To Dr.

Bruce Jaffe, a national treasure, an outstanding scholar, and a great

friend on the roads of life.

Copyright ©2014 by Maximillien de Lafayette. All rights reserved. No part

of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or
mechanical, including any and/or all of the following: photocopying,
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written permission of the author except in the case of brief quotations
embodied in critical articles and reviews.
Published in the United States of America and Germany.

Printed by Times Square Press. Date of Publication: February 8, 2014.

University-Edition. A to Z.
Akkadian-English Dictionary
Comparative Lexicon/Thesaurus of Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian,
Babylonian, Chaldean, Phoenician, Ugaritic, Aramaic, Syriac, Hebrew,
Arabic.
Epistemology, etymology, texts/tablets translation, linguistic cross-
references.

With additional linguistic cross-references: Turkish, Urdu and Persian

(Farsi), and a multitude of regional and tribal dialects of the ancient and
modern

world.
Maximillien de Lafayette
__________ __________________

Times Square Press New York Berlin Paris Madrid 2014

Books in this series by Maximillien de Lafayette

Epistemology. Etymology. Terminology. History. Texts
translation.Transliteration. Linguistic cross-references.
____________________________________________

· The Mega Book:Thesaurus and Lexicon of Sumerian, Hittite, Babylonian,

Akkadian, Assyrian, Phoenician, Ugaritic, Aramaic, Mesopotamian,
Chaldean, Arabic, Syriac, and Hebrew (13 volumes, 4000 pages)
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and Civilization (1 Volume)
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Civilization (2 Volumes)
· 9-How to Speak French Like an Aristocrat and Latin Like the Pope.

Maquette: Judy Goldsmith and Marla Cohen Production: Shoshanna

Rozenstein and David Blum
*** *** ***
A - Aa ____________________________________________
A
A: Sumerian/Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. a-Water
b-River

Originally, “A” was written phonetically, and used in a plural form. The
ancient Assyrian word Miat became associated with its original meaning
(Water).
Tiglath Pileser said: “A-na mie inadu.” Translation: “Into waters shall cast.”-
From the Annals of Tiglath Pileser; Nimrud Obelisk, Shalmaneser; Botta’s
Monument de Ninive, Paris, 1849; Journal Asiatique, Paris, 1863.)
Sennacherib said: “Miat-su nadi kazuti a-na zumme-ya lu asti.” Translated
verbatim: “Of its flowing nauseous waters for my thirst I drank.”

Aa: Assyrian/Akkadian/Babylonian/Sumerian/Mesopotamian. Noun.

The Babylonian, Sumerian and Assyrian deity often referred to as Aê, and
Ea. He is also represented by and identified as Au, Ya’u /Ya which is a
variation of Ea, an ancient Babylonian deity. Ya corresponds to the Hebrew
Au, Aw, Awu.
From Ya, the Hebrew words Yah or Jah derived, and were used as prefix for
Yahweh.
See Ya’u.
Aa had numerous names and titles; he was the Babylonian and Assyrian god
of water, rivers, the sea, the arts, and crafts. He warned Pir-napistim of the
Deluge, and instructed him to build a ship to save his family, himself, all the
birds, and the animals of the earth.
Worth mentioning here that the Babylonian Pir-napistim became the
Chaldean/Biblical Noah. See Pir-napistim.
Aa, Ea.

________________________
Tiglath Pileser
“A-na mie inadu.”

_____________________________________
Sennacherib “Miat-su nadi kazuti a-na zumme-ya lu asti.”

__________________________
Aa-ñar - Abba ____________________________________________

Aa-ñar: Sumerian/Chaldean/Akkadian. Verb. a- To water a field.

b- To irrigate.
c- To cover with.
Composed of two words:
a- A, which means water.
b- Nar, which means to irrigate; to inundate; to submerge.

Ab: Sumerian/Babylonian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. a- Leader.

b- Father.
See Abgal for Ab’s epistemology and derivation.

Aba: Akkadian. Noun. Law officer. In The Asiatic Journal, page 246, 1864,
Sir Henry Rawlinson translated Aba as judge.

Abaalu: Akkadian. Verb. To grieve over.

Abalu: Akkadian. Noun. Asphalt.

Abalu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Verb.

Labuli in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Mobel in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
a- To take.
b- To hold.
c- To carry.

Abarakkum: Akkadian. Noun.

a- A steward.
b- A treasurer.

Abatu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Verb. To do; to accomplish. Evada in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. To do.

Ab-ba : Sumerian/Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a- Father
b- Elder.

Abba “Abbai”: Akkadian. Noun. Camel.

Abba - Abel
____________________________________________

For years, archeologists and linguists were not sure if Abba “Abbai” really
meant camel, for they believed that Gamal or Jamal were the Assyrian and
Akkadian words for camel, and Abba “Abbai” was the Akkadian word for
elephant.
With the discovery of the Nimrud Obeslik, linguists were finally able to
solve the puzzle by reading the following passage: “Habbai sa sunai zni-
sina…” which means verbatim: “Camels which are their backs.”
For centuries, the words Jamal and Habba were commonly and
indiscriminately used by Assyrians, Chaldeans and Sumerians; Jamal is of a
Semitic origin, while Habba is of an Akkadian origin. The Arabs use the
word Jamal for camel;
Kamelos in Greek.
Gamal in Hebrew.
Kamel in German.

Abd: .Sumerian/Akkadian/Arabic/Babylonian..Noun. Historically, Abd was

the first name given to Man.
The original meaning was slave, but later on, Enki changed it to servant. In
contemporary Arabic, it is written either as Abd or Abed and it means:
1-A black person.
2-A slave.
Many derogatory attributions for Abd are found in the Arabic poems of Abu
Al Tib Al Mutanabbi (915-65 A.D.), in the writings of Abu Al Ala’ Al Maari
(died in 1057), and Al-Nabigha AlZoubyani (535-604), and in the story of
king Dabshalim and Brahman Baydaba. (Around 175 B.C.)

