5 : Partial Fraction Method - Indefinite Integration

Questions

3
x + 3
1. ∫
2
dx equals
(x + 1) (x + 1)

(a) x + loge |x + 1| – loge (x2 + 1) + cot–1 x + c

(b) x – loge |x + 1| + loge (x2 + 1) + tan–1 x + c

(c) x + loge |x + 1| – loge (x2 + 1) + tan–1 x + c

(d) x – loge |x + 1| – loge (x2 + 1) – tan–1 x + c

2
x + 1
2. ∫ dx equals
(x − 1) (x − 2)
5
∣ (x − 2) ∣
(a) log∣
∣ 2
∣ + C
∣
∣ (x − 1) ∣
5
∣ (x − 2) ∣
(b) x + log∣
∣ 2
∣ + C
∣
∣ (x − 1) ∣
5
∣ (x − 1) ∣
(c) x + log∣
∣ 5
∣ + C
∣
∣ (x − 2) ∣

(d) none of these

2
x dx
3. The value of ∫ is
2 2 2 2
(x + a ) (x + b )

1 x x
(a) 2 2
[btan
−1
− a tan
−1
] + C
b − a b a
1 x x
(b) 2 2
[atan
−1
− b tan
−1
] + C
b − a b a
1 x x
(c) 2 2
[btan
−1
+ a tan
−1
] + C
b − a b a

(d) none of these

5
2x + 3 − 1
4. If where C is any
5/2 2 a −1
∫ dx= log[|x − 1| (x + 1) ] − tan x + C
2
(x − 1) (x + 1) 2

arbitrary constant, then a is equal to

5x−2
5. Find ∫ 2
dx
(x+3)

(a)
17
−5 ln|x + 3| + + C
x+3
(b)
17
5 ln|x + 3| − + C
x+3

(c)
17
5 ln|x + 3| + + C
x+3

(d)
17
5 ln|x − 3| − + C
x+3

−2x+4
6. Compare ∫ 2
(x +1)(x−1)
dx .

(a)
1 2 −1
− ln(x + 1) − 3tan (x) + ln|x − 1| + C
2

(b)
1 2 −1
ln(x + 1) − 3tan (x) + ln|x − 1| + C
2

(c)
1 2 −1
− ln(x + 1) − 3tan (x) − ln|x − 1| + C
2

(d)
1 2 −1
− ln(x + 1) + 3tan (x) − ln|x − 1| + C
2

(x+1)
7. Let I (x) = ∫
x
2
dx, x > 0 . If lim I (x) = 0, then I (1) is equal to:
x(1+xe ) x→∞

e+1
(a) e+2
− loge (e + 1)

e+1
(b) e+2
+ loge (e + 1)

e + 2
(c) − log
e
(e + 1)
e + 1
e+2
(d) e+1
+ log
e
(e + 1)

1
8. Evaluate ∫ dx
(x + 5) (x + 3)

1
(a) ( ) (log|x + 3| − log|x + 5|) + C
2

1
(b) ( ) (log|x + 3| + log|x + 5|) + C
2

1
(c) ( ) (− log|x + 3| + log|x + 5|) + C
2

(d) None of these

2
9. Evaluate ∫ dx
(x − 1) (x − 4)

1
(a) (log|x − 4| − log|x − 1|) + C
3
2
(b) (log|x − 4| − log|x − 1|) + C
3
2
(c) − (log|x − 4| − log|x − 1|) + C
3

(d) None of these

3x − 1
10. Evaluate ∫
2
dx
(x + 3)

10
(a) 3 log|x + 3| + + C
(x + 3)
 10
(b) log|x + 3| − + C
(x + 3)

10
(c) − log|x + 3| + + C
(x + 3)

(d) None of these

5x
11. Evaluate ∫
2
dx
(x + 9x + 18)

(a) 10 log|x + 6| + 5 log|x + 3| + C

(b) 10 log|x + 6| − 5 log|x + 3| + C

(c) −10 log|x + 6| + 5 log|x + 3| + C

(d) None of these

1
12. Evaluate ∫
2
dx
(x − 1) (x + 1)

