What is C++?

Released in 1985, C++ is an object-oriented programming language created by Bjarne

Stroustrup. C++ maintains almost all aspects of the C language, while simplifying memory
management and adding several features - including a new datatype known as a class (you
will learn more about these later) - to allow object-oriented programming. C++ maintains the
features of C which allowed for low-level memory access but also gives the programmer new
tools to simplify memory management.

C++ used for:

C++ is a powerful general-purpose programming language. It can be used to create small

programs or large applications. It can be used to make CGI scripts or console-only DOS
programs. C++ allows you to create programs to do almost anything you need to do. The
creator of C++, Bjarne Stroustrup, has put together a partial list of applications written in C+
+.

How do you find out if a linked-list has an end? (i.e. the list is not a cycle)

You can find out by using 2 pointers. One of them goes 2 nodes each time. The second one
goes at 1 nodes each time. If there is a cycle, the one that goes 2 nodes each time will
eventually meet the one that goes slower. If that is the case, then you will know the linked-list
is a cycle.

What is the difference between realloc() and free()?

The free subroutine frees a block of memory previously allocated by the malloc subroutine.
Undefined results occur if the Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer. If the Pointer
parameter is a null value, no action will occur. The realloc subroutine changes the size of the
block of memory pointed to by the Pointer parameter to the number of bytes specified by the
Size parameter and returns a new pointer to the block. The pointer specified by the Pointer
parameter must have been created with the malloc, calloc, or realloc subroutines and not been
deallocated with the free or realloc subroutines. Undefined results occur if the Pointer
parameter is not a valid pointer.

What is function overloading and operator overloading?

Function overloading: C++ enables several functions of the same name to be defined, as long
as these functions have different sets of parameters (at least as far as their types are
concerned). This capability is called function overloading. When an overloaded function is
called, the C++ compiler selects the proper function by examining the number, types and
order of the arguments in the call. Function overloading is commonly used to create several
functions of the same name that perform similar tasks but on different data types.
Operator overloading allows existing C++ operators to be redefined so that they work on
objects of user-defined classes. Overloaded operators are syntactic sugar for equivalent
function calls. They form a pleasant facade that doesn't add anything fundamental to the
language (but they can improve understandability and reduce maintenance costs).
What is the difference between declaration and definition?

The declaration tells the compiler that at some later point we plan to present the definition of
this declaration.
E.g.: void stars () //function declaration
The definition contains the actual implementation.
E.g.: void stars () // declarator
{
for(int j=10; j > =0; j--) //function body
cout << *;
cout << endl; }

What are the advantages of inheritance?

It permits code reusability. Reusability saves time in program development. It encourages the
reuse of proven and debugged high-quality software, thus reducing problem after a system
becomes functional.

What do you mean by inline function?

The idea behind inline functions is to insert the code of a called function at the point where
the function is called. If done carefully, this can improve the application's performance in
exchange for increased compile time and possibly (but not always) an increase in the size of
the generated binary executables.

Write a short code using C++ to print out all odd number from 1 to 100 using a for loop
for( unsigned int i = 1; i < = 100; i++ )
if( i & 0x00000001 )
cout << i << \",\";

What is public, protected, private?

Public, protected and private are three access specifier in C++.
Public data members and member functions are accessible outside the class.
Protected data members and member functions are only available to derived classes.
Private data members and member functions can’t be accessed outside the class. However
there is an exception can be using friend classes.
Write a function that swaps the values of two integers, using int* as the argument type.
void swap(int* a, int*b) {
int t;
t = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = t;
}

Tell how to check whether a linked list is circular.

Create two pointers, each set to the start of the list. Update each as follows:

while (pointer1) {
pointer1 = pointer1->next;
pointer2 = pointer2->next; if (pointer2) pointer2=pointer2->next;
if (pointer1 == pointer2) {
print (\"circular\n\");
}
}

OK, why does this work?

If a list is circular, at some point pointer2 will wrap around and be either at the item just
before pointer1, or the item before that. Either way, it’s either 1 or 2 jumps until they meet.

What is virtual constructors/destructors?