Abel: Akkadian/Babylonian/Assyrian/Sumerian. Noun. Name. Abel became

Abhel in Hebrew (In primitive Hebrew: Hebel, Hebhel).
Habeel in Arabic.
In Hebraic tradition, the name Abel is sometimes represented as AB,
meaning source, and EL meaning God.
Epistemologically, Abel derived from the Assyrian Aplu or Ablu. It was first
mentioned in the legend of Tammuz (Ablu Kinu), and meant true son.

Abel - Abgal ____________________________________________

Vigouroux and Hummelauer stated that the Assyrian Aplu or Ablu, const.
Abal, i.e. "son," is the same word, not a case of orthographic coincidence,
especially as Hebrew and Assyrian are closely related tongues. Some, with
Josephus (Ant., I, ii), think it means sorrow or lamentation.
According to Cheyne the meaning is shepherd, or more generally herdsman.
Assyrian Ibilu: Ram, camel, ass, or wild sheep. (Ency. Bib., s.v.)

Abeshu. Babylonian/Sumerian/Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Abeshu was the

king of Babylon, and the son of Hammurabi, the legendary king of the first
Babylonian dynasty.

Abgal. Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

a- A man of wisdom.
b- A sage in the service of a ruler.
Composed of two words:
a- Ab or Aba, which means father.
b- Gal, which means a man who has acquired knowledge and wisdom.)

In other instances, Gal could mean an imposing figure, or a man of a grand

social status.
From Ab, derived the:
· Hebrew Abba (Father).
· Arabic Ab and Abu (Father).
· Syriac Aba.
· Lebanese-Arabic Ab (Reverend, priest).
· Aramaic Abba (Father).
· Chaldean Abba (Father, head of a family).
· Anglo-Saxon Abbot.
· French Abbé and Papa.
· Ancient English Abbad.
· Modern Greek Pappas, Baba.
· Italian Abbate.

In its primitive form, Abgal meant:

a- Leader.
Abgal - Abikti
____________________________________________

b- Father of the people. c- Ruler.

d- Chief.

In ancient Sumer, it was used as a title of reverence and respect. This ancient
Sumerian title gave birth to the modern meaning of the word “Reverend”
(Respected or respectable), usually used upon addressing a pastor.
The Arabs in the Middle and Near East regions call a priest or a pastor either
Ab, Abouna or Mouhtaram.
The word Mouhtaram means respected, reverend.
The Copts, Christian Egyptians, and Ethiopians use the word Abouna or
Abunna (Our father, referring to a priest.)

From Gal, derived the Arabic adjective Ghali which means: a- Expensive.
b- Important.
c- Dear to loved ones.

Abi: Assyrian/Akkadian/Noun. Father.

Abi or Babi in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Ab and Abu in
Arabic.
Baba in Turkish.
Baba in Persian (Farsi).
Baba (Bab) in Urdu.
Hammurabi said: “Abim pi alidi-ya.”
Translated verbatim: “Of my father who begat me.”

Abikti: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. a- Defeat.

b- A great loss.
c- Destruction.

*** *** ***

Hammurabi
“Abim pi alidi-ya.”
____________________________________________

Abkalu “Apkallu”: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

In Akkadian mythology, the Abkalu “Apkallu” were the seven (or
sometimes eight) sages who served the Babylonian kings as vizirs
(Ministers), advisors and guardians.
Some were poets, writers, historians and others were the scribes who wrote
several Babylonian epics.

These sages were:

· 1-Adapa (U-an, called Oannes),
· 2-U-an duga,
· 3-E-me-duga,
· 4-En-me-galama,
· 5-En-me-bulaga,
· 6-An-Enlida,
· 7-Utu-abzu.

Abkalu “Apkallu” as Winged Genii/Angels.

Winged
Genii/Angels. The Griffin heads recall Ezekiel's notion of the Cherubim
possessing an eagle's face.
____________________________________________

The Apkallu were credited with building walled and niched cities. They have
served many gods, goddesses and kings, to name a few: Marduk, Ea, Inanna,
and Ishtar.
 One room in the palace of
Nimrud, decorated with Abkalu “Apkallu”.
_______________________________________
____________________________________________

King Ashurnasirpal (On the

left) being protected from demons and evil forces by Apkallu, his guardian
spirit.
__________________
____________________________________________
 A typical Abkalu “Apkallu”.
_________________
____________________________________________
A Babylonian/Akkadian Abkalu guardian holding in his hand Lagi-zulum
(Spathe of the Male Date-Palm)

One of the Babylonian/Akkadian eagle-headed genii or guardian angel

(Abkalu) holding in his left hand Lagi-zulum (Spathe of the Male Date-
Palm.)

______________________________
____________________________________________ The goddess-angel
Lama in a ritual gesture.

Photo: The goddess-angel Lama in a ritual gesture, circa 2330-2150 B.C.

Akkad period. Cylinder seal. Mesopotamia.

Babylonian-Mesopotamian prayers had to be chanted or recited out loud and

always accompanied by very specific ritual gestures, such as the “Su-ila”,
meaning, the “Uplifted hands.”
These prayers were to be addressed to the Abkalu, who in return will elevate
them to the gods.

This seal (left) depicts Lama, the angelgoddess praying in a ritual manner
with uplifted hands.
This was the tradition observed during the Neo-Sumerian and Old
Babylonian period, circa 2100-1600, B.C.
Several Babylonian deities were depicted as angels with or without wings.
They acted as guardians (Abkalu), and

protectors of worshipers, and in some instances, they offered their prayers to

higher deities, on behalf of human beings.
____________________________________________
 The face of an Abkalu
“Apkallu”.
___________________________
Abraham - Abzu ____________________________________________

Abraham: Akkadian/Babylonian/Semite. Noun. Historically, it was a Near

Eastern word used as a collective name for Aramean tribes; the Habiru
(Ancient Hebrews), and the Ishmaelites.

Absu “Abzu”,“Ab-su”: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the temple of

Enki. In the ancient Akkadian literature, temples were always Sumerian
names.
Ea’s temple in Eridu is called É-abzu.
In Sumerian, É means house or temple.