1 1
(a) (log|x − 1| − log∣
∣x
2
+ 1∣
∣ − tan
−1
x) + C
2 2

1 1
(b) (log|x − 1| + log∣
∣x
2
+ 1∣
∣ − tan
−1
x) + C
2 2

1 1
(c) (log|x − 1| − log∣
∣x
2
+ 1∣
∣ + tan
−1
x) + C
2 2

(d) None of these

3x + 5
13. Evaluate ∫
2
dx
(x − 1) (x + 1)

1 4 1
(a) log|x − 1| − + log|x + 1| + C
2 (x − 1) 2

−1 4 1
(b) log|x − 1| − + log|x + 1| + C
2 (x − 1) 2

−1 4 1
(c) log|x − 1| + + log|x + 1| + C
2 (x − 1) 2

(d) None of these

 Answer Key

1. C 2. B 3. A 4. 4.00 5. C 6. A
7. C 8. A 9. B 10. A 11. B 12. A
13. B
 Solutions

3
x + 3 A Bx + c
1. (C) 2
= 1 + +
2
(x + 1) (x + 1) x + 1 x + 1

3 2 2
⇒ x + 3 = (x + 1) (x + 1) + A (x + 1) + (x + 1) (Bx + C)

3 3 2
⇒ x + 3 = x + (A + B + 1) x + (B + C + 1) x + 1 + A + C

⇒ A + B + 1 = 0

1 + B + C = 0 ⇒ C = A,

A + C + 1 = 3

A = 1, C = 1, B = −2

So,
1 1 − 2x
∫ (1 + + ) dx
2
x + 1 x + 1

−1 2
= x + log |x + 1| + tan x − log (x + 1) + C

2
x + 1 A B
2. (B) = 1 + +
(x − 1) (x − 2) (x − 1) (x − 2)

2
⇒ x + 1 = (x − 1) (x − 2) + A (x − 2) + B (x − 1)

So,

2 = –A (by putting x = 1)

and 5 = B (by putting x = 2)

2 5
∫ (1 − + ) dx
x − 1 x − 2

= x − 2 ln|x − 1| + 5 ln|x − 2| + c

5
(x − 2)
= x + ln + c
2
(x − 1)
2
x A B
3. (A) 2 2 2 2
=
2 2
+
2 2
(x + a ) (x + b ) x + a x + b

2 2 2 2 2
⇒ x = A (x + b ) + B (x + a )

So,
2 2 2
−b b a
B =
2 2
=
2 2
and A =
2 2
a − b b − a a − b

Hence
 2 2
a b
∫ dx + ∫ dx
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(a − b ) (x + a ) (b − a ) (x + b )
2 2
a 1 x b 1 x
−1 −1
= ( ) tan + ( tan ) + c
2 2 2 2
a − b a a b − a b b

1 x x
−1 −1
= [btan − atan ] + c
2 2
b − a b a
2x + 3 A Bx + C
4. (4.00) 2
= +
2
(x − 1) (x + 1) x − 1 x + 1

2
⇒ 2x + 3 = A (x + 1) + (x − 1) (Bx + C)

2
⇒ (A + B) x + (C − B) x + A − C = 2x + 3

A + B = 0, C − B = 2, A − C = 3

B = −A

So,

A + C = 2

5 −1 −5
⇒ A = , C = , B =
2 2 2
−5 −1
x + ( )
5 1 2 2

∫ + ∫ dx
2
2 x − 1 x + 1

5 1 5
−1 2
= ln|x − 1| − tan x − ln∣
∣x + 1∣
∣ + c
2 2 4
−5
5
1
2
2 4 −1
= ln |x − 1| (x + 1) − tan x + c
2

5. (C) Here, there are not two different linear factors in the denominator. This CANNOT be

expressed in the form

5x−2 5x−1 A B A+B
2
= ≠ + =
(x+3) (x+3)(x+3) x+3 x+3 x+3

However, it can be expressed in the form:

