(c) same and longer duration

(d) any duration

IRRIGATION AND Ans. (d) Unit hydrograph is a direct runoff hydrograph
HYDROLOGY resulting from one unit (one inch or one cm) of constant
intensity uniform rainfall occurring over the entire
Q.41. The unit hydrograph due to a storm may be watershed. The concept of unit hydrograph is based on
obtained by dividing the ordinates of the direct runoff linear systems theory and follow the principles of
hydrograph by ? HSSC JE 12 April 2018 Shift 1 superposition proportionality. And The hydrograph of
(a) direct runoff volume storms of any duration can be determined by using the
unit hydrograph of a specified duration.
(b) period of storm
(c) total rainfall Q.43. S-hydrograph is used to obtain unit hydrograph
of ?
(d) none of the above
(a) shorter duration from long longer duration
Ans. (d) UNIT HYDROGRAPH
(b) longer duration from shorter duration
• The unit hydrograph of a drainage basin is defined as
(c) both (a) and (b)
a hydrograph of direct runoff resulting from 1 cm of
effective rainfall applied uniformly over the basin area (d) none of the above.
at a uniform rate during a specified period of time (D- Ans. (c) S-CURVE
hr). • A S-curve hydrograph may be defined as the
• It is expressed as D hour UH where D represents hydrograph of direct runoff resulting from a continuous
duration of rainfall excess. effective rainfall of uniform intensity 1/ D cm/h.
• Effective intensity in D hour UH (hair) = 1/D cm/hr. n
• S-curve is constructed by adding together an infinite
io
• In the D-hr unit hydrograph, D should not be more series of Dh unit hydrographs, each lagged by D h with
ct

than any of the following (a) time of concentration, (b) respect to the previous one.
lag time or (c) period of rise • The S-curve hydrograph attains a constant ordinate,
un

• Volume of water contained inside the unit called the equilibrium discharge denoted by Q e.
hydrograph (i.e. area of unit hydrograph) is equal to (1 approximately at the end of the base period T B of the
il J

cm catchment area) unit hydrograph.

• Unit Hydrograph method was first suggested by • Thus the number of unit hydrographs needed to
iv

𝑻
Sherman in 1932 produce the S-curve is 𝑩 .
𝑫
C

• The ordinates of the DRH are divided by the effective • It is used to obtain a unit hydrograph of shorter
rainfall (Obtained from step "d") to get the ordinates of duration from longer duration or vice versa.
UH of D-hr duration.

Note:- As per Gupta and Gupta book correct option is

(a) but correct option is (d) Q.44. If two 4-hour unit hydrograph are staggered by 4
Q.42. The unit hydrograph of a specified duration can hours and added graphically, the resulting hydrograph
be used to evaluate the hydrograph of storm of? will be ?
(a) same duration only (a) 4-hour unit hydrograph
(b) same and shorter duration (b) 4-hour hydrograph with 20 mm runoff

Irrigation and Hydrology 1 Civil KI Goli

(c) 8-hour unit hydrograph It was adopted for Northern India.
(d) 8-hour hydrograph with 20 mm runoff 𝑄𝑝 = 𝐶𝐷𝐴3/4
Ans. (d) The theory of unit hydrograph was developed where
by Sherman in the year 1932 and assumptions are given QP = Peak discharge in (m3) / s
below- A = Area in km 2
1. Time invariance- CD = coefficient applicable in the region.
According to this assumption the DRH for a given Ryve's Method
effective rainfall is always the same in the catchment 𝟐

irrespective of the time, when the rainfall or storm ℚ𝑷 = 𝑪𝑹 𝑨𝟑

takes place. This formula is used only in Southern India.
2. Linear response- Jarvi's Method
This is the single most important assumption in the This formula is applicable for Eastern India.
theory of unit hydrograph. According to this ℚ𝑷 = 𝑪√𝑨
assumption any change in the input value is Inglis Method
proportionately reflected in the output value
This formula is used only in Maharashtra. Here three
different cases are taken into consideration.
𝟏𝟐𝟒𝑨
ℚ𝑷 = ≅ 𝟏𝟐𝟑√𝑨
√𝑨+𝟏𝟎⋅𝟒

