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Introduction
A chemical reaction occurs when one or more compounds, known as reactants, are
changed into one or more distinct substances, known as products. Substances are
either chemical components or compounds. The constituent atoms of the
Important Chemistry Topics
reactants are rearranged in a chemical reaction, leading to the formation of
various substances as products. Periodic Table Of Elements

Aufbau Principle
Table of Contents Electron Configuration

Sandmeyer Reaction Isomerism

Gattermann Reaction Planck's Quantum Theory
Balz-Schiemann Reaction
Valence Bond Theory
Finkelstein Reaction
Reactivity Series
Swarts Reaction
Wurtz Reaction Named Reactions

Wurtz-Fittig Reaction Dipole Moment

Fittig Reaction Thermal Conductivity
Friedel-Crafts alkylation Reaction
Mole Concept
Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction
Tyndall Effect
Reimer-Tiemann Reaction
Kolbe’s Reaction Balancing Chemical Equations

Rosenmund Reduction Electromeric Effect

Stephen reaction Electrochemical Cell
Etard reaction
Boyle's Law
Gatterman – Koch reaction
Clemmensen Reduction
Wolff Kishner Reduction
Tollens’ test
Fehling’s test CBSE Sample Papers
Aldol reaction CBSE Sample Papers Class 8 Science
Aldol condensation CBSE Sample Papers Class 9 Science
Cross aldol condensation
CBSE Sample Papers Class 10 Science
Cannizzaro reaction
CBSE Sample Papers Class 11 Physics
Kolbe electrolysis
Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ )reaction CBSE Sample Papers Class 11
Chemistry
Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction CBSE Sample Papers Class 11 Biology

Carbylamine reaction CBSE Sample Papers Class 12 Physics

Hinsberg’s Test CBSE Sample Papers Class 12
Coupling Reactions Chemistry
Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs CBSE Sample Papers Class 12 Biology

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Here are some important chemical reactions which every student of Class 12 must
have a thorough understanding of. ICSE Sample Papers
ICSE Sample Papers Class 8 Physics
1. Sandmeyer Reaction:
ICSE Sample Papers Class 8
The Sandmeyer reaction is a chemical reaction which is used to synthesize Chemistry
aryl halides from aryl diazonium salts. This reaction is a method for
ICSE Sample Papers Class 8 Biology
substitution of an aromatic amino group by preparing diazonium salt, that is
ICSE Sample Papers Class 9 Physics
followed by its displacement and copper salts often catalyze it.
ICSE Sample Papers Class 9
Chemistry

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ICSE Sample Papers Class 10 Physics

ICSE Sample Papers Class 10

Chemistry

ICSE Sample Papers Class 10 Biology

ISC Sample Papers Class 11 Physics

ISC Sample Papers Class 11 Chemistry

The Br, Cl and CN– nucleophiles can be easily present in the benzene ring of ISC Sample Papers Class 11 Biology
benzene diazonium salt in the presence of Copper ion. ISC Sample Papers Class 12 Physics

ISC Sample Papers Class 12

2. Gattermann Reaction: Chemistry
Bromine and Chlorine can be substituted in the benzene ring by preparing the ISC Sample Papers Class 12 Biology
benzene diazonium salt solution with similar halogen acid present with copper
powder. This is the Gattermann Reaction.

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3. Balz-Schiemann Reaction:
When arene-diazonium chloride is prepared with fluoroboric acid, arene ISC Previous Year Question
diazonium fluoroborate is precipitated and decomposes to yield aryl fluoride Papers class 12
on heating. ISC Previous Year Question Papers
Class 12 Physics

ISC Previous Year Question Papers

Class 12 Chemistry

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4. Finkelstein Reaction:
In the Finkelstein Reaction, Alkyl iodides are prepared easily by the reaction of
alkyl chlorides with Nal in dry acetone.
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5. Swarts Reaction:
When alkyl chloride is heated in the presence of a metallic fluoride like AgF,
Hg2F2, SbF3 or CoF2, we get alkyl fluorides.

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6. Wurtz Reaction:
 When Alkyl halides react with sodium with dry ether, we get hydrocarbons that
include the double number of carbon atoms present in the alkyl halide. This is
known as the Wurtz Reaction

7. Wurtz-Fittig Reaction:
When a mixture of alkyl halide and aryl halide gets treated with sodium in dry
ether, we get an alkyl arene.

8. Fittig Reaction:
Aryl halides prepared with sodium in dry ether to give analogous compounds
where two aryl groups joined.

9. Friedel-Crafts alkylation Reaction:

Benzene is prepared with an alkyl halide in the presence of anhydrous
aluminium chloride to give Alkylbenzene.
 This is the Friedel-Crafts alkylation Reaction

10. Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction:

We get acyl benzene when an acyl halide is reacted with benzene in the
presence of Lewis acids.

Also Read: Acetylation

1. Reimer-Tiemann Reaction:
When preparing phenol with chloroform in the presence of sodium hydroxide,
-CHO group is present at the ortho position of the benzene ring, which results
into salicylaldehyde” should be replaced with “When phenol is treated with
chloroform in the presence of sodium hydroxide, -CHO group is introduced at
the ortho position of the benzene ring, which results into the formation of
salicylaldehyde.
2. Kolbe’s Reaction:
Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide to give sodium phenoxide which then
reacts with carbon dioxide in acidic medium to give 2-hydroxybenzoic acid
(Salicylic acid).