Answer1
Virtual destructors:
If an object (with a non-virtual destructor) is destroyed explicitly by applying the delete
operator to a base-class pointer to the object, the base-class destructor function (matching the
pointer type) is called on the object.
There is a simple solution to this problem declare a virtual base-class destructor.
This makes all derived-class destructors virtual even though they don’t have the same name
as the base-class destructor. Now, if the object in the hierarchy is destroyed explicitly by
applying the delete operator to a base-class pointer to a derived-class object, the destructor
for the appropriate class is called. Virtual constructor: Constructors cannot be virtual.
Declaring a constructor as a virtual function is a syntax error.

Answer2
Virtual destructors: If an object (with a non-virtual destructor) is destroyed explicitly by
applying the delete operator to a base-class pointer to the object, the base-class destructor
function (matching the pointer type) is called on the object.
There is a simple solution to this problem – declare a virtual base-class destructor. This
makes all derived-class destructors virtual even though they don’t have the same name as the
base-class destructor. Now, if the object in the hierarchy is destroyed explicitly by applying
the delete operator to a base-class pointer to a derived-class object, the destructor for the
appropriate class is called.

Virtual constructor: Constructors cannot be virtual. Declaring a constructor as a

virtual function is a syntax error. Does c++ support multilevel and multiple
inheritance?
Yes

Does c++ support multilevel and multiple inheritance?

Yes.

What is a template?
Templates allow to create generic functions that admit any data type as parameters and return
value without having to overload the function with all the possible data types. Until certain
point they fulfill the functionality of a macro. Its prototype is any of the two following ones:

template <class indetifier> function_declaration; template <typename indetifier>

function_declaration;
The only difference between both prototypes is the use of keyword class or typename, its use
is indistinct since both expressions have exactly the same meaning and behave exactly the
same way.
Define a constructor - What it is and how it might be called (2 methods).
Answer1
constructor is a member function of the class, with the name of the function being the same as
the class name. It also specifies how the object should be initialized.

Ways of calling constructor:

1) Implicitly: automatically by complier when an object is created.
2) Calling the constructors explicitly is possible, but it makes the code unverifiable.

You have two pairs: new() and delete() and another pair : alloc() and free().
Explain differences between eg. new() and malloc()
Answer1
1.) “new and delete” are preprocessors while “malloc() and free()” are functions. [we dont
use brackets will calling new or delete].
2.) no need of allocate the memory while using “new” but in “malloc()” we have to use
“sizeof()”.
3.) “new” will initlize the new memory to 0 but “malloc()” gives random value in the new
alloted memory location [better to use calloc()]

Answer2
new() allocates continous space for the object instace
malloc() allocates distributed space.
new() is castless, meaning that allocates memory for this specific type,
malloc(), calloc() allocate space for void * that is cated to the specific class type pointer.

What is the difference between class and structure?

Structure: Initially (in C) a structure was used to bundle different type of data types together
to perform a particular functionality. But C++ extended the structure to contain functions
also. The major difference is that all declarations inside a structure are by default public.
Class: Class is a successor of Structure. By default all the members inside the class are
private.

What are 2 ways of exporting a function from a DLL?

1.Taking a reference to the function from the DLL instance.
2. Using the DLL ’s Type Library

What is the difference between an object and a class?

Classes and objects are separate but related concepts. Every object belongs to a class and
every class contains one or more related objects.
- A Class is static. All of the attributes of a class are fixed before, during, and after the
execution of a program. The attributes of a class don't change.
- The class to which an object belongs is also (usually) static. If a particular object belongs to
a certain class at the time that it is created then it almost certainly will still belong to that
class right up until the time that it is destroyed.
- An Object on the other hand has a limited lifespan. Objects are created and eventually
destroyed. Also during that lifetime, the attributes of the object may undergo significant
change.
Suppose that data is an array of 1000 integers. Write a single function call that will sort
the 100 elements data [222] through data [321].
quicksort ((data + 222), 100);

What is a class?
Class is a user-defined data type in C++. It can be created to solve a particular kind of
problem. After creation the user need not know the specifics of the working of a class.

What is friend function?

As the name suggests, the function acts as a friend to a class. As a friend of a class, it can
access its private and protected members. A friend function is not a member of the class. But
it must be listed in the class definition.

