ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1. What is Hydrocarbon?

Ans- The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons. These are

molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen only.

2. What is a Homologous Series?

Ans- A homologous series is a series of compounds with similar

chemical properties because they have the same functional group.
Each member differs from the next by one –CH2.
3. What are the properties of the Homologous Series?

Ans- i) have the same functional group.

ii) have similar chemical properties .
iii) show a gradation in physical properties.
iv) can be described by the same general formula.
v) differ from the next by a -CH2 unit.
4. What are Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons?
Ans- Saturated hydrocarbons only contain hydrogen and carbon and
have Carbon-Carbon single bonds.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons also contain only hydrogen and carbon but

have Carbon-Carbon double bonds.
5. What is the general formula of Alkane?

Ans- The general formula of Alkane is CnH2n+2.

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6. What is an Empirical Formula?
Ans- Empirical formula gives the simplest whole number ratio of the
atoms present in a compound. It can be worked out from experimental
data.
7. What is a Molecular Formula?

Ans- Molecular formula shows the actual number of each type of atom
present in a molecule (covalent compound).

8. What is a Functional Group?

Ans- An atom or a group of atoms that determine the chemical

properties of a compound is called Functional group.
9. What is a Displayed Formula?

Ans- Displayed formula shows all the bonds in a molecule as individual

lines. Each line represents a pair of shared electrons in a covalent
bond.
10. What is an Isomer?

Ans- The molecules which have the same molecular formula but
different structural formula are called Isomer.
11. What is a Complete Combustion?

Ans- Complete combustion occurs when a hydrocarbon burns in

sufficient oxygen and forms Carbon dioxide and water as products.

12. What is an Incomplete Combustion?

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Ans- Incomplete combustion occurs when a hydrocarbon burns in
insufficient oxygen. Water is still formed as a product, but Carbon
monoxide or Carbon is formed instead of Carbon dioxide.
13. What is a Substitution Reaction?

Ans- A chemical reaction in which an atom or group of atoms in a

molecule is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms.

14. What is an Additional Reaction?

Ans- A chemical reaction in which one molecule adds to another

without taking anything away, to form a single product.
15. What is Crude Oil?
Ans- Crude oil is formed from the remains of living organisms when
their soft tissue was gradually changed by high temperatures and
pressures into thick, black oil. It is a mixture of Hydrocarbons.
16. What is a Volatile Liquid?

Ans- A liquid that evaporates easily at room temperature is called

Volatile Liquid.
17. What are the physical properties of Alkane?
Ans- i) The larger the molecules, the higher the boiling point. This is
because large molecules are attracted to each other more strongly
than smaller ones. More energy is needed to break these stronger
intermolecular forces of attraction to produce the widely separated
molecules in the gas.
ii) The bigger the hydrocarbon, the more slowly it evaporates at room
temperature. This is again because the bigger molecules are more
strongly attracted to their neighbours and so don’t turn into a gas so
easily.
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iii) Liquids containing small hydrocarbon molecules are runny. Those
containing large molecules flow less easily because of the stronger
forces of attraction between their molecules.
iv) Bigger hydrocarbons do not burn as easily as smaller ones. This
limits the use of bigger ones as fuels.
18. How fractions are separated from Crude Oil?
Ans- The crude oil (mixture of hydrocarbons) is heated until it boils.
The vapour passes into a fractionating column. The temperature is
higher at the bottom of the column than at the top. Different fractions
condense and are drawn off at different heights in the column. The
hydrocarbons with the highest boiling points (longer chains) condense
towards the bottom of the column. The smaller hydrocarbon molecules
travel further up the column until they condense and are drawn off.
19. What is a Fuel?
Ans- A substance that when burned in oxygen releases heat energy.