Abu: Assyrian/Akkadian/Noun. The month of August. Ab in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Abu: Assyrian/Akkadian/Noun. Father.
Aba or Baba in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Abu-Kkunu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Your father, in a plural form.
Abullu: Assyrian/Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Gate of an ancient city in
Mesopotamia.
Abum: Akkadian. Noun. Father. (Plural: Abbuu).
Abura: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective. a- Momentary.
b- For the time being.

Abu-Ya: Hittite/Akkadian. Noun. My father. Abuya in spoken Arabic.

Abzu “Apsu”: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

The subterranean waters, also known as the watery world of god Ea.
Abzu is the Sumerian limitless and endless space, out of which the first
waters precipitated.

Enki's Temple of E.Abzu in the city of Eridu.

Enki in the Abzu (In the center).

_______________________________
Abullu
Walls and gates of the ancient city of Nineveh, modern day
Mosul.

________________________
A-daab
____________________________________________

Anunnaki god Ea (On the right) in

the Apsu. ________________________

Adaab “A-dab”: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Melodious sad songs and ballads. They were very popular among the
Sumerian and Babylonian lower and middle classes. The major themes were:
Lovers’ separation, loneliness, betrayal, and mourning loved ones.
A-daad, also Adab are:
a- Hymn, usually of a religious nature.
b- Songs without music.

Ataba in proto-Syriac and modern Arabic.

From Adab, derived the Arabic word ‘Atab or ‘Ataab, meaning romanic
song usually sang without music.
____________________________________________

Adad: Proto-Sumerian/Akkadian/Phoenician. Noun. As the son of the great

Anunnaki god Anu, Adad became the Anunnaki-Akkadian supreme god of
rain and storms. He has been identified with the Sumerian deity Ishkur. Adad
was highly feared and revered in the northern part of Mesopotamia, and was
often depicted as a powerful god holding sparkles of lighting in his right
hand, and an enormous axe in his left.

An Assyrian governor standing before the deities Adad (centre) and Ishtar
(left), limestone relief from Babylon, 8th century B.C.

_____________________

Adad was compared to the Canaanite god Hadad.

In Phoenicia, Arwad, Amrit, Ugarit, Assyria, Babylonia, and Syria, Adad
was regarded as the god of magical powers, healing, divination and oracles.
His epithet read: “Adad bel birim”, which means “Lord of divination.”
____________________________________________

Adad
As the son of the great Anunnaki god Anu, Adad became the Anunnaki-
Akkadian supreme god of rain and storms.
____________________
____________________________________________
 Baal-Adad
Baal-Adad, the Phoenician god of storms. From a stela found at Bethsaida,
Samaria, Israel.
____________________________
Adama - Adapa
____________________________________________

Adama “Adamah”: Sumerian/Akkadian/Chaldean. Noun. Name of the first

created humans on earth by god Enki and the Anunnaki goddesses.
Adama as Adam was not a single person. He belonged to a group known as
Adamah, “Those who are of the ground”; a tribe of human beings called
Adamites as mentioned in Genesis 5:2. From Adamah, derived the Hebrew
word Aw-Dawm (Adam). “Male and Female created he them, and blessed
them and called Their name Adam, in the day when they were created.”-
Genesis 5:2.

Adamu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Blood. Dam or Damu in Arabic.

Adannu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. A deadline.

Adanu. Akkadian. Noun. The month of March. Azar in Arabic.

Adar in Hebrew and Aramaic.
Adapa “Adamu”: Sumerian/Akkadian. Name.
Adapa was the first living human being on earth according to the
Mesopotamian mythology, and the Babylonian cosmology. Ea created him
from clay found in abundance in Iraq (Sumer, Babylon, and Mesopotamia).
Sometimes, Enki appears to be the creator.
According to the Akkadian tablets, Adapa was the son of Ea, the creator-god
of Eridu. Adapa learned how to write and how to read from Ea.
Legend has it that Adapa created the first spoken and written human
language on Earth.
Adapa visited many nations and taught humanity, art, science, and the
secrets of writing. The Babylonian scriptures described Adapa was one of
the sages and citizens of Eridu.
The Akkadian/Sumerian clay tablets depicted him as a personage of a great
wisdom.
Statue of Adapa, the Sage.

___________________________
____________________________________________
Akkadian/Sumerian Tablets of Adapa and the food of life.
Tablet No.1

Intelligence he possessed …
And like the command of Anu, his command is…
A wide ear he (Ea) granted him to a reveal the fate of the land, And wisdom
he granted him, but not an eternal life. In those davs, in those years the wise
man of Eridu, Ea had created him as chief among men,
A wise man whose command none should oppose,
The prudent, the most wise among the Anunnaki was he, Blameless, of clean
hands, anointed,
observer of the divine statutes,
With the bakers he made bread
With the bakers of Eridu, he made bread,
The food and the water for Eridu he made daily,
With his clean hands he prepared the table,
And without him the table was not cleared.
The ship he steered, fishing and hunting for Eridu he did. Then Adapa of
Eridu
While Ea, ... in the chamber, upon the bed.
Daily the closing of Eridu he attended to.
Upon the pure dam, the new moon dam he embarked upon the ship,
The wind blew and his ship departed, With the oar, be steered his ship Upon
the broad sea…

Tablet No.2

The south wind…when

He had driven me to the house of my lord, I said, O South wind, on the way
I shall to thee ...everything that, Thy wing, will I break." As be spoke with
his mouth, The wing of the South wind was broken, seven davs The South
wind blew not upon the land.
____________________________________________

Anu called to his messenger Ilabrat:

