않을
것입니다 것입니다

마시다 (to 마셔요 / 안 마셔요 마셨어요 / 안 마셨어요 마실 안 마실

drink) 마십니다 / 마시지 마셨습니다 / 마시지 거예요 / 거예요 /
않습니다 않았습니다 마실 마시지
것입니다 않을
것입니다

자다 (to 자요 / 안 자요 / 잤어요 / 안 잤어요 / 잘 거예요 안잘

sleep) 잡니다 자지 잤습니다 자지 /잘 거예요 /
않습니다 않았습니다 것입니다 자지 않을
것입니다

보다 (to 봐요 / 안 봐요 / 봤어요 / 안 봤어요 / 볼 거예요 안볼

see/watch) 봅니다 보지 봤습니다 보지 /볼 거예요 /
않습니다 않았습니다 것입니다 보지 않을

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것입니다

사다 (to 사요 / 안 사요 / 샀어요 / 안 샀어요 / 살 거예요 안살

buy) 삽니다 사지 샀습니다 사지 /살 거예요 /
않습니다 않았습니다 것입니다 사지 않을
것입니다

배우다 (to 배워요 / 안 배워요 배웠어요 / 안 배웠어요 배울 안 배울

learn) 배웁니다 / 배우지 배웠습니다 / 배우지 거예요 / 거예요 /
않습니다 않았습니다 배울 배우지
것입니다 않을
것입니다

일하다 (to 일해요 / 안 일해요 일했어요 / 안 일했어요 일할 안 일할

work) 일합니다 / 일하지 일했습니다 / 일하지 거예요 / 거예요 /
않습니다 않았습니다 일할 일하지
것입니다 않을
것입니다

만나다 (to 만나요 / 안 만나요 만났어요 / 안 만났어요 만날 안 만날

meet) 만납니다 / 만나지 만났습니다 / 만나지 거예요 / 거예요 /
않습니다 않았습니다 만날 만나지
것입니다 않을
것입니다

웃다 (to 웃어요 / 안 웃어요 웃었어요 / 안 웃었어요 웃을 안 웃을

laugh/smile) 웃습니다 / 웃지 웃었습니다 / 웃지 거예요 / 거예요 /
않습니다 않았습니다 웃을 웃지 않을
것입니다 것입니다

읽다 (to 읽어요 / 안 읽어요 읽었어요 / 안 읽었어요 읽을 안 읽을

read) 읽습니다 / 읽지 읽었습니다 / 읽지 거예요 / 거예요 /
않습니다 않았습니다 읽을 읽지 않을
것입니다 것입니다

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쓰다 (to 써요 / 안 써요 / 썼어요 / 안 썼어요 / 쓸 거예요 안쓸

write) 씁니다 쓰지 썼습니다 쓰지 /쓸 거예요 /
않습니다 않았습니다 것입니다 쓰지 않을
것입니다

운동하다 (to 운동해요 / 안 운동했어요 / 안 운동할 안 운동할

exercise) 운동합니다 운동해요 운동했습니다 운동했어요 거예요 / 거예요 /
/ / 운동하지 운동할 운동하지
운동하지
않았습니다 것입니다 않을
않습니다
것입니다

배달하다 (to 배달해요 / 안 배달했어요 / 안 배달할 안 배달할

deliver) 배달합니다 배달해요 배달했습니다 배달했어요 거예요 / 거예요 /
/ / 배달하지 배달할 배달하지
배달하지
않았습니다 것입니다 않을
않습니다
것입니다

걷다 (to 걸어요 / 안 걸어요 걸었어요 / 안 걸었어요 걸을 안 걸을

walk) 걷습니다 / 걷지 걸었습니다 / 걷지 거예요 / 거예요 /
않습니다 않았습니다 걸을 걷지 않을
것입니다 것입니다

기다리다 (to 기다려요 / 안 기다렸어요 / 안 기다릴 안 기다릴

wait) 기다립니다 기다려요 기다렸습니다 기다렸어요 거예요 / 거예요 /
/ / 기다리지 기다릴 기다리지
기다리지
않았습니다 것입니다 않을
않습니다
것입니다

앉다 (to sit) 앉아요 / 안 앉아요 앉았어요 / 안 앉았어요 앉을 안 앉을

앉습니다 / 앉지 앉았습니다 / 앉지 거예요 / 거예요 /
않습니다 않았습니다 앉을 앉지 않을
것입니다 것입니다

쉬다 (to 쉬어요 / 안 쉬어요 쉬었어요 / 안 쉬었어요 쉴 거예요 안쉴

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rest) 쉽니다 / 쉬지 쉬었습니다 / 쉬지 /쉴 거예요 /

않습니다 않았습니다 것입니다 쉬지 않을
것입니다

열다 (to 열어요 / 안 열어요 열었어요 / 안 열었어요 열 거예요 안열

open) 엽니다 / 열지 열었습니다 / 열지 /열 거예요 /
않습니다 않았습니다 것입니다 열지 않을
것입니다

This table provides conjugations of common regular action verbs in the -아요/어요 and -
ㅂ니다/습니다 forms across six different grammatical scenarios.

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