Q.46. The relation between probability (P) and

recurrence interval (T) is given by ?
Gujarat Engineering Service 2017

n
(a) PT=1 (b) 𝑃𝑇2=1
io
(c) P/T=1 (d) 𝑃/𝑇2=1
ct
Ans. (a) Recurrence interval (T) :- It denotes the number
of years is which a flood can be expected once.
un

𝟏
T = or TP = 1
𝐏
Where, P = Probability of exceedance
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Q.47. Dimensions of coefficient of transmissibility are?

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(a) M0L0T0 (b) M0L1T1

(c) M0L2T-1 (d) M0L3T1
C

Ans. (c) Coefficient of transmissibility (T)

Rate of flow of water through the entire medium of unit
width under unit hydraulic gradient is termed as
coefficient of transmissibility.
T = k.d
Where,
k = Coefficient of permeability
H = Thickness.
Unit :- m2/sec
Dimension :- M0L2T-1
Runoff = 1 cm + 1 cm = 2 cm = 20 mm
Q.48. If d is the depth of the aquifer through which
Time = 4 hr + 4 hr = 8 hr
water is flowing, then the relationship between
Q.45. According to Dicken’s formula for estimating permeability K and transmissibility T is given by ?
floods, the peak discharge is proportional to? RSMSSB JE Diploma Oct 2016
TN TRB 2012 (a) T = Kd (b) T= K/d
(a) A (b) 𝐴1/2
(c) 𝐓 = √𝑲𝒅 (d) 𝐊 = √𝑻𝒅
(c) 𝐴2/3 (d) 𝐴3/4
Ans. (a) Coefficient of transmissibility (T) : - The rate of
Ans. (d) Different empirical method for determining flow of water through the entire medium of unit width
flood discharge are as follows: under a unit hydraulic gradient is termed as the
Dicken's Method coefficient of transmissibility (T)

Irrigation and Hydrology 2 Civil KI Goli

 overlained by a impermeable layer or an Aquiclude.
Unlike the unconfined aquifer, the water in the
confined aquifer is not in direct contact with the
atmosphere.
• The ground water within a confined aquifer occurs
T = k.d
under pressure (known as confined pressure or artisan
Q.49. An artesian aquifer is the one where? pressure) greater than atmospheric pressure. When
BPSC AE Paper 2012 such confined aquifer is pierced by a well, the water
(a) water surface under the ground is at atmospheric rises in the well due to release of pressure within the
pressure confined aquifer. The level upto which water will rise in
(b) water is under pressure between two impervious the well is known as potentiometric level. This
strata potentiometric level indicates the magnitude of
(c) water table serves as upper surface of zone of pressure within the confined aquifer. If the
saturation potentiometric level is above the ground surface a
(d) none of the above. flowing well results.
Ans. (b) Aquifer: It is a saturated formation of earth • The area from which the infiltrated water enters the
material which not only stores water but yields, in confined aquifer is known as Recharge area.
sufficient quantity easily due to its high permeability.
It is a saturated area below the water table. Ex.- Fine
sand, coarse silt.
TYPES OF AQUIFERS
Unconfined Aquifers:- An unconfined aquifers is one
which signifies the absence of any geological layer
n
io
confining the zone of saturation (above the water
ct
table). The unconfined aquifer is in direct contact with
atmosphere through the zone of aeration. The
un

hydraulic pressure head at any point within the

unconfined aquifer is equal to depth of the point from
the water table.
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Q.50. A deep well? RSMSSB JE Diploma Sep 2016