Which recursive sorting technique always makes recursive calls to sort subarrays that
are about half size of the original array?
Mergesort always makes recursive calls to sort subarrays that are about half size of the
original array, resulting in O(n log n) time.

What is abstraction?
Abstraction is of the process of hiding unwanted details from the user.

What are virtual functions?

A virtual function allows derived classes to replace the implementation provided by the base
class. The compiler makes sure the replacement is always called whenever the object in
question is actually of the derived class, even if the object is accessed by a base pointer rather
than a derived pointer. This allows algorithms in the base class to be replaced in the derived
class, even if users don't know about the derived class.

What is the difference between an external iterator and an internal iterator? Describe
an advantage of an external iterator.
An internal iterator is implemented with member functions of the class that has items to step
through. .An external iterator is implemented as a separate class that can be "attach" to the
object that has items to step through. .An external iterator has the advantage that many
difference iterators can be active simultaneously on the same object.

What is a scope resolution operator?

A scope resolution operator (::), can be used to define the member functions of a class outside
the class.

What do you mean by pure virtual functions?

A pure virtual member function is a member function that the base class forces derived
classes to provide. Normally these member functions have no implementation. Pure virtual
functions are equated to zero.
class Shape { public: virtual void draw() = 0; };

What is polymorphism? Explain with an example?

"Poly" means "many" and "morph" means "form". Polymorphism is the ability of an object
(or reference) to assume (be replaced by) or become many different forms of object.
Example: function overloading, function overriding, virtual functions. Another example can
be a plus ‘+’ sign, used for adding two integers or for using it to concatenate two strings
How do you link a C++ program to C functions?
By using the extern "C" linkage specification around the C function declarations.

Explain the scope resolution operator.

It permits a program to reference an identifier in the global scope that has been hidden by
another identifier with the same name in the local scope.

What are the differences between a C++ struct and C++ class?
The default member and base-class access specifier are different.

How many ways are there to initialize an int with a constant?

Two.
There are two formats for initializers in C++ as shown in the example that follows. The first
format uses the traditional C notation. The second format uses constructor notation.
int foo = 123;
int bar (123);

How does throwing and catching exceptions differ from using setjmp and longjmp?
The throw operation calls the destructors for automatic objects instantiated since entry to the
try block.

What is a default constructor?

Default constructor WITH arguments class B { public: B (int m = 0) : n (m) {} int n; }; int
main(int argc, char *argv[]) { B b; return 0; }

What is a conversion constructor?

A constructor that accepts one argument of a different type.

What is the difference between a copy constructor and an overloaded assignment

operator?
A copy constructor constructs a new object by using the content of the argument object. An
overloaded assignment operator assigns the contents of an existing object to another existing
object of the same class.

When should you use multiple inheritance?

There are three acceptable answers: "Never," "Rarely," and "When the problem domain
cannot be accurately modeled any other way."

Explain the ISA and HASA class relationships. How would you implement each in a
class design?
A specialized class "is" a specialization of another class and, therefore, has the ISA
relationship with the other class. An Employee ISA Person. This relationship is best
implemented with inheritance. Employee is derived from Person. A class may have an
instance of another class. For example, an employee "has" a salary, therefore the Employee
class has the HASA relationship with the Salary class. This relationship is best implemented
by embedding an object of the Salary class in the Employee class.

When is a template a better solution than a base class?

When you are designing a generic class to contain or otherwise manage objects of other
types, when the format and behavior of those other types are unimportant to their
containment or management, and particularly when those other types are unknown (thus, the
generosity) to the designer of the container or manager class.

What is a mutable member?

One that can be modified by the class even when the object of the class or the member
function doing the modification is const.

What is an explicit constructor?

A conversion constructor declared with the explicit keyword. The compiler does not use an
explicit constructor to implement an implied conversion of types. It’s purpose is reserved
explicitly for construction.

What is the difference between Mutex and Binary semaphore?

semaphore is used to synchronize processes. where as mutex is used to provide
synchronization between threads running in the same process.

In C++, what is the difference between method overloading and method overriding?
Overloading a method (or function) in C++ is the ability for functions of the same name to be
defined as long as these methods have different signatures (different set of parameters).
Method overriding is the ability of the inherited class rewriting the virtual method of the base
class.

What methods can be overridden in Java?

