Nursing Philosophies

Martha Rogers
Dorothea Orem
Imogene King
Myra Levine

Martha Rogers Dorothea Orem Imogene King Myra Levine

Unitary Human Beings Self-Care De Goal Attainment Theory Conservation Theory
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Learning Objectives
Discuss the nursing philosophies of Martha
Rogers, Dorothea Orem, Imogene King, Myra
Levine.
Inculcate the importance of the nursing
theories.

Actively participate during class discussions

IMOGENE KING
Goal Attainment Theory

— Diploma in nursing from St. John’s Hospital School of Nursing in

St. Louis, Missouri
— Bachelor’s of Science in Nursing education, which she received
from St. Louis University in 1948.
—Master’s of Science in Nursing from St. Louis University

—She worked as an instructor in Medical-Surgical Nursing and

was an assistant director at St. John’s Hospital School of Nursing.
Goal Attainment Theory
King's theory identi ies that the nurse and patient relationship includes communicating
information, setting goals together, and then taking appropriate action to achieve those
goals (King, 1981).
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MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITION
Health
“Health is de ined as dynamic life
experiences of a human being,
which implies continuous adjustment
to stressors in the internal and
external environment through
optimum use of one’s resources to
achieve maximum potential for daily
living” (King, 1981, p. 5).
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MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITION
Nursing
“Nursing is de ined as a process of action, reaction,
and interaction whereby nurse and client share
information about their perceptions in the nursing
situation”.

Self
“The self is a composite of thoughts and feelings which constitute a
person’s awareness of his [or her] individual existence, his [or her]
conception of who and what he [or she] is. A person’s self is the sum
total of all he [or she] can call his [or hers]. The self includes, among
other things, a system of ideas, attitudes, values, and commitments…”
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DYNAMIC CONCEPTUAL SYSTEMS Personal Systems
— Patient or nurse
— Concepts: body image, growth and
development, perception, self, space,
and time to comprehend human beings
as persons.
SELF — system of ideas, attitudes,
values, and commitments. Person’s total
subjective environment.It is that to which
we refer when we say “I.”
GROWTH & DEV’T — from a potential for
achievement to the actualization of self.
SPACE — physical area known as
“territory” and by the behaviors of those
occupying it.
TIME — “it is the relation of one event to
another event.”
DYNAMIC CONCEPTUAL SYSTEMS
Interpersonal Systems
— Two or more individuals interact, forming dyads
(two people) or triads (three people).
— The dyad of a nurse and a patient. Families, when
acting as small groups, also can be considered
interpersonal systems.
— Concepts of communication, interaction, role,
stress, and transaction.
COMMUNICATION — information is given from one
person to another
INTERACTION —observable behaviors of two or
more individuals in mutual presence
ROLE — reciprocity (a person may be a giver at one
time and a taker at another time).
DYNAMIC CONCEPTUAL SYSTEMS

Social Systems
— Groups that make-up society
— Religious, educational, and health care systems
are examples of social systems.
— POWER is the capacity to use resources in
organizations to achieve goals
— STATUS the position of an individual in a group
 The igure represents a process of human interactions that lead to
transactions: A model of transaction.

According to King, “The human process of interactions formed the

basis for designing a model of transactions that depicted theoretical
knowledge used by nurses to help individuals and groups attain goals.”
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 1. If perceptual interaction accuracy
(accurately understand patient’s needs) is
present in nurse-patient interactions, the
transaction will occur.

2. If the nurse and patient make the

transaction, the goal or goals will be achieved.

3. …satisfaction will occur.

4. …effective nursing care will occur.

5. If transactions are made in nurse-patient

interactions, growth and development will be
enhanced.

6. If role expectations and role performance perceived by

the nurse and patient are congruent, the transaction will
occur.
8. If a nurse with special knowledge
communicates appropriate information to the
7. If role con lict is experienced by either
patient, mutual goal-setting and goal
the nurse or the patient (or both), stress in
achievement will occur.
the nurse-patient interaction will occur.
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Person Environment
— “an understanding of the ways that human beings interact
—Individuals are spiritual beings.
with their environment to maintain health was essential for
— Individuals have the ability to record their nurses”
history and preserve their culture.
— Individuals are unique and holistic, of
intrinsic worth, and capable of rational thinking
and decision making in most situations
—Individuals differ in their needs, wants, and
goals

Health Nursing
— Health “implies continuous adjustment to stress — “Nursing is an observable behavior found in the
in the internal and external environment through health care systems in society” (King, 1971, p. 125).
the optimum use of one’s resources to achieve the The goal of nursing “is to help individuals maintain
maximum potential for daily living” their health so they can function in their roles”
— Nursing is an interpersonal process of action,
reaction, in- teraction, and transaction.
 A major strong point of King’s conceptual system and theory of goal
CLARITY attainment is the ease with which it can be understood by nurses.
Concepts are concretely de ined and illustrated.

SIMPLICITY King’s de initions are clear and are conceptually derived from research literature.

King maintained the broad use of the theory in most nursing situations. In support
GENERALITY of King’s perspective, health care professionals have documented examples of the
application of the theory of goal attainment with patients with diabetes (Maloni,
2007) and surgical patients (Bruns et al., 2009; Sivaramalingam, 2008).

ACCESIBILITY A descriptive study was conducted to identify the characteristics of transaction and
whether nurses made transactions with patients.

Focused on all aspects of the nursing process: assessment, planning, goal

IMPORTANCE setting, implementation, and evaluation.
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