Why has the South wind not blown upon the land for seven davs? His
messenger Ilabrat answered him: "My lord,
Adapa, the son of Ea, the wing of the South wind
Has broken."
When Anu heard these words
He cried, Help!" He ascended his throne,
"Let some one bring him,"
Likewise Ea, who knows the heaven. He roused him
... he caused him to wear. With a mourning garment He garbed him, and
gave him counsel
Saying: " Adapa, before the face of Anu the King thou art to go ... to heaven
When thou comest up, and when thou approachest the door of Anu,
At the door of Anu, Tammuz and Gishzida are standing, "they will see thee,
they will ask thee; 'Sir,'
For whose sake dost thou so appear, Adapa? For whom Art thou clad in a
mourning garment?' 'In our country two gods have vanished, therefore
Am I so.' 'Who are the two gods, who in the land
Have vanished?' 'Tammuz and Gishzida.' They will look at one another and
Be astonished. Good words…
They will speak to Anu. A good countenance of Anu
They will show thee. When thou standest before Anu Food of death they will
set before thee,
Eat not. Water of death they will set before thee,
Drink not. Garments they will set before thee,
Put them on. Oil they will set before thee, anoint thyself. The counsel that I
have given thee, forget not. The words Which I have spoken, hold fast." The
messenger
Of Anu came: "Adapa has broken
The wing of the South wind. Bring him before me."
The road to Heaven he made him take, and to Heaven he ascended.
When he came to Heaven, when he approached the door of Anu, At the door
of Ann, Tammuz and Gisbzida are standing.
____________________________________________

Anu
___________________________________
____________________________________________

Tammuz, alabaster relief from Ashur, circa 1500

B.C.
__________________________
____________________________________________
When they saw him, Adapa, they cried: " Help,
Sir, for whom dost thou so appear? Adapa,
For whom art thou clad in a mourning garment?" In the country two gods
have vanished; therefore am I clad In mourning garments." "Who are the
two gods, who have vanished from the land?"
"Tammuz and Gishzida." They looked at one another and Were astonished.
When Adapa before Anu, the King, Drew near, and Anu saw him, he cried:
"Come hither, Adapa. Why hast thou broken the wings Of the South wind? "
Adapa answered Ann: " My lord, For the house of my lord in the midst of
the sea, I was catching fish. The sea was like a mirror,
The South wind blew, and capsized me.
To the house of my lord was I driven.
In the anger of my heart,
I took heed." Tammuz and Gishzida
Answered ... "art thou." To Anu
They speak. He calmed himself, his heart was . . . "Why has Ea revealed to
impure mankind
The heart of heaven and earth? A heart
... has created within him, has made him a name? What can we do with him?
Food of life
Bring him, that be man, eat."Food of life
They brought him, but he ate not. Water of life
They brought him, but he drank not. Garments They brought him. He
clothed himself. Oil
They brought him. He anointed himself.
Anu looked at him; he wondered at him.
"Come, Adapa, why hast thou not eaten, not drunken? Now thou shalt not
live." ... men ...Ea, my lord
Said: "Eat not, drink not."
Take him and bring him back to his earth.
... looked upon him.

Tablet No.3
"When heard that ____________________________________________
 Slab
depicting Gudaea of Lagash (circa. 2275-2260 B.C.)
grasped by his god Ningishzida and presented to Anu.
_____________________________
____________________________________________

Ningishzida and
Sumerian gods around the Tree of Life.

In the anger of his heart

His messenger he sent.
He who knows the heart of the great gods
To King Ea to come,
To him, he caused words to be borne.
... to him, to King Ea.
He sent a messenger
With a wide ear, knowing the heart of the great gods, ... of the heavens be
fixed.
A soiled garment he made him wear,
With a mourning garment he clad him,
A word he spoke to him.
"Adapa, before the King Anu thou shalt go
Fail not the order, keep my word
When thou comest up to heaven, and approachest the door of Anu,
Tammuz and Gishzida at the door of Anu are standing. (Source: R.W. Rogers.
London, 1909.)

Adar - Aga.dè
____________________________________________
Adar: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun.
He was Ninip, the legendary Assyrian god of war.
Addamaiutu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. A membership.

Addamu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. a- A part of the body.

b- An organ.

Addaru: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. The month of March. Adar in Hebrew

and Aramaic.
Adaar and Azar in Arabic.

Addin: Hittite/Akkadian. Verb. To give.

Addu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adverb. Now. Adi in contemporary Assyrian
Eastern dialect.
Adi: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adverb. Up to this moment.
Adi: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adverb. Now.
Aga: Akkadian/Assyrian. Pronoun. This. Aha in contemporary Assyrian
Eastern dialect.
Agabishe : Sumerian/Akkadian. Adverb. a- Afterwards.
b- Soon after.

Aga.dè: Noun. Name for Akkad. Semitized as Akkadu. It is also the name of
one of the ancient four neighborhoods of Sippara. The site of the city of
Agade is located in Northern Babylonia, and was the capital of the first
Semitic Empire. Agade consisted of small independent states, ruled by a
viceroy (Patesi) or a high priest.
Not to confound it with Aga.dè, which is the Sumerian name for Akkad.

Aga.dè ____________________________________________

Map of Aga.dè
(Akkad)
Agal - Agrabu
____________________________________________
Agal: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Flood.

A-gam: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. a- An artificial pond

b- A man-made lake.

Agappu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A wing. Gulpa in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Gepo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Agar: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. a- A meadow.

b- A large field.

Agashgi: Sumerian/Akkadian. Adjective. Awkward.

Agazuta: Sumerian/Akkadian. Adverb. Right behind you.
Agestina: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Vinegar.

Aggubbu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A cup. Guvva in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Kosso in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Agig: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Tears of sorrow. Composed of two words: a- A, which means water.
b- Gig, which means sorrow; melancholy; suffering.

Agitu: Akkadian. Noun. Bandage.

Ago: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. Sinister.
Eiguta and Eigo in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Agrabu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A scorpion. Agriva in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect.
A-gúbba Akhatu ____________________________________________

Equarbo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. ‘Akrab in Arabic.

Akrep in Turkish.
Akrab in Persian (Farsi).

A-gúbba :.Sumerian/Chaldean/Akkadian. Noun.. a- Holy-water.

b- Clean.water.
c- Purified.water.through.rituals.
Composed of two words:
a- A, which means water.
b- Gubba, which means purification.

Aha aha: Akkadian/Assyrian: Adverb. One at the time. Kha kha in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Whahad whahad in Arabic.

