Practical Research 1 3rd Quarter Reviewer

➔ ensures that the research foundations and

methodology are well-defined and organized.
➔ TWO IMPORTANT ASPECTS
◆ Research Foundations - fundamental
L1: Nature of Research components of research
● Research Problem -
Definition of Research undesirable situations, needed
knowledge.
● Research Purpose - describes
● Polit & Beck - follows a step-by-step process,
how the study will fill this
uses a standardized approach.
“Knowledge Gap”.
● Palipis - plays an important role. Main purpose
● Research Question - either
is to answer a question or to solve an issue.
framed in a quantitative (how
● Crawford (cited by Alcantara & Espina) - tested
much, how often, to what extent)
approach of thinking and employing validated
or qualitative (what, why, how)
instruments and steps in order to obtain a more
manner
adequate solution to a problem that is
● Conceptual Framework -
otherwise impossible to address under
outline or paradigm that
ordinary means.
presents the topics to be studied,
the various variables and
Characteristics of Research contexts, and how these relate to
or influence each other.
1. Systematic - system to follow, system for ◆ Research Methodology - how the
formulating each of its parts. researcher will answer the research
● MACRO SYSTEM - composed of questions in a credible manner
chapters that are organized in a ● RRL & RRS - analyzes the
logical and scientific manner. existing knowledge regarding the
● MICRO SYSTEM - consists of research topic. Identifies gaps in
detailed contents of each information.
chapter. ● Approach and Design - what is
2. Objective - objective process of analyzing the best means to collect and
phenomena of importance to any profession or analyze data in the study. Used
different fields or disciplines. (Nieswiadomy, 2005) to clarify and improve the
3. Feasible - Any problem of extraordinary nature research problem, purpose and
that directly or indirectly affects any profession is questions.
a feasible problem to study. ● Data Collection and Analysis -
4. Empirical - supporting pieces of evidence and gives the methods to determine
accompanying details for every variable used in who will be participants in the
the study. study, how the variables will be
○ PLAGIARISM - Constitute claiming measured, and how the data will
another person’s idea or intellectual be documented and collected.
property as one’s own ● Conclusion and
■ THE LAW: REPUBLIC ACT NO. Recommendation -
8293 - Intellectual Property Summarizes the key results and
Code of the Philippines discusses how these are
5. Clear - The choice of variables used in the study relevant.
should be explained by the researcher.
Outline of the Research Paper
Research Paradigm
A research paper is divided into chapters which are then
➔ outline that guides the researcher in subdivided into various components of the research
conceptualizing and conducting the research. study.
➔ Also guides in formulating and implementing the
research.
 ● benefits all strata of society people with diverse
jobs, different income rates, varying financial
status, or distinct social and political capabilities.
★ Provides scientific basis for any discipline and
its continuous development.
★ Undertaken for the continuous development
and further productivity in any field. - research
is the result of advancing knowledge from the past.
★ Helps develop tools to improve the
effectiveness of solving various problems and
formulate solutions to problems concerning
almost all issues.
★ Provides solutions to problems concerning
almost all issues encountered in the different
areas of work. - Some issues include the tardiness
of employees, incentives given to other staff,
sportsmanship among school athletes, and
implementation of a "clean and green" program in
school. This also applies to higher level problems.
★ Impacts decision-making. - It is a common
mistake for people to make decisions without solid
information to back them up. It requires time, effort,
and sometimes money to gather the evidence
needed for making a sound decision.
★ Allows the evaluation of alternative approaches
to the educational aspects of any discipline.
★ Aims to advance the personal and professional
Roles of the Researcher qualifications of a practitioner.