5x−2 A B
2
= + 2
x+3
(x+3) (x+3)

5x−2 A(x+3)+B
A B
2
= + 2
= 2
x+3
(x+3) (x+3) (x+3)

⇒ 5x − 2 = A (x + 3) + B

x = −3 : 5 (−3) − 2 = A ((−3) + 3) + B

⇒ −17 = 0 + B

⇒ −17 = B

5x − 2 = A (x + 3) − 17
= Ax + 3A − 17

⇒ 5x = Ax

⇒ 5 = A

5x−2 5 17 17
∫ 2
dx = ∫ − 2
dx = 5 ln|x + 3| + + C
x−3 x+3
(x+3) (x+3)

2
−2x + 4 Ax + B (Ax + B) (x − 1) + C (x + 1)
C
6. (A) 2
=
2
+ =
2
(x + 1) (x − 1) x + 1 x − 1 (x + 1) (x − 1)

2
⇒ −2x + 4 = (Ax + B) (x − 1) + C (x + 1)

2
x = 1 : −2 (1) + 4 = (Ax + B) (1 − 1) + C ((1) + 1)

⇒ 2 = 0 + 2C

⇒ 1 = C

So now we have,
2
−2x + 4 = (Ax + B) (x − 1) + (x + 1)

2
⇒ −x + 2x + 3 = (Ax + B) (x − 1)

⇒ − (x − 1) (x + 3) = (Ax + B) (x − 1)

⇒ − (x + 3) = Ax + B

⇒ −1 = A

−3 = B

Thus our integral becomes,

−2x+4 −x−3 1
∫ 2
dx = ∫ 2
+ dx
(x +1)(x−1) x +1 x−1

x 1 1
= −∫ 2
dx − 3 ∫ 2
dx + ∫ dx
x +1 x +1 x−1

1 2 −1
= − ln(x + 1) − 3tan (x) + ln|x − 1| + C
2

x+1
7. (C) I = ∫
x
2
dx
x(1+xe )

Put 1 + xe
x
= t ⇒ xe
x
= t − 1

x x
⇒ (xe + e ) dx = dt

x
⇒ e (x + 1) dx = dt

dt dt
∴ I = ∫ x 2
= ∫ 2
e ⋅xt (t−1)t

Let 2
t (t−1)
1
=
A

(t−1)
+
Bt+C

2
t
 2
⇒ 1 = At + (Bt + C) (t − 1)

Comparing coefficients of t ,t
2
and constant terms, we get

A + B = 0, C − B = 0, −C = 1

On solving above equations, we get

C = −1 = B, A = 1

1 −t−1
∴ I = ∫ dt + ∫ dt
t−1 t2

1 1 1
= ∫ dt − ∫ dt − ∫ dt
t−1 t t2

1
= log|t − 1| − log|t| + + C
t

x x 1
⇒ I = log|xe | − log|1 + xe | + x + c
1+xe

x
xe 1
= log∣
∣ x
∣ +
∣ x + C
1+xe 1+xe

Now, lim I (x) = 0

x→∞

x
xe 1
⇒ lim {log∣
∣ x
∣ +
∣ x + C} = 0
1+xe 1+xe
x→∞
1
∣ e
x
∣ x
⇒ lim {log∣ 1
∣ + 1
+ C}
x→∞ ∣ +e
x
∣ +e
x
x x

⇒ 0 + 0 + C = 0 ⇒ C = 0

x
xe 1
∴ I (x) = log∣
∣ x
∣ +
∣ x
1+xe 1+xe

e 1 1
⇒ I (1) = log∣
∣
∣ +
∣ = 1 − log(1 + e) +
1+e 1+e 1+e

1
8. (A) I = ∫ dx
(x + 5) (x + 3)

1 A B
Let, = +
(x + 5) (x + 3) (x + 5) (x + 3)

1 = A (x + 3) + B (x + 5)

Put, x + 3 = 0

x = −3

1
∴ B =
2

Put, x + 5 = 0

x = −5

−1
∴ A =
2
 1
I = ∫ dx
(x + 5) (x + 3)