Aharru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adverb. Adjective. To stay the last.

Kharraya in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Ahum: Noun. Brother. (Plural form: Ahi ahhū). Akh in Arabic. Aku (His
brother) in Arabic.

Airu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. The month of May. Iyaar in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Ayar in Arabic.
Iyar (April-May) in Hebrew.

Akhalu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Verb. To eat.

Khalla in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Akhala in Arabic.

Akhana: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adverb. Here. Lakha in contemporary

Assyrian Western dialect.

Akhatu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Sister.

Khatta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Hotho in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect. Ekhtu or Oukhtu in Arabic.

Akhiltu - Akki
____________________________________________
Akhiltu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adverb. Eating. Khalta in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Akhu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. A brother. Akha in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Akhu or Akh in Arabic.
Akh in Persian (Farsi).

Akhutu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. A brotherhood. Akhuta in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Akhawiye in Arabic.
Akki: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

King Sargon.

Name of the good Anunnaki lord (disguised as a farmer and irrigator) who
rescued King Sargon in his basket.
The Akkadian legend has it that Sargon’s mother had set him floating on the
Euphrates river.

Akki found the little infant, rescued him, and raised him as his own son.
In the Bible, Moses, the little baby was found in a basket floating on the Nile
river, and was rescued by an Egyptian princess. She raised him as her own
son.
Astonishing coincidence!
Similarity or copiage?
Akki ____________________________________________

Moses rescued from the Nile.

“And the woman conceived and bore a son; and when she saw that he was
beautiful, she hid him for three months. But when she could hide him no
longer she got him a wicker basket and covered it over with tar and pitch.
Then she put the child into it, and set it among the reeds by the bank of the
Nile.” Exodus 2:2,3

______________________
Akkil - Alad
____________________________________________

Akkil: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. a- Lamentation,

b- Ritual wailing.

Aklu Shatu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Verb. To dine. Kala Shtaya in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Aksu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective. Dangerous. Asga in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Akuum : Sumerian/Chaldean/Akkadian. Noun. Hot water.

Composed of two words:
a- A, which means water.
b- Kum, which means hot.
Akurgal :.Akkadian. Noun..Name of the king of Lagash and the father of
Eannadu. Akurgal was the son of Ur-Nina. He defeated Ush of Umma and
became King of Sumer and Akkad.

Ala'aiu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective.

a- Of a godly character.
b- Celestial attribute.
Alahaia in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Ilahi in Turkish.
From Alahaia, derived the:
Arabic words Ilahaia, Ilahia, and Ilahiyat, literally meaning godly;
The Proto-Aramaic Lahoot;
The Arabic Lahoot, which means the study of religion, theology and canonic
law.

Alad “Alada”: Sumerian/Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. a- A guardian angel.

b- A spirit watching over and protecting a person. c- Internal strength
created by life energy.

Alad - Almaiu ____________________________________________

Worth mentioning here, that while the majority of the guardian angels
“Alad” in Assyrian, Chaldean, Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and
Mesopotamian culture and mythologies were males, the “Alada”, also called
“Alaada-Shalim” were females.

Aladu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A boy. Yalda in contemporary Assyrian

Eastern dialect. Waladu or Walad in Arabic.

Aladu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb.

To give birth. (To deliver a baby).
Vilada in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
From Vilada, derived the Arabic word Wilada, which means to deliver a
baby.

Alala: Sumerian/Chaldean/Akkadian. Adjective. Noun. a- Exhaltation.

b- Expression of delight.
c- Expression of a great joy.
d- Exclamation.

Alaldu. Akkadian Noun. Name of the famous decorative stone, brought to

Nineveh’s Esar Haddon’s palace by the king of Syria.

Alapu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A thousand.

Alpa in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
From Alpa, derived the Arabic word Alph, which means a thousand. Not to
be confound it with “Aleph” (Alef), which is the first letter in the Arabic and
Hebrew alphabet.

Alib daba: Akkadian. Expression. Easy country; easy people.

Alib namrazi: Akkadian. Expression. Difficult country; difficult people.
Alib: Akkadian. Noun. Field; land.
Almaiu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. Worldly.
Almaiu - Ambar
____________________________________________

Almaia in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

From Alamia or Alamiu, derived the Arabic words Alam (Aalam), which
means the world, and Alami, which means worldly. From the Arabic word
Aalam, derived the Turkish word Alem, and the Persian (Farsi) word Alam.

Alpum: Akkadian. Noun. Ox.

Alulu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A street.
Alula in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Alusharshid: Akkadian. Noun. Name of the king of Kish, and the conqueror
of Elam. An Anunnaki king who ruled for 36,000 years.

Ammani: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a- Plates.
b- Dishes.

Amar-su: Hittite/Akkadian. Pronoun.

a- His.
b- Her.
Amaru: .Sumerian/Chaldean/Akkadian..Noun..
a- A.damaging flood.
b- Severe inundation.

Amat: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun.

a- Confidence.
b- Truth.
c- Trust.

Ambar : Sumerian/Babylonian/Akkadian/Phoenician. Noun. a- Wet land

with poor drainage.
b- Meadows covered with aromatic grassy vegetation. b- Small ponds with
tall grass of a very particular smell. From Ambar, derived the Arabic word
Al Anbar, which means aphrodisiac aroma produced by a rare type of
vegetation found in the Near and Middle East, and particularly in Syria,
Palestine, and Lebanon.

Amelon Amurru ____________________________________________

Amelon: Akkadian/Chaldean/Assyrian. Noun. Name of the legendary
Chaldean hero who ruled for 46,800 years.

Ame-lu: Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. According to the Code of

Hammurabi, the Ame-lu were free citizens who would include government
officials, priests, and soldiers of the regular army. In the penal code, the
distinction between Mushkinu and Ame-lu depends on individual’s status
quo.

Amil Marduk: Babylonian/Akkadian. Noun. The Biblical evil Merodach.

Ammizadugga: Babylonian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the king of Babylon

(2202-2182 B.C.) who was mentioned in the flood story in the Epic of
Gilgamesh.

