Scribd
Upload
34 views

CAAL Chapter 2 Lecture 1

Uploaded by

beshahashenafi32
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
34 views

CAAL Chapter 2 Lecture 1

Uploaded by

beshahashenafi32
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

Chapter Two

Part-1
Computer Evolution

A A ST U ,SO F TW A RE E NG I NEE R IN G DE P AR T MEN T


T A ME R U H .
Computer Generations

First Generation: Vacuum Tubes


ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer),


designed and constructed at the University of Pennsylvania.

The world’s first general purpose electronic digital


computer.

Machine was enormous, weighing 30 tons, occupying 1500


square feet of floor space, and containing more than 18,000
vacuum tubes.

The ENIAC was a decimal rather than a binary machine.


Cont’d...
ENIAC chief developer

 John Mauchly, a professor of Electrical


Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania,
Six women who programmed ENIAC
THE VON NEUMANN MACHINE

 Programing the ENIAC was extremely tedious.

 But suppose a program could be represented in a form


suitable for storing in memory alongside the data.

 Then, a computer could get its instructions by reading


them from memory, and a program could be set or altered
by setting the values of a portion of memory.

 This idea, known as the stored-program concept,


Cont’d…

In 1946, von Neumann the mathematician and his


colleagues began the design of a new stored-program
computer, referred to as the IAS computer, at the
Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies.

All of today’s computers have this same general structure


and function and are thus referred to as von Neumann
machines.
Structure of Von Neumann machine
IAS - details

 1000 x 40 bit words


 Binary number
 2 x 20 bit instructions

 Set of registers (storage in CPU)

 Memory buffer register (MBR): Contains a word to be


stored in memory or sent to the I/O unit, or is used to
receive a word from memory or from the I/O unit.

 Memory address register (MAR): Specifies the address


in memory of the word to be written from or read into
the MBR.
Cont’d…

 Instruction register (IR): Contains the 8-bit opcode


instruction being executed.

 Instruction buffer register (IBR): Employed to hold


temporarily the right hand instruction from a word
in memory.

 Program counter (PC): Contains the address of the


next instruction pair to be fetched from memory.
Cont’d…

 Accumulator (AC) and multiplier quotient (MQ):


Employed to hold temporarily operands and results
of ALU operations.

For example, the result of multiplying two 40-bit


numbers is an 80-bit number; the most significant 40
bits are stored in the AC and the least significant in
the MQ.
Structure of
IAS
IBM

 Punched-card processing equipment


 1953 - the 701
 IBM’s first stored program
computer
 Scientific calculations
 Lead to 700/7000 series
 1955 - the 702: Business applications
The Second Generation: Transistors

 Replaced vacuum tubes


 Smaller
 Cheaper
 Less heat dissipation
 Solid State device
 Made from Silicon (Sand)
 Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
 William Shockley et al.
Cont’d…

 Introduction of more complex arithmetic and


logic units and control units,

 The use of high-level programming


languages, and

 The provision of system software with the


computer.
Third Generation: Integrated Circuits

 The separately manufactured components like


resistor, capacitor, diode, and transistor are joined by
wires or by printed circuit board (PCB) to form
circuits. These circuits are called discrete circuits.

 An IC comprises a number of circuit components


like resistors, transistor etc. They are interconnected
in a single small package to perform the desired
electronic function.
Scale of Integration

 The number of components fitted into a


standard size IC represents its integration
scale.

 It is classified as: SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI, ULSI


Computer Generations Summary
Intel Microprocessors

1971 - 4004 (The microprocessor was born!)


First microprocessor
 All CPU components on a single chip

 4 bit

Followed in 1972 by 8008


 8 bit

 Both designed for specific applications

1974 - 8080
 Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor
Cont’d…
Cont’d…
Multicore
 Multiple processors on single chip
 Large shared cache
 Within a processor, increase in performance proportional to
square root of increase in complexity
 If software can use multiple processors, doubling number of
processors almost doubles performance
 So, use two simpler processors on the chip rather than one
more complex processor
 With two processors, larger caches are justified
 Power consumption of memory logic less than processing
logic
The two well known processor families

 Intel x86 architecture: The x86 architecture is


the most widely used for non-embedded
computer systems. The x86 is essentially a
complex instruction set computer (CISC).

 ARM: The ARM architecture is arguably the


most widely used embedded processor, used in
cell phones, iPods, remote sensor equipment,
and many other devices. ARM is essentially a
reduced instruction set computer (RISC).
Embedded Systems ARM
 ARM evolved from RISC design

 Used mainly in embedded systems

 Used within product


 Not general purpose computer
 Dedicated function
 E.g. Anti-lock brakes in car
Sample Embedded system

Collision Avoidance
robot
Cont’d…
Cont’d…

 Sensors
 Analog to digital
conversion
 Processor
 Programming
Moore’s Law

 Increased density of components on chip


 Gordon Moore – co-founder of Intel
 Number of transistors on a chip will double every year
 Since 1970’s development has slowed a little
Number of transistors doubles every 18 months
 Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged
 Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths,
giving higher performance
 Smaller size gives increased flexibility
 Reduced power and cooling requirements
 Fewer interconnections increases reliability
Cont’d..
Cont’d…
Cont’d…
Cont’d…
Questions?
Next Lecture

Chapter Two
Part-2

Performance Assessment

You might also like