• In unconfined aquifer the water table goes down if
water is withdrawn from the aquifer storage and the (a) is always deeper than a shallow well
iv

water table moves up if water is added into the aquifer (b) has more discharge than a shallow well
C

storage. (c) is weaker structurally than a shallow well

• The water level in a large diameter dug wells tapping (d) both (a) and (b)
unconfined aquifer represents water table. This aquifer Ans. (b) Wells- Vertical structure which is dug in ground
is also known as water table aquifer or phreatic aquifer. for purpose of bringing ground water to the earth's
• A special case of unconfined aquifer is known as surface known as wells.
perched aquifer. A perched aquifer is formed when the Classification of wells
infiltrated rain water is intercepted within the zone of
1. Open wells (Dug wells):- Open wells which have
Aeration by an impermeable layer and a local zone of
comparatively large diameters but low yields or
saturation is formed. The upper surface of such local
discharge.
zone of saturation is known as perched water table. The
perched aquifer occurs at higher elevation than the Dia. = 1 - 5 m, Penetration depth = 4 - 6 m
regional water table. (i) Shallow open wells:-These wells resting on the water
bearing strata or does not rest on a mota
formation/impervious layer.
(ii) Deep wells:- These wells resting on the impervious
layer or mota layer. A deep well has more discharge
than a shallow well.
2. Tube wells:- When a long pipe sunk in ground
intercepting one or more water bearing strata is known
as tube wells.
• Water obtained from tube well is known as sub
Confined Aquifers or artesian aquifers :- A confined
surface water.
aquifer (also called artisan aquifer) is the one which is

Irrigation and Hydrology 3 Civil KI Goli

• Main reason for the depletion of ground water level (d) riverbed and minimum pool level
is due to tube wells and hand pumps. Ans. (b) Storage Zones of a Reservoir
• For least effect on water table only one tube well dug Normal Pool Level or Maximum Conservation Level:- It
in every 1.5 km2 . is the maximum elevation to which the reservoir water
Q.51. A multipurpose reservoir is the one which is ? surface will rise during normal operating conditions. It
(a) designed for one purpose but serves more than one is equivalent to the elevation of the spillway crest or
Purpose NWDA JE 2021 the top of the spillway gates, for most of the cases.
(b) planned and constructed to serves various purposes Minimum Pool Level:- The lowest water surface
elevation, which has to be kept under normal
(c) both (a) and (b)
operating conditions in a reservoir, is called the
(d) none of the above minimum pool level . This level may be fixed by the
Ans. (b) RESERVOIR :- Barrier is constructed across elevation of the lowest outlet in the dam or may be
some river in the form of a dam, water gets stored on guided by the minimum head required for efficient
the upstream side of the barrier, forming a pool of functioning of turbines.
water called dam reservoir or river reservoir. Useful and Dead Storage:-The volume of water stored
Types of Reservoirs based on purpose are as follows: in a reservoir between the minimum pool and normal
Multipurpose Reservoir: pool levels is called the useful storage. Water stored in
• A reservoir planned and constructed to serve various the reservoir below the minimum pool level is known
purposes together is a multipurpose reservoir. as the Dead Storage, and it is not of much use in the
operation of the reservoirs. The useful storage may be
• It is designed to protect the downstream areas from
subdivided into conservation storage and flood-
floods, conserve water, irrigation, industrial needs,
mitigation storage, in a multipurpose reservoir.
hydroelectric purposes, etc.
n
Maximum Pool Level or Full Reservoir Level:-During
io
• Bhakra dam and Nagarjuna Sagar dam are important
high floods, water is discharged over the spillway, but
multipurpose dams in India.
ct
will cause the water level to rise in the reservoir above
Single purpose Reservoir: the normal pool level. The maximum level to which the
• A reservoir planned, designed, and constructed for
un

water rises during the worst design flood is known as

one purpose only is called a single-purpose reservoir. the maximum pool level.
• The single purpose may be water storage, irrigation,
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Surcharge Storage:-The volume of water stored

water supply, etc. between the normal pool level and the maximum pool
• However, it may cater to flood control, and water level is called surcharge storage. Surcharge storage is
iv

supply if the flow exceeds the design value. an uncontrolled storage, in the sense that it exists only
C