In C++ terminology, all public methods in Java are virtual. Therefore, all Java methods can
be overwritten in subclasses except those that are declared final, static, and private.

What are the defining traits of an object-oriented language?

The defining traits of an object-oriented langauge are:
* encapsulation
* inheritance
* polymorphism

Write a program that ask for user input from 5 to 9 then calculate the average
int main()
{
int MAX=4;
int total =0;
int average=0;
int numb;
cout<<"Please enter your input from 5 to 9";
cin>>numb;
if((numb <5)&&(numb>9))
cout<<"please re type your input";
else
for(i=0;i<=MAX; i++)
{
total = total + numb;
average= total /MAX;
}
cout<<"The average number is"<<average<<endl;
return 0;
}

Assignment Operator - What is the diffrence between a "assignment operator" and a

"copy constructor"?
Answer1.
In assignment operator, you are assigning a value to an existing object. But in copy
constructor, you are creating a new object and then assigning a value to that object. For
example:
complex c1,c2;
c1=c2; //this is assignment
complex c3=c2; //copy constructor

Answer2.
A copy constructor is used to initialize a newly declared variable from an existing variable.
This makes a deep copy like assignment, but it is somewhat simpler:

There is no need to test to see if it is being initialized from itself.

There is no need to clean up (eg, delete) an existing value (there is none).
A reference to itself is not returned.

RTTI - What is RTTI?

Answer1.
RTTI stands for "Run Time Type Identification". In an inheritance hierarchy, we can find out
the exact type of the objet of which it is member. It can be done by using:

1) dynamic id operator
2) typecast operator

Answer2.
RTTI is defined as follows: Run Time Type Information, a facility that allows an object to be
queried at runtime to determine its type. One of the fundamental principles of object
technology is polymorphism, which is the ability of an object to dynamically change at
runtime.

STL Containers - What are the types of STL containers?

There are 3 types of STL containers:

1. Adaptive containers like queue, stack

2. Associative containers like set, map
3. Sequence containers like vector, deque

What is the need for a Virtual Destructor ?

Destructors are declared as virtual because if do not declare it as virtual the base class
destructor will be called before the derived class destructor and that will lead to memory leak
because derived class’s objects will not get freed.Destructors are declared virtual so as to
bind objects to the methods at runtime so that appropriate destructor is called.
Define namespace.
It is a feature in C++ to minimize name collisions in the global name space. This namespace
keyword assigns a distinct name to a library that allows other libraries to use the same
identifier names without creating any name collisions. Furthermore, the compiler uses the
namespace signature for differentiating the definitions.

What is the use of ‘using’ declaration. ?

A using declaration makes it possible to use a name from a namespace without the scope
operator.

Is C an object-oriented language?
C is not an object-oriented language, but limited object-oriented programming can be done in
C.

Name some major differences between C++ and Java.

C++ has pointers; Java does not. Java is platform-independent; C++ is not. Java has garbage
collection; C++ does not. Java does have pointers. In fact all variables in Java are pointers.
The difference is that Java does not allow you to manipulate the addresses of the pointer

C++ Networking Interview Questions and Answers

What is the difference between Stack and Queue?
Stack is a Last In First Out (LIFO) data structure.
Queue is a First In First Out (FIFO) data structure

Write a fucntion that will reverse a string.

char *strrev(char *s)
{
int i = 0, len = strlen(s);
char *str;
if ((str = (char *)malloc(len+1)) == NULL)
/*cannot allocate memory */
err_num = 2;
return (str);
}
while(len)
str[i++]=s[–len];
str[i] = NULL;
return (str);
}

What is the software Life-Cycle?

The software Life-Cycle are
1) Analysis and specification of the task
2) Design of the algorithms and data structures
3) Implementation (coding)
4) Testing
5) Maintenance and evolution of the system
6) Obsolescence

What is the difference between a Java application and a Java applet?

The difference between a Java application and a Java applet is that a Java application is a
program that can be executed using the Java interpeter, and a JAVA applet can be transfered
to different networks and executed by using a web browser (transferable to the WWW).

Name 7 layers of the OSI Reference Model?

-Application layer
-Presentation layer
-Session layer
-Transport layer
-Network layer
-Data Link layer
-Physical layer