Ammtu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A maid.

Amnanu: Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. The name of the ancient kingdom of
Erech.
Amni shapiruti: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Fine arts.
Amraphel: Babylonian/Mesopotamian/Sumerian. Name. Name of the king
of Shinar (Sennaar) (Shinar), Babylonia. He invaded the lands of Canaan,
and captured Lot and his family, according to Genesis, Chapter 14.
Historians, Biblical scholars, and Assyriologists believe that Amraphel and
Hammurabi are the same person.
They draw their conclusion from the epistemological variants of the words
Ammi-rabi, Ammurapi, and Hammum-rabi.

Amtum: Akkadian. Noun. a- A slave.

b- A servant.

Amurru: Akkadian. Noun.

Amurru - Anakim
____________________________________________
Name of the Akkadian god of nomads. Amurru is the equivalent of the
Sumerian god Martu. His consort is Beletseri.

Amurru: .Amorite/Akkadian/Phoenician/Ugaritic/Semitic. Noun..The

original members of the nation of Amurru. The Amorites were a Semitic
tribe with regional influence in Syria, although they came from Arabia.
The people of Amurru were intermixed with the Hurrians.

An: Sumerian/Akkadian/Chaldean. Name.

Name of the chief god of the Annunaki. An is Anu in Egyptian, and Anum
in Akkadian. An was the creator of the gods, including the peoples of the
earth, but over time (3000-2500 B.C.) An lost his privileged position to his
son Enlil.
His main temple was in Uruk, where he was worshipped as the god of that
city. Later on, his daughter Inanna became a co-god of Uruk. An mated with
the goddesses Ki and Nammu. His union with them gave birth to the gods.

Ana: Akkadian. Adverb. a- To.

b- Toward.
c- For.

Anagim: Sumerian/Chaldean/Akkadian. Conjunction. a- How?

b- What?
Anaiutu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.
a- Egoism.
b- Selfishness.
c- Arrogance.
Anaiuota in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
From Anaiutu, derived the Arabic word Ananiya, which means egoism.

Anakim: Sumerian/Akkadian/Hebrew. Noun. The descendants of Anak, or

Enoch, Cain’s son.
Anir – An-ki ____________________________________________

Although it was claimed by Biblical scholars, and particularly by the

Hebrew scribes that a flood had been sent to destroy the Anakim, there were
still entire cities and settlements of Anakim in the lands of Canaan as late as
the time of Moses.
Jewish chronicler Josephus wrote that even in his own day it was not
uncommon for people to dig up gigantic skeletal remains, referring to the
giant Anakim.
Spies sent by Moses to report on the Anakim’s strongholds reported back
that the Anakim were so large that the Hebrews seemed “like grasshoppers”
in comparison.

A-ñálá: Sumerian/Chaldean/Akkadian. Noun.

Bag made from leather used to contain, carry, or store goods, cereals, and
water. Composed of two words:
a- A, which means water.
b- Nala, which means to contain; to transport; to carry.

A-ñi: Sumerian/Akkadian/Phoenician. Noun. a- A large quantity of water.

b- A small flood.
Composed of two words:
a- A, which means water.
b- Ni, which means an overflow.

Anir: Sumerian/Akkadian/Phoenician. Noun. a- Mourning.

b- Lamentation.
c- Showing grief and sadness.
Anouh in Arabic.
Annaku: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Tin.
Ta-nu-hee in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Aniku: Akkadian. To his.

An-ki: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. The universe. Composed of two words:

a- An, which meanch sky; God; the origin,

An-ki
____________________________________________
b- Ki, which means the Earth.

Lamentation Priests.
_________________
Ankida Anunnaki ____________________________________________

Ankida: Sumerian/Akkadian. The union of heaven and earth. Composed of

three words:
a- An, which means sky; God; the origin.
b- Ki, which means the Earth.
c- Da, which means union.

An-Nabu, “Nabu”: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Sumerian/Akkadian/Aramaic/Syriac/Arabic. a- A prophet.
b- A heavenly messenger.
c- A seer.
d- A wise man.
Nabi or Al Nabi in Arabic.
Nabi in Persian (Farsi).

Annu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Pronoun. These.

Anni in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
From Annaku and/or the Assyrian Tannika, derived the protoArabic word
Tannika.

Anu-naki (Anunnaki): Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. The Akkadian word

Anunnaki is composed of two words: a-Anunna, which means the entirety of
the gods (All the gods and goddesses of Mesopotamia).
b-Ki, which means Earth, and the underworld, the netherworld, and the
world of death.
Thus, the correct definition of the word Anunnnaki is: Gods of Earth and/or
gods of the underworld.
The Akkadian/Sumerian Anunnaki word is used in a plural form to represent
the deities of heaven and Earth, called Anunna in Sumerian and Akkadian.
Later on in history, and in order to differentiate between the Anunnaki and
the Igigi, the scribes called the Anunnaki, the gods of Earth, also gods of the
netherworld, and the Igigi, gods of heaven.
Other names for the Anunnaki: The Anunnaki were known to many
neighboring countries in the Near East, Middle East, and Anatolia. And
because of the languages' differences, the Anunnaki were called differently.
____________________________________________

For instance:
1- The Habiru (Early Hebrews/Israelites) called them Nephilim, meaning to
fall down to earth, as well as Anakim and Raphaim. Some passages in the
Old Testament refer to them as Elohim. 2- In Assyrian-Chaldean, and
Syriac-Aramaic, theAnunnaki are called Jabaariyn, meaning the mighty
ones.
3- In some Aramaic, Chaldean and Hebrew texts, the Anunnaki are called
Gibborim, which means the mighty or majestic ones. Jababira in literary
Arabic.
4- The Egyptians called them Neteru.
5- The Greeks called them the Annodoti.
6- In the Book of Enoch, they are called B’nai Elohim (Children of God), the
Nephilim, and the “Watchers”.

Babylonia,
land of the Anunnaki, at the time it was captured by the Persians.