20. Write the uses of: Refinery Gases, Gasoline, Kerosene, Fuel Oil,
and Bitumen.
Ans- ● Refinery gases - Domestic heating and cooking
● Gasoline - Fuel for cars
● Kerosene - Fuel for aircraft
● Fuel oil - Fuel for large ships and in some power stations
● Bitumen - Surface of roads and roofs
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21. Why is the rain naturally acidic?
Ans- Rain is naturally slightly acidic (pH= ~5.6) because of dissolved
carbon dioxide. Acid rain is rain with a pH lower than this (pH<5.6)
because of the presence of various pollutants. The pH of acid rain is
often about 4.
22. “Oxides of Nitrogen and Sulphur are the causes of acid rain”-
Explain.
Ans- Acid rain is formed when water and oxygen in the atmosphere
react with sulphur dioxide to produce sulfuric acid (H2SO4), or with
various oxides of nitrogen, NOx, to give nitric acid (HNO3). SO2 and
NOx come mainly from power stations and factories burning fossil
fuels, or from motor vehicles.
23. How can you remove Sulphur from Fuel?
Ans- The solution to remove sulphur from fuels (this is usually done for
petrol used in cars), “scrubbing” the gases from power stations and
factories to remove SO2 and NOx and using catalytic converters in
cars.
24. What is Cracking?
Ans- Cracking is a process in which long-chain alkanes are converted
to alkenes and shorter-chain alkanes. The big hydrocarbon molecules
in fuel oil.
25. What is Catalytic Cracking?
Ans- The cracking in which a catalyst is used like silicon dioxide and
aluminium oxide at about 600 o - 700 o C is called Catalytic Cracking.
26. What are the conditions for Catalytic Cracking?
Ans- Catalyst- Silicon dioxide, Aluminium oxide ; Temp- 600 o - 700 o C.
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27. Give two important reasons oil companies carry out Cracking.
Ans- Crude oil produces too many larger hydrocarbons / not enough of
the more useful smaller ones. Smaller alkanes can be used as fuel for
cars. Cracking also produces alkenes that can be used to make
polymers.
28. Write a balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of
Butane. (C4H10)
Ans- C4H10+O2 → CO2+H2O

29. “Incomplete combustion of Hydrocarbons produces Carbon-

Monoxide.”- Explain why Carbon- Monoxide is harmful to humans.
Ans- The formation of carbon monoxide from the incomplete
combustion of hydrocarbons is very dangerous. Carbon monoxide is
colourless and odourless, and is very poisonous. Carbon monoxide is
poisonous because it reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen
around the body. This will make a human ill or may even be the cause
of death, because not enough oxygen gets to the cells in the body for
respiration to provide energy.
30. “Combustion of Ethane produces SOOT in water.”- Write the
chemical equation and the reason for the reaction.
Ans- If there isn’t enough oxygen while Alkanes burn, there is
incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide or
carbon (SOOT) instead of carbon dioxide.
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i)2C2H6(g)+5O2(g) → 4CO(g)+6H2O(l)
ii)2C2H6(g)+3O2(g) → 4C(g)+6H2O(l)
31. What is the condition required for the reaction between Methane
and Chlorine?
Ans- Alkanes react with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet
radiation (UV), for example from Sunlight. A hydrogen atom in alkane
is replaced by a halogen atom.

32. Show the reaction between Methane and Bromine in the presence
of UV. (Show all the possible steps)
Ans- A mixture of methane and bromine gas is orange because of the
presence of bromine. If it is exposed to sunlight (UV), it loses its
colour, and a mixture of bromomethane and hydrogen bromide gases
is formed.

33. What is Mono-substitution?

Ans- A substitution reaction in which only one hydrogen atom is
replaced by a halogen atom.
34. What is a free radical?
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Ans- A free radical can be defined as an atom or molecule containing
one or more unpaired electrons in valence shell or outer orbit and is
capable of independent existence.
35. What is the general formula of Alkane and Alkene?
Ans- Alkane: CnH2n+2
Alkene: CnH2n

36. Show the displayed formula of But-2-ene.

Ans-

37. Why does Alkenes give an additional reaction?

Ans- Alkenes undergo addition reactions. Part of the double bond
breaks to become a single C-C bond and the electrons are used to join
other atoms onto the two carbon atoms.
38. Write the isomers of Butene.
Ans- But-1-ene, But-2-ene, 2
39. Write the reaction between Propene and Bromine water and what
you will see.
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Ans- The additional reaction between bromine and propene is very
similar to that of ethene. Part of the carbon-carbon double bond breaks
and two bromine atoms add across the bond.