Distribution Reservoir: till the flood is in progress and cannot be retained for
• A small storage reservoir constructed within a city later use.
water supply system is called a distribution reservoir. Bank Storage:-When the reservoir is filled up, certain
Flood Control Reservoir amount of water seeps into the permeable reservoir
banks. This water comes out as soon as the reservoir
• The entire inflow entering the reservoir is discharged
gets depleted. This volume of water is known as the
or gradually released to recover
bank storage, and may amount to several percent of
the capacity for the next flood. the reservoir volume depending upon the geological
• It protects the downstream areas by storing a portion formations. The bank storage effectively increases the
of the flood flows to minimize the flood peaks. capacity of the reservoir above that indicated by the
• It is also called a mitigation reservoir. elevation capacity curve of the reservoir.
Storage Reservoir:
• It is the one having gates and valves installed at its
spillway and at its sluice outlets whereas retarding
basin is the one with uncontrolled and ungated outlets
• It provides more flexibility in operation and better
control.
Q.52. The useful storage is the volume of water stored
in the reservoir between MPPSC AE CE 2014
(a) minimum pool level and maximum pool level
(b) minimum pool level and normal pool level
(c) normal pool level and maximum pool level

Irrigation and Hydrology 4 Civil KI Goli

Q.53. The water stored in the reservoir below the • The reservoir capacity is inversely related to the
minimum pool level is called. number of sediments deposited. As time passes, the
(a) useful storage (b) dead storage rate of silting or the rate of deposition of sediments
(c) valley storage (d) surcharge storage reduces but the amount of sediments deposited will be
increased which in turn reduces the capacity of the
Ans. (b) Useful and Dead Storage:-The volume of water reservoir. Hence, trap efficiency is also gets reduced.
stored in a reservoir between the minimum pool and
normal pool levels is called the useful storage. Water Q.56. The total capacity of a reservoir is 25 million cubic
stored in the reservoir below the minimum pool level meters and dead storage is 5 million cubic meters. If the
is known as the Dead Storage, and it is not of much use average volume of sediment deposition is 0.10 million
in the operation of the reservoirs. The useful storage cubic meter per year, then the usefulness of the
may be subdivided into conservation storage and reservoir will start reducing after ?
flood-mitigation storage, in a multipurpose reservoir. (a) 50 years (b) 150 years
Q.54. For a flood control reservoir, the effective storage (c) 200 years (d) 250 years
is equal to? CGPSC 2014 Ans. (a) The usefulness of the reservoir will start
(a) useful storage - valley storage reducing when the dead storage is completed filled
(b) useful storage + surcharge storage with sediment deposit, after which these sediment
start consuming the volume space of useful storage.
(c) useful storage + surcharge storage + valley storage
As per question data, the years after which usefulness
(d) useful storage+ surcharge storage - valley storage.
start reducing =
Ans. (d) 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞
i) Bank Storage: When the reservoir is filled, a certain 𝐀𝐯𝐠 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭

amount of water seeps into the permeable reservoir

bank. This water comes out when the reservoir gets n 𝟓. 𝟎
io
= = 𝟓𝟎 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫
depleted. This volume of water is known as bank 𝟎. 𝟏
ct
storage.
ii) Useful storage: The volume of water stored in the Q.57. The forces, which are considered for the analysis
un

reservoir between normal and minimum pool level is of an elementary profile of a gravity dam under empty
called useful storage. reservoir condition, are ? JKPSC AE 2021
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iii) Surcharge Storage: The volume of water stored (i) water pressure
between the maximum pool level and normal pool (ii) self-weight
iv

level is called surcharge storage.