Anunnaki gods around the

Tree of Life.
________________________________________

According to some linguists, the word Anunnaki is a loan word from the
Sumerian word A.nun “n-a-k”, meaning literarily:
a-Semen/descendants of the (Ak) monarch (Nun) and refers to the offspring
of the king of heaven An/Anum.
As a group of Akkadian and Sumerian deities, quite often, the Anunnaki
were associated with the Anunna, meaning the fifty great gods. Anuna was
written in various forms, such as:

· a-A-nun-na,
· b-Anu-na,
· c-Anuma-ki-ni,
· d-Anu-na-ki.

____________________________________________
Various attributes or definitions were given to them, such as:

· a-Major gods in comparison to the Igigi who were considered minor gods.
· b-Those of a royal blood or ancestry.
· c-The royal offspring,
· d-The great gods of heaven and earth. An means heaven, and ki means
earth.

The Annunaki appeared in the Babylonian creation myth/epic, “Enuma

Elish”.
According to other Babylonian myths, the Anunnaki were the children of
Anu and Ki, brother and sister gods, themselves the children of Anshar and
Kishar, who were the children of Lahm and Lahmu, names/titles bestowed
upon the gatekeepers of the Abzu temple at Eridu.

An-ša-an “Anshan”: Sumerian/Akkadian/Farsi. Noun. Name for Tall-i

Malyan city in Elam, near Persepolis in Persia.
An-šár “Anshar”: Sumerian/Akkadian. The entire heaven.

Antu: Akkadian/Sumerian. Name of the first Sumerian consort of Anu.

Their union created the Utukki (The seven evil demons) and the Anunnaki
(See Anunnaki).
The Utukki were mentioned in the Sumero-Akkadian “Epic of Creation”,
and the “Chaldean Genesis”.

Anu “Anum” :
Akkadian/Sumerian/Mesopotamian/Babylonian. Noun. The chief god of the
Annunaki.
Anu in Egyptian.
An in Sumerian.
An was the creator of the gods, including the peoples of the earth, but over
time (3000-2500 B.C.) An lost his privileged position to his son Enlil.

Anu ____________________________________________

His main temple was in Uruk, where he was worshipped as the god of that
city. Later on, his daughter Inanna became a co-god of Uruk. “An” mated
with the goddesses Ki and Nammu. His union with them gave birth to the
gods.

In Sumerian, “An” means:

· a- Sky.
· b- High.

The word “An” was commonly used by Hurrians, Phoenicians, Elamites,

Subarians, Sumerians, Akkadians, Medes, and Kasites.

Illustration of Anum (An, Anu) as chief of the Anunnaki.

_____________________
The ruins of Uruk.
________________
What’s left from Uruk.

__________________________
Anu
____________________________________________
“An”, or “Anu”, chief god of the Annunaki. A scene depicting an offering to
Anu.

By comparing the size of god Anu to the size of his subject, Anu clearly
appears as a giant. In fact, Anu and his Anunnaki’s legions were called
“Gibborim”, “Gababira” (Giants) by the early Hebrews and the Bible’s
scribes, as well as by the Phoenicians, Hittites, Sumerians and
Mesopotamians. The Anunnaki’s star is carved on the very top of the
slab/cylinder, a reminder/symbol of the celestial origin of the Anunnaki.
All subjects and worshipers before Anu were always depicted as small
persons, to reflect the gigantic status of the Anunnaki god, on so many
levels, including supreme authority, domination of Earth, and the origin of
civilizations on Earth.
____________________________________________
 Subjects bringing
dates (Palm dates/fruits) to Anu.
_________________
____________________________________________

God Anu.
____________________________________________
 “An”
or “Anu”, the celestial father, and supreme god of the Anunnaki.
____________________
The remains of a niched wall in Uruk.
____________________________________
____________________________________________
Ruins of Uruk.
__________________

Anzag, an-zà: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Term.

a- The end of the universe.
b- When the world comes to an end.

Anzu : Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Also Panzu and Zu.

Name of the Sumerian guardian of Enlil’s bathing room. Anzu was born in
the mountain Hehe.
He was always depicted as a demonic figure with eagle’s wide wings, and
ferocious lion’s pawns.
In the Sumerian language, Anzu was spelled Imdugud; it was later found
that his name was pronounced Anzu, or Zu.

Anzu
____________________________________________

One day, while Ellil was bathing, Anzu stole the Tablet of Destiny and fled
to the desert. The tablet had magical powers, and the person who owns it
becomes capable of ruling the universe, and deciding upon the fate of
people. Ea persuaded the mothergoddess Belet-Ili to give birth to a divine
hero to defeat Anzu.

Scene from the Epic of Gilgamesh showing Enkidu on the left with a spear,
and on the right Gilgamesh killing the bird-man Anzu, with a dagger.
_______________________________

Belet-Ili produced Ninurta and sent him into battle.

After a huge fight, Ninurta pierced Anzu's chest with an arrow, and
recaptured the Tablet. Finally, the Tablet of Destiny was seized by Marduk.
____________________________________________

Anzu is usually depicted as evil, however, in the Sumerian epic of

Lugalbanda, Anzu is kind, gentle and entertaining.
 Anzu watering the “Tree of
Life”.
______________________________
Apen Apkallu
____________________________________________
Apen: Akkadian/Assyrian. Even if.

Apil-Sin: Akkadian/Mesopotamian. Noun.

Akkadian/Mesopotamian. Noun.
1749 B.C.) The word Apil, in Mesopotamian, means “heir of”. Sin is the
name of the Sumerian moon god. So, Apil-Sin means heir of sin.

Apin: Akkadian Noun. An ancient Sumerian/Akkadian tool, or a heavy and

sharp blade used to remove the seeds from fruits.
Apin: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Plow.

Apinduga: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

The calendar of the eight month of the year, used in the city of Nippur.

Apkallu: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

In Akkadian mythology, the Apkallu were the seven (sometimes eight) sages
who served kings as ministers.
These sages were:

1 -Adapa (U-an, called Oannes),

2-U-an duga,
3-E-me-duga,
4-En-me-galama,
5-En-me-bulaga,
6-An-Enlida,
7-Utu-abzu.