The product is called 1,2-dibromopropane. Its structure is based on propane and the prefix
“1,2-dibromo” shows there are two bromine atoms, on the first and the second carbon atoms.

40. What are the conditions for Hydrogenation?

Ans- A hydrogenation reaction involves the addition of hydrogen.
Hydrogenation basically requires 3 things. A substrate, a hydrogen
source and a catalyst.
41. Write the reaction between But-1-ene and Hydrogen gas in the
presence of Nickel.
Ans- C2H4 + H2 (Ni^)→ C2H6
42. What are the conditions required with Ethene and steam?
Ans- Temp: 300o C, Pressure: 60-70 atm, Catalyst: Phosphoric acid.
43. “Propene can be made by heating Propane and Sulphur”
i) Name another method of making Propene and state two
conditions for making Alkenes from Alkanes.

Ans- Cracking.
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Conditions: 1) The presence of a silicon dioxide (silica) or aluminium
oxide (alumina) catalyst 2) Heat the vaporised alkanes at high
temperatures of 600 – 700°C

ii) Describe a chemical test which can be used to distinguish between

Propane and Propene.

Test: Shake with Bromine water

Result with Propane: no n colour change (solution

remains orange)

Result with Propene: solution changes colour from orange to

colourless
44. Give the structural formula and names of product when But-1-ene
reacts with each of the following:
i) Steam

Ans- CH3CH2CH2CH2OH (butan-1-ol) or CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 (butan-2-

ol).

ii) HCl (HydroChloric Acid)

Ans- CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl (1-chlorobutane) or CH3CH2CHClCH3 (2-
chlorobutane)
iii) Bromine
Ans- CH3CH2CHBrCH2Br (1,2-dibromobutane)
45. What is the functional group of Alcohol?
Ans- Alcohols all contain the functional group -OH covalently bonded
to a carbon chain.
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46. Write the molecular formula of Ethanol.
Ans- The molecular formula of Ethanol is C2H8O
47. Write the isomers of Butan-1-ol.
Ans- n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, sec-butanol.
48. What is Biofuel?
Ans- A fuel that is made from biological sources, such as sugar cane
or corn.

49. Write the chemical reaction of Potassium Dichromate (VI) and

Ethanol in the presence of Dilute Sulfuric acid and what will you see?
Ans- CH3CH2OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O
The solution turns green from orange after adding the ethanol and now contains a very
dilute solution of Ethanoic acid together with other products.

50. How can we identify a liquid containing alcohol group?

Ans- We can identify a liquid containing alcohol group by seeing the
suffix -ol or seeing -OH in the structural formula.
51. What are the raw materials and conditions for Fermentation?
Ans- Starting Materials: Glucose (from sugar cane)
Temp: 30o C
Catalyst: enzymes in yeast
Other condition: Anaerobic
52. What are the conditions and chemical reactions for the hydration of
Ethene?
Ans- CH2=CH2(g) + H2O(l) → CH3CH2OH(g)
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Starting material: ethene and steam
Temp: 300o C
Pressure: 60-70 atm
Catalyst: Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)
53. Compare the two methods of producing Ethanol.
Ans-

54. Draw the structural formulae for the following compounds:

i) Methanol
Ans- CH3OH
ii) Propan-1-ol
Ans- CH3CH2CH2OH
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55. Draw the displayed formulae for these compounds:

i) Ethanol
Ans-

ii) Butan-1-ol
Ans-

56. Name the following compounds:

i) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH – Butan-1-ol
ii) CH2CH2OH – Ethanol
57. Draw a dot-and-cross diagram showing the bonding in a molecule
of ethanol.
Ans-
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58. “Ethanol can be produced by the catalytic hydration of Ethene.”-
Describe two conditions used in this conversion.
Ans- 60–70 atmosphere pressure, Phosphoric acid catalyst
59. “In some countries ethanol is manufactured by a different method
called fermentation.”
i) State the raw material used to manufacture ethanol in this
way.
Ans- Sugar cane
ii) Explain why the following conditions are important for making
ethanol by the fermentation of glucose. “Yeast is added into the
reaction mixture. A temperature between 30 and 40°C is used.
Fermentation needs to be carried out in the absence of air.”
Ans- Yeast provides the enzyme (biological catalyst) for the reaction;
30–40°C is the optimum temperature for the reaction. If the
temperature is too low, the rate of the reaction is too slow. If the
temperature is too high, the enzyme will be denatured; In the presence
of air (aerobic conditions), enzymes in the yeast produce carbon
dioxide and water instead of ethanol.
iii) Explain why some countries, such as Brazil, manufacture
ethanol in this way.
Ans- Countries like Brazil have plenty of land and warm climate to
grow sugar cane. There is also a lack of crude oil resources in these
countries, so it is too expensive to hydrate ethene to produce ethanol.