3. Rosenmund Reduction:
Rosenmund reduction is a reaction where acid chlorides are converted into
aldehydes by employing hydrogen gas over palladium poisoned by barium
sulfate.

4. Stephen reaction:
Nitriles with stannous chloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid are
reduced to the corresponding imine and give the corresponding aldehyde
after hydrolysis.

5. Etard reaction:
Chromyl chloride oxidizes methyl group present in toluene to get chromium
complex which on hydrolysis provides corresponding benzaldehyde.

6. Gatterman – Koch reaction:

Benzene is treated with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the
presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride to give benzaldehyde.
7. Clemmensen Reduction:
In Clemmensen reduction, Carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones on
treatment with zinc-amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid reduced to
CH2 group.

8. Wolff Kishner Reduction:

Carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones on treatment with hydrazine which
on heating with sodium hydroxide in a high boiling solvent (ethylene glycol)
reduced to CH2 group.

9. Tollens’ test:
Heating an aldehyde with fresh prepared ammoniacal silver nitrate solution
produces a bright silver mirror due to the formation of silver metal.

10. Fehling’s test:

Fehling’s solution A (aqueous copper sulfate) and Fehling solution B (alkaline
sodium potassium tartrate) are mixed in equal amounts before the test. A
reddish brown precipitate is obtained when an aldehyde is heated with
Fehling’s reagent.

11. Aldol reaction:

Aldehydes and ketones having one α-hydrogen undergo a reaction in the
presence of dilute alkali as the catalyst to produce β-hydroxy aldehydes or β-
hydroxy ketones.

12. Aldol condensation:

Aldol and Ketol lose water to provide α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds
which are aldol condensation products.
13. Cross aldol condensation:
Aldol condensation is carried out between two different aldehydes and
ketones. It gives a mixture of four products if both of them include α-hydrogen
atoms.

14. Cannizzaro reaction:

Aldehydes without α-hydrogen atom undergo self-oxidation and reduction
reaction when treated with concentrated alkali.

15. Kolbe electrolysis:

in Kolbe electrolysis, An aqueous solution of sodium or potassium salt of a
carboxylic acid gives alkane containing an even number of carbon atoms on
electrolysis.

16. Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ )reaction:

Carboxylic acids having a α-hydrogen are halogenated at the α-position
giving α-halo carboxylic acids on treatment with chlorine or bromine in the
presence of small amount of red phosphorus.
17. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis:
Phthalimide prepared with ethanolic potassium hydroxide produces
potassium salt of phthalimide when heated with alkyl halide followed by
alkaline hydrolysis forms the corresponding primary amine.

18. Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction:

An amide with bromine in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide produces
primary amines. Migration of an alkyl or aryl group takes place from carbonyl
carbon of the amide to the nitrogen atom. The amine so produced include one
carbon less than that present in the amide.

19. Carbylamine reaction:

Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines when heated with chloroform and
ethanolic potassium hydroxide produces isocyanides or carbyl amines which
are foul smelling substances.

20. Hinsberg’s Test:

Benzenesulfonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl) reacts with primary and secondary
amines to produce sulphonamides.
1. The reaction of benzene-sulfonyl chloride with primary amine yields N-ethyl
benzene-sulfonyl amide. The hydrogen attached to the nitrogen in sulphonamide is
strongly acidic due to the presence of strong electron withdrawing sulfonyl group.
Hence, it is soluble in alkali.

2. In the reaction with a secondary amine, N, N-diethyl- benzenesulfonamide is

formed. Since N, N- diethyl benzene sulphonamide does not contain any hydrogen
 atom attached to a nitrogen atom, it is not acidic and hence insoluble in alkali.

3. Tertiary amines do not react with benzene-sulfonyl chloride.

Coupling Reactions:
Benzene diazonium chloride gets reacted with phenol in which the phenol molecule
at its para position is mixed with the diazonium salt to give p-hydroxyazobenzene.

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Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

Q1 What is a Sandmeyer Reaction?
The Sandmeyer reaction is a flexible synthetic tool by which an amino group on
an aromatic ring is replaced with a broad range of substituents by converting
an amino group attached to an aromatic ring into a diazonium salt that can be
converted into several functional groups.

Q2 What is a Finkelstein Reaction?

The Finkelstein reaction is an organic process in which an alkyl halide is

exchanged for another alkyl halide via a metal halide salt reaction. This
reaction occurs in an equilibrium phase, taking advantage of the low solubility
of acetone in freshly produced metal halide salts.

Q3 What is Wurtz reaction example?

Wurtz reactions are used to produce ethane from methyl chloride. Ethane and
sodium chloride are generated when methyl chloride interacts with sodium
metal in the presence of dry ether.

Q4 What is product of Kolbe reaction?

Ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) is formed as the primary product.

Q5 Why Sulphur is used in Rosenmund reaction?

In the Rosenmund reaction, sulphur is used to prevent the aldehyde from

hydrogenating further.
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Reactions!

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