(iii) uplift
iv) Valley Storage: Before the construction of the dam,
C

(iv) pressure due to earthquake

a variable amount of water is stored in the stream
channel is called valley storage. the correct answer is
After construction of the dam, storage increases and (a) only (ii) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
there is a net increase in the storage is equal to the (c) (i), (ii) and (iv) (d) (i), (ii), (iii) and(iv)
storage capacity of a reservoir minus natural valley Ans. (a) An elementary profile of a gravity dam is the
storage. theoretical shape of its cross-section when it is
Effective storage for flood mitigation subjected to only three main forces .i.e. self-weight,
= Useful Storage + Surcharge Storage - Valleys Storage water pressure, and uplift pressure.
Q.55. Trap efficiency of a reservoir is a function of? • But when the reservoir is empty, the water pressure
and uplift pressure will be zero, so the only weight will
(a) capacity/inflow ratio
be acting.
(b) capacity/outflow ratio
• Moreover, the elementary profile has zero top width
(c) outflow/inflow ratio
and no freeboard.
(d) none of the above
• The right angle triangle is the most suitable section
Ans. (a) Trap Efficiency: for the theoretical profile.
• Trap efficiency of a reservoir is the ratio of total • The elementary profile is hypothetical because an
sediments retained by the reservoir to the total actual gravity dam has some minimum top width and
sediments entering into the reservoir (inflow freeboard, and it will also be subjected to forces other
sediments). than the three main forces considered in the
• Trap efficiency of the reservoir is the function of the elementary profile.
ratio of reservoir capacity and total inflow.

Irrigation and Hydrology 5 Civil KI Goli

 foundation material and through the joints between
body of the dam and foundation, this seeping water
exerts an uplift pressure.
This pressure can be reduced in the following ways:
1. By providing Drainage Gallery (DG) near the
upstream face and reduces the level of water at
upstream level, but level of water at downstream level
(h) remains same even after insertion of drainage
gallery.

Q.58. When the upstream face of a gravity dam is

vertical, then the intensity of water pressure at the
water surface and at the base respectively will be ?
(a) 0 and wH²/2
(b) wH²/2 and wH²/3
(c) wH and 0
(d) 0 and wH
Ans. (d)
Water pressure intensity σ = w×h
1. At water surface (h=o), σ = 0 n
io
2. At base (h=H), σ = wH
ct

Total force on wall

𝟏 𝐰𝐇 𝟐
un

= ( ) (𝐰𝐇) (𝐇) = 𝐤𝐍/𝐦

𝟐 𝟐
il J
iv
C

2. It is also reduced by constructing a grout (cement or

rocky) near the toe of dam. By doing so, the level of
Where water at downstream face i.e. tail water level got
w = unit weight of water reduced, due to which uplift pressure at downstream
level got reduced.
σ = upstream pressure intensity of water.
H = total height of dam.
Q.59. The uplift pressure on a dam can be controlled
by?
(i) constructing cut-off under upstream face
(ii) constructing drainage channels between the dam
and its foundation
(iii) by pressure grouting in foundation
The correct answer is
(a) only (i) (b) both (i) and (ii)
(c) both (i) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Ans. (d) Water has tendency to seep through voids,
fissures of the material in the body of dam and Initial uplift pressure at downstream, P = Yw h

Irrigation and Hydrology 6 Civil KI Goli

Uplift pressure at downstream after grouting, P = Yw h’
Since h’ < h ; P’ < P.
Q.60. The uplift pressure on the face of a drainage
gallery in a dam is taken as? BSPHCL JE 2019
(a) hydrostatic pressure at toe
(b) average of hydrostatic pressure at toe and heel
(c) two-third of hydrostatic pressure at toe plus one-
third of hydrostatic pressure at heel
(d) none of the above.
Ans. (c) A Drainage gallery in a masonry dam parallel
to the top of the dam, to intercept seepage from the
upstream face and conduct it away from the
downstream face.
The uplift pressure on the face of drainage gallery in a
dam is given by
𝟏
= 𝛄 [𝐡 + (𝐇 − 𝐡)]
𝟑
Solving the above equation.
𝟐 𝟏
= 𝛄𝐡 + 𝛄𝐇
𝟑 𝟑
Where
𝛄 = unit weight of water n
io
H = height of the water at heel of the dam
ct

h = height of the water at the toe of the dam.

un
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iv
C

Irrigation and Hydrology 7 Civil KI Goli