−1 1

2 2
I = ∫ ( + ) dx
(x + 5) (x + 3)

1 −1 1
I = [∫ dx + ∫ dx]
2 (x + 5) (x + 3)

1
I = (− log|x + 5| + log|x + 3|) + C
2

1
I = (log|x + 3| − log|x + 5|) + C
2
2
9. (B) I = ∫ dx
(x − 1) (x − 4)

2 A B
Let, = +
(x − 1) (x − 4) (x − 1) (x − 4)

2 = A (x − 4) + B (x − 1)

Put, x − 4 = 0

x = 4

2
∴ B =
3

Put, x − 1 = 0

x = 1

−2
∴ A =
3
−2 2

3 3
I = ∫ ( + ) dx
(x − 1) (x − 4)

2 1 1
I = (∫ dx − ∫ dx)
3 (x − 4) (x − 1)

2
I = (log|x − 4| − log|x − 1|) + C
3
3x − 1
10. (A) I = ∫
2
dx
(x + 3)

3x − 1 A B
Let, 2
= +
2
(x + 3) (x + 3) (x + 3)

3x − 1 = A (x + 3) + B

Put, x + 3 = 0

x = −3

∴ B = −10

Comparing the co-efficients of constant

−1 = 3A − 10

A = 3
3 10
I = ∫ dx − ∫ dx
2
(x + 3) (x + 3)

10
I = 3 log|x + 3| + + C
(x + 3)

5x
11. (B) I = ∫
2
dx
(x + 9x + 18)

5x
I = ∫ dx
(x + 3) (x + 6)

5x A B
= +
(x + 3) (x + 6) (x + 3) (x + 6)

5x = A (x + 6) + B (x + 3)

Put, x + 6 = 0

x = −6

∴ B = 10

Put, x + 3 = 0

x = −3

∴ A = −5
−5 10
I = ∫ ( + ) dx
(x + 3) (x + 6)

−5 10
I = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
(x + 3) (x + 6)

I = −5 log|x + 3| + 10 log|x + 6| + C

I = 10 log|x + 6| − 5 log|x + 3| + C

1
12. (A) I = ∫
2
dx
(x − 1) (x + 1)

1 A Bx + C
Let, 2
= +
2
(x − 1) (x + 1) (x − 1) (x + 1)

2
1 = A (x + 1) + (Bx + C) (x − 1)

Put, x − 1 = 0

x = 1

2A = 1

1
A =
2

At x = 0
 1
1 = + C (−1)
2
−1
C =
2

At x = −1

1 1
1 = (2) + (−B − ) (−2)
2 2

−1
∴ B =
2
1 1 1
(x)
2 2 2
I = ∫ ( − − ) dx
2 2
(x − 1) (x + 1) (x + 1)

1 1 x 1
I = (∫ dx − ∫ dx − ∫ dx)
2 2
2 x − 1 x + 1 x + 1

1 1
2 −1
I = (log|x − 1| − log∣
∣x + 1∣
∣ − tan x) + C
2 2

3x + 5
13. (B) I = ∫
2
dx
(x − 1) (x + 1)

3x + 5 A B C
Let, 2
= +
2
+
(x − 1) (x + 1) (x − 1) (x − 1) (x + 1)

2
3x + 5 = A (x − 1) (x + 1) + B (x + 1) + C(x − 1)

Put, x + 1 = 0

x = −1

1
∴ C =
2

Put, x − 1 = 0

x = 1

∴ B = 4

Put, x = 0

5 = −A + B + C

−1
∴ A =
2
−1 1

2 4 2
I = ∫ ( + + ) dx
2
(x − 1) (x − 1) (x + 1)

−1 1 1 1 1
I = ∫ dx + 4 ∫ dx + ∫ dx
2
2 (x − 1) 2 (x + 1)
(x − 1)

−1 4 1
I = log|x − 1| − + log|x + 1| + C
2 (x − 1) 2