60. “Ethanol is used as a biofuel in Brazil”. Write a balanced chemical

equation for the complete combustion of ethanol
Ans- C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
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61. Glucose can be converted to ethanoic acid in the following
sequence of reactions:
Glucose → Ethanol → Ethanoic Acid
reaction 1 reaction 2

i) Write a balanced chemical equation for reaction 1(formula for

glucose is C6H12O6)
Ans- C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
ii) Ethanoic acid can be made by the oxidation of ethanol in a lab. The
ethanoic acid can be distilled off from the resulting mixtures and
collected as a solution in water.
a) Give suitable reagents for reaction 2.
Ans- Potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid.
b) Describe the colour change during reaction 2.
Ans- Orange to green
c) Write a balanced equation for this process, using [O] to represent
the oxidising agent.
Ans- CH3CH2OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O
iii) Ethanol can be converted to ethene and another product in a single
step. Complete the equation below:
C2H5OH → C2H4 + H2O
62. Draw the displayed formula of Ethanoic Acid and Propanoic Acid.

Ans- Ethanoic Acid:

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Propanoic Acid:

63. Write reaction of Sodium and Magnesium with Ethanoic Acid and
Methanoic Acid.
i) Na + HCOOH → HCOONa + H2
ii) Na + CH3COOH →CH3COONa + H2
iii) Mg + HCOOH → Mg(HCOO)2 + H2
iv) Mg + CH3COOH → Mg(CH3COO)2 + H2
64. Write the structural formula for the following components:
i) Ethanoic acid- CH3COOH
ii) Butanoic acid- CH3CH2CH2COOH

65. Draw the displayed formula for these components:

i) methanoic acid-

ii) propanoic acid-

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66. Name the following compounds:
i) CH3CH2CH2COOH - Butanoic Acid
ii) CH3COOH - Ethanoic Acid
67. Propan-1-ol can be oxidised by heating it under reflux with
potassium dichromate (VI) in dilute sulfuric acid.
i) Draw the full displayed formula of the product of this reaction.

Ans-
ii) What is the colour change during the reaction?
Ans- Orange to green
iii) A student suggested heating it under a bunsen burner. Explain why
this method might be too dangerous.
Ans- Propan-1-ol is very flammable and should not be heated with an
open flame. The vapour can easily catch fire when heated with a
Bunsen burner.
iv) Describe what would you see and write the balanced equation for
the reactions if you added some of the product you collected to test
tubes containing:
a) Magnesium ribbon: It creates bubbles and Mg decreases in size.
Mg(aq) + 2CH3COOH(aq) → (CH3COO)2Mg(aq) + H2(g)
b) Sodium carbonate solution: It also creates bubbles and fizzes up.
Na2CO3(aq) + 2CH3COOH(aq) → 2CH3COONa(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
68. Vinegar can react with baking soda, which contains sodium
hydrocarbonate (NaHCO3), to give salt, CO2 and water.
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i) Balance the following equation for the reaction between vinegar and
baking soda.
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + CO2+ H2O
vinegar baking soda a salt

ii) Suggest the type of reaction occurring.

Ans- Neutralisation.
iii)Suggest an observation that could be made during this reaction.
Ans- Bubbles will form.
69. What is the functional group of Ester?
Ans- The functional group of Ester is -COO-.

70.What are the raw materials and conditions required for making Ethyl
Ethanoate?
Ans-
CH3COOH(l) + CH3CH2OH(l) ⇌ CH3COOCH2CH3(l) + H2O(l)
Ethanoic acid ethanol ethyl ethanoate water

Starting material: ethanol and ethanoic acid

Catalyst: concentrated sulfuric acid
Conditions: heat
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