Photo: Apkallu.
Apinlal Arad ____________________________________________
Apinlal: Akkadian. Noun. Tiller.
Apiu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To bake. Yipa in contemporary Assyrian
Eastern dialect.
Aplum: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Heir.
Appu: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.Nose.
Appupu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb.
a- To fold.
b- To wrap.
Tupa in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Tub, or Tubbu in Arabic
slang.

Apsin: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Furrow.

Apsu: Sumerian/Akkadian/Mesopotamian. Noun.

The watery deep beneath the earth. According to the Babylonian Epic of
Creation (Enuma Elish, “When on High”) at first, there existed only the male
(Apsu) and female (Tiamat) gods of the deep. Apsu is a primeval Sumero-
Akkadian god who personifies the primordial abyss of sweet waters
underneath the earth. Apsu is the consort of Tiamat, the primordial abyss of
salt waters of Chaos.

Aptum: Akkadian. Noun. Window.

Aqru: Akkadian/Sumerian. Adjective. Rare.

Ára: Sumerian/Akkadian.
a- Expression of admiration and commendation. b- Exaltation of a deity, a
king, or a hero.

Arabu: Akkadian. Noun. Water duck.

Arad “Urdu”: Sumerian/Akkadian/Hittite. Noun. a- A servant.

b- A slave.

Arad-Ea - Ardekhlutu
____________________________________________
Arad-Ea: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.
The sailor who carried Gilgamesh to a fountain of healing.

Arallu: Babylonian/Akkadian/Chaldean/Sumerian. Noun. The land of the

“Mountain of the World” where the gods and Enlil were born. E-Kin “House
of the land of the mountain” was the oldest sanctuary in Northern Babylonia.

Arba: Sumerian/Akkadian/Hebrew. Noun

Name of one of the Nefilim leaders who built the city of Hebron, called
Kiriath-Arba after him. (Josh 14:15; 15:13).
Arba was the father of Anak whose three sons, Sheshai, Ahiman and Talmai,
were later arrested and expelled by Caleb, one of the commanders of Joshua.

Arbasar: Akkadian/Assyrian. Number. Fourteen. Arbasar in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Araba-at-ashara in Arabic;
Arabata’shar in Egyptian Arabic.
Arbata’sh in Arabic slang (Lebanese and Syrian).

Arba'u: Akkadian/Assyrian. Number. Four. Arba in contemporary Assyrian

Eastern dialect. Araba’a in Arabic.

Arbi: Akkadian/Assyrian. Number. Forty. Arbi’in in Arabic.

Arde: Sumerian/Akkadian. Verb. a- To praise

b- To give compliments.
c- To acknowledge.

Ardekhlutu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Architecture. Ardikhluta in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Ardikhaltu Armelu ____________________________________________

Ardikhalu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a- An architect.
b- A builder.
Ardikhlo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Ardikhla in
contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Arioch. Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. Another name for Eri-Aku,

the king of Larsa (Larsha).
Arkhisham: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. Monthly. Yarkhaya in
contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Arkhu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Month. Yarkha in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Yarho in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Arku: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective for green, and a noun for greenery.

Yarga in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Arku: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. Tall. Yarikha in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Armaltu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A widow. Arrmilta in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Armel in Arabic in the masculine form.
Armela in Arabic, in the feminine form.

Armannu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Pomegranate. Arminta in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Raman and Ramanu in Arabic.

Armelu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective.

A widowed person.
Armela in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Armel in Arabic in the
masculine form.
Armela in Arabic, in the feminine form. (Plural: Aramel) Armaltu is the
Akkadian/Assyrian noun for a widow. Arrmilta in contemporary Assyrian
Eastern dialect.

Armubu Arusar
____________________________________________

Arnubu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A rabbit. Arnva in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Arnab in Arabic.
Arnevet in Hebrew.

Arnva: Assyrian. Noun. A rabbit. Contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Arnab in Arabic.
Arnevet in Hebrew.
Arnubu in Akkadian.
Arnab in Arabic.
Arnevet in Hebrew.

Arpad: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. The name of Tell Erfad, a

historic town near Aleppo (Halab in Arabic), Syria.

Arratu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A curse.

Saartaa in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
From the Assyrian Saarta, derived the Arabic word Shar, which means evil.
Aruru “Mammi”:Akkadian/ Sumerian. Noun.
Name of the Babylonian great mother goddess of creation. Like so many
other Sumerian gods, Aruru created Enkidu from clay in the image of Anu.
With the help of Enlil, she created the first man. Aruru is also called the
womb goddess. Following the advice and instruction of Ea, she mixed the
blood of god Geshtue with clay she found on the Euphrates river bank, and
created seven women and seven men. She had to create the first “set” of
primitive humans to do the physical work of the Igigi.

Arusar “Ashur”, “Ashu”, “Asu”, “A-sir A-shar”:

Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.
Name of the king of the Igigi. In the Pantheon of Assyria, Ashu was the god
of war.
On the Sumerian tablets, Arusar was depicted as a warrior with a head of an
eagle with four wings, and shooting an arrow.

Arza - Arzazu ____________________________________________

Ashur’s symbols.
Left: Feather robed archers.
Right: The winged disk on a Kudduru (Boundary stones).
______________________________________________
Arza: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.
a- Traditions.
b- Rituals.

Arzazu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Cedar (Cedar tree).

Arza in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Arz in Arabic; Arza is the Arabic noun for a cedar tree.

Asalluhe - A-sè-ñin
____________________________________________

Arzazu. Al Arz, the cedar tree of

Lebanon. __________________

Asalluhe: Akkadian/Sumerian/Babylonian. Noun.

Name of the Sumerian deity and city god of Ku'ar, near Eridu in the
southeastern marshland region.

A-sè-ñin: Sumerian/Chaldean/Akkadian. Verb. To bring water.

Ash Ashur ____________________________________________

Ash : Akkadian. Adverb. a- By himself.

b- By herself.
c- Alone.

Ashnan: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Ashnan was created by Enlil to feed and clothe the gods. Ashnan was