According to Nieswiadomy (2005), the researcher serves

different roles in the study:

● As principal investigator L2: Ethics in Research

● As member of a research team
● As identifier of researchable problems
● As evaluator of research findings
● As patients or client advocate during the study Ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and
● As subject/ respondent/ participant credibility. The important values include trust, accountability,
mutual respect, and fairness.
Goals of Conducting Research
Importance of ethics

Research is a scientific endeavor which serves many

goals in different fields, educational disciplines and even the ● It promotes the aim of research
professional life of the researcher. Some of the goals for the - Ethics guides the researchers in obtaining
research are as follows: knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error by
prohibiting fabrication, falsification, and
misrepresentation of research data.
● To produce evidence-based practice. ● It upholds values that are essential to
● To establish credibility in the profession. collaborate work
● To observe accountability for the profession. - Many researchers who are working in different
● To promote cost-effectiveness through disciplines and institutions cooperate and
documentation coordinate to accomplish research. With ethics in
mind, they also maintain trust, accountability,
Importance of Conducting Research mutual respect, and fairness.
● It ensures that researchers can be held
● as important as any field of study. accountable to the public.
● significance cuts across all disciplines
 - Ethical norms guarantee the public that ● NON-DISCRIMINANT - all those eligible to
researchers are deemed responsible for participate in research should be allowed to do so.
committing any form of research misconduct. ● COMPETENCE - professional competence and
● It builds public support for research. expertise should be maintained and improved with
- People express and lend their support if they can the research.
trust the quality and integrity of research. ● LEGALITY - a researcher should know and obey
relevant laws, and institution and government
policies.
● HUMAN SUBJECT PROTECTION - harms and
risk to human lives should be minimized. Human
● It promotes a variety of moral and social dignity, privacy, and autonomy should be among
values. the primary considerations of the research.
- Ethical principles help the researcher avoid ● RIGHTS OF THE PARTICIPANTS
practices that can adversely harm the research - The research participants must be given the
subjects and the community. Thus, it encourages privilege to exercise their free will whenever to
social responsibility, human rights, animal welfare, participate or not. They have the right to refuse
compliance with the law, and public health and involvement in the study. Thus, any person should
safety. not be forced to take part in any research
undertaking.
● VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION
Background
- The research participants must be given the
privilege to exercise their free will whenever to
- Many of the ethical norms ensure that researchers participate or not. They have the right to refuse
are held accountable to the public. involvement in the study. Thus, any person should
- Adherence to the ethical principle helps build public not be forced to take part in any research
support for research. undertaking.
● INFORMED CONSENT
Ethical codes in research - The research participants must be provided with
sufficient information about the procedures and risk
involved in the research. It serves as an initial
● HONESTY - this must be maintained in all
guide on why and how the study will be conducted.
communications. Data should never be fabricated,
Hence, the researcher must ensure that they fully
falsified and misinterpreted.
understand and agree upon the study.
● OBJECTIVITY - biases should be avoided in all
● RISK OF HARM
aspects of research.
- The research participants must be protected from
● INTEGRITY - promises and agreement should be
any type of harm whenever it may be physical,
kept and all actions should be made with a sincere
psychological, social, or economic. The researcher
purpose.
must avoid, prevent, or minimize threats especially
● CARE - careless errors and negligence should be
when they are exposed and engaged in invasive
avoided.
and risky procedures.
● OPENNESS - the researchers should be open to
● CONFIDENTIALITY
criticisms and new ideas.
- The research participants must be assured of their
● RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY -
privacy particularly on personal information. The
proper acknowledgement should be given to all
researchers must secure that all information
authors cited and sources used in research.
disclosed by them will not be used without
● CONFIDENTIALITY - confidentiality
authorized access.
communications or documents should be
● ANONYMITY
protected.
- The research participants must remain anonymous
● RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION - the research
or unidentified throughout the study even to the
should be done with the purpose of advancing
researchers themselves. They have the right to
research and scholarship. Wasteful and duplicate
keep their identities secret as they participate
publication should be avoided.
especially in case-sensitive studies.
● RESPONSIBLE - the research should seek to
educate, mentor and advise students.
● RESPECT COLLEAGUES - all peers should be
treated fairly.
● SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY - social good should
be promoted and social harm should be avoided.
REFLECTIVE WRITING A TOOL IN To answer the research question no.2, Based on the results,
what areas of improvement do the teachers need to extend
ASSESSING THE STUDENT'S when it comes to:
UNDERSTANDING AND
APPRECIATION OF PRACTICAL a. DELIVERY OF LESSON - lesson can be delivered
in less intimidating ways by combining the facts of
RESEARCH SUBJECT: AN ACTION the lesson with guided applications of it in the
RESEARCH classroom particularly in output generation.
b. LEARNING ENVIRONMENT - provide a supportive
environment that would at least minimize the
burden of learners who are also balancing their
Methodology - This study delves into the students' time in complying with the requirements of their
perceptions of the lesson's relevance in the real world, their other subjects.
grasp of it, their sentiments, and how they plan to apply it to c. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REFLECTIVE
their research report. WRITING TOOLS - as a feedback mechanism for
the students. Make the reflective writing task an
● INNOVATION - Reflective Writing Activity Tool essential part of the notes of learners that is being
● INTERVENTION - Utilization of group activities collected periodically by teachers. This way the
inside the classroom to simplify the tasks. students’ concerns can be addressed immediately
● STRATEGY - Big notebook review and Google by the teacher.
Form open-ended interview questionnaire
● RESEARCH METHOD AND DESIGN - Qualitative To answer the research question no.3, Based on the results,
Descriptive Research what is the most highlighted theme that shows the
● INSTRUMENTATION - Semi-structured interview effectiveness of reflective writing as a tool in assessing the
questions student's understanding and appreciation of practical
● SAMPLING TECHNIQUE -Convenience sampling research subjects?
● DATA ANALYSIS - In-Vivo Statement and
Thematic Analysis
- As evidence shows, the APPLICATION OF
ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE is the most highlighted
Results and Discussion :
To answer research question no.1: What is the common theme that shows the effectiveness of reflective
theme evident in the students’ reflective writing output? writing as a tool in assessing the student's
Findings showed that the common themes evident in the understanding and appreciation of practical
students’ reflective writing output are the following: research subjects. Promoting adults' learning
SUPERORDINATE THEMES involves reflection on a large scale. Students who
apply and reflect can challenge their beliefs,
a. The acquired knowledge of the participants is behaviors, and presumptions. Students
LOGICAL - Using logical concepts and reasoning, strengthened their knowledge, investigated its
the research students can discover reality's key depth, and went over what they had studied again
elements and linkages (Horanska, et., al., 2022) via reflection. By reflecting, students can take a
b. The realization of the participants is PURPOSE - step back and evaluate their whole learning
Students understand that there are different vital experience, appreciating the worth of information
reasons why research writing is necessary rather than as isolated learning units.
(Piacquadio, 2021).
c. The feelings of the participants is NEGATIVE - CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Students probably come up with a hundred or more
reasons why research papers are a hassle. ● This research project explored the impact of
Students often put them off until the very last reflection on learning, focusing on improving
minute, when there are no more deadlines since knowledge, making it relatable, and fostering
they view them as a burden (Piacquadio, 2021). understanding. It uses reflective writing tools to
d. The Practical application of learning acquired by design activities for deep learning in nontraditional
the participants is PRAGMATIC - As stated in the settings, empowering students for academic
themes identified in the students' in-vivo success.
statements, applying what they have learned in ● In Practical Research classes, teachers should
practical research is to be a problem solver, employ the reflective writing tool to actively engage
practice and share knowledge, be resourceful, and students and gain valuable insights into their
prepare for college studies.
 learning journeys. This dynamic approach not only
allows teachers to enhance and refine their
1. THE CURRENT STATE OF FIELD &
teaching methods but also encourages students to
deeply reflect on the impact of these strategies on
their own learning. 2. CURRENT AND CONVENTIONAL PRACTICES

➜ Explain the general in which your current study situated

remains to be significant area of research up to present.

3. THE RESEARCH GAP

The Beginning of Research ➜ There are other aspects under the topic that may not
have been addressed by current practices and conventions
The Introduction in your field of study.

➜ The purpose of Introduction is to introduce the 4. STUDY’S NEW CONTRIBUTION

problem and clarify the important variables, its
delimitation, and its significance to the field of study.
➜ Discuss how your own study will help fill in the research
gap you have identified.
➜ It is important in establishing the cognitive setting of
the research. The Statement of the Problem

➜ Rationalization of the need to research on the ● Use single and not compound sentences.
problem. ● Clearly express the purpose of the study.
● Include the central phenomenon.
➜ Clarification of the important terminologies. ● Use qualitative words (explore, discover, and
explain).

➜ Establishment of the degree of seriousness of the

problem which prompted the researchers to find for WRITING THE GENERAL PROBLEM IN A QUALITATIVE
solutions. STUDY

Background of the Study ● Identify the participants of the study.

● State the research site.
➜ The introduction to a research paper, where you set
up your topic and approach for the reader. The general problem is followed by an enumeration of the
specific problems.
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
They must…
4 Components Of Research Gap
1. Be in question form.
2. Define the population and sample of the study
1. Current State of the Field
(respondents).
3. Identify the variables being studied.
2. Current and Conventional Practices

According to Creswell and Clark (2014), there are two

3. Research Gap types of research questions. These are as follows:

4. Study’s New Contribution • CENTRAL

Most general question that can be asked.

 - female
• SUB
Delimitation of the Study

Questions subdivided the central question into more

➜ It describes the various limitations that arose during the
specific topical questions and are limited in number.
design and conduct of the study.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

THE COMPONENTS OF SCOPE & DELIMITATION OF
THE STUDY
1. General Question:

● Topic of the study;

1.1 Specific Question ● Objectives, Time frame;
● The locale;
● Characteristics of the participants;
1.2 Specific Question
● Response formats used in the study (If applicable).

2. General Question
Delimitation of the Study

2.1 Specific Question

➜ Apart from the design and methodology, the
characteristics of the researcher and the limits that he or she
2.2 Specific Question experiences in the conduct of research will also give rise to
limitations as follows:
Scope & Delimitation of the Study
• ACCESS
➜ The scope of the study identifies and defines the
significant variables that are focus of the study.
The amount and quality of data will depend on the ability of
the researcher to access people, organizations, libraries,
➜ The delimitation of the study identifies and describes the and documents that can provide him or her the best
limitations encountered by the study. available data.

➜ The limitations of the study may arise from research • TIME PERIOD
design and methodology and the specific limitations
encountered by the researcher in the conduct of the study.
The length of time devoted to the study will affect almost all
aspects of the research. It is advisable to select a research
SETTING THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY problem and design that gives way to a more manageable
time.

➜ The scope of the study is determined primarily by the

selection of variables that the research will focus on. • BIAS

● VARIABLE refers to any characteristic that can This refers to a way of viewing a certain thing, issue, or idea
have different values or traits that may vary across and may be influenced by the researcher’s background. The
research participants. Variables are measured, researcher therefore, should be aware of his/her personal
controlled, and manipulated by the researcher. biases and how these affect the conduct of research.
● ATTRIBUTES are important elements of a
variable. It refers to the value assigned to a
• LANGUAGE
specific variable.

This may have an effect on data collection, especially if the

Example:
researcher is involved with respondents that speak a variety
of languages.
Gender (significant variable)
WRITING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- male
➜ The contribution or benefit that your study provides to • Principles are accepted as being true based on logic or
different people and organizations. reasons, but without proof or verification.

● Topical Arrangement - Done in paragraphs and Example:

based on the weight of the individual
contributions.
1. The participants will passionately cooperate in answering
● Enumeration Format - Arranged according to the
the questions in an honest manner;
beneficiaries: (field study, government agencies,
private org, etc.)
2. Career orientation can help students in choosing their
tracks for Senior High School;
Writing the Definition of Term

Review of Related Literature and Studies

➜ An annex to a work (book, research paper, etc.) this is a
list of acronyms, jargons, credits, etc. This is an important
term in the study that is clearly defined.
➜ It surveys scholarly work such as academic books
computerized database, conference proceedings,
dissertations/thesis, empirical studies, government reports,
● Conceptual - Universal meaning that is attributed historical records, journal articles, monographs, and
to a word or group of words and which is statistical handbooks.
understood by many people. Usual source of
conceptual definition is the DICTIONARY.
➜ Is a type of academic writing that provides an overview
● Operational - Meaning of the concept or term as
of a specific topic.
used in a particular study. Concrete terms allow
measurement.
➜ A literature review critically analyzes the relationship
among different scholarly work and the current work.
Example:

FUNCTIONS OF REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1. Lived-experiences
AND STUDIES

Conceptual – in the words of Manen (1990), it is how a

1. Justifies a research question, method, or theoretical
person understands and experiences his or her world in a
and conceptual framework.
real and meaningful way.
2. Establishes the relevance of the topic.
3. Provides necessary information to better
Operational – it is defined as the real-life event that Grade understand a specific topic or study.
11 Students experienced while they were on their JHS and
underwent Career Orientation.
Specify the type of sources that you will use;

WRITING THE ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY

Zotero

➜ An assumption is a realistic expectation which is

ProQuest
something that we believe to be true. However, no
adequate evidence exists to support this belief.
Science Direct

JSTOR
ASSUMPTIONS
EBSCO
• Statements that are considered true, even though they
have not been scientifically tested. Google Scholar

Springer
Wiley 4. Use QUOTATION MARKS

Taylor and Francis for Specific Phrases.

Sage Publication (“Top Philippine Universities”)

Links that are reliable.

Theoretical Framework
These are the cites that end in;
➜ Is formulated from existing theories and serves as the
.gov foundation of the study. The researchers can modify the
original variables to better suit the study, provided that the
whole theory is utilized.
.mil

➜ A Theoretical Framework serves as the basis of the

.edu research. It points out, through cited theories, which
specific variables will be the focus of the study.
Sites that end in:
➜ In this part of the theoretical framework, the researcher
.com & .org cites and discusses related theories that serve as the
foundation of the variables and their relevance to the
study. It prefaces the readers on what theories are used as
• Are also acceptable as long as they are associated with the basis of the research study.
recognized companies and organizations.

In the discussion of relevant theories, the following parts are

Some of these sites are; mentioned:

www.un.org (UNITED NATIONS), 1. Name(s) of the Author(s).

2. Title(s) of their theory/ies.
www.unesco.org (UNESCO), 3. Theoretical statement and principles.
4. Explanation of the theoretical statement.
5. Relationship of the theory to the present study.
www.edition.cnn.com (CABLE NEWS NETWORK),
Parts of Introduction
& www.rd.com (READER’S DIGEST).
1. Introduction (Background of the Study)
BOOLEAN SEARCHING STRATEGIES
2. Statement of the Problem
1. Use AND for the connected term.
3. Scope and Delimitation of the Study
(e.g., University AND Colleges)
4. Significance of the Study
2. Use OR - either of the terms.
5. Assumptions of the Study
(e.g., University OR Colleges)
6. Definition of Terms
3. Use NOT- to exclude terms.
7. Review of Related Literature
(e.g., University NOT College)
 ● Title of Reference, Author’s name, Year of
Publication, Synthesis.
- RRL (minimum of seven (2) references)

8. Theoretical Framework
- RRS (minimum of three (2) references)

● Title of Theory, Author’s name, Year of Publication,

8. Theoretical Framework
Synthesis.

9. Synthesis of the Introduction (summary)

9. Synthesis of the Introduction (summary of
Introduction)

PARTS OF INTRODUCTION – IMRAD FORMAT (3-5 pages

only)

1. Introduction (Background of the Study)

● Use the four (4) components of Research Gap.

2. Statement of the Problem

● At least 2 General Questions, and 3 specific

Questions each GQ (for Interview Questions)

3. Scope and Delimitation of the Study

● Variables of the study, research design and

method, participants, locale and time frame.

4. Significance of the Study

● Beneficiaries and benefits of the study: Country,

Society, The Institution, Agency concerned and the
laboratory manual and developers and the research
community.

5. Assumptions of the Study

● Possible outcome of the study (it depends on the

no. of your SOP).

6. Definition of Terms

● Operational and Conceptual Definition (at least 5

unfamiliar/common words used in the study).

7. Review of Related Literature and Studies

● RRL and RRS (minimum of (5)) references each of

them) Accepted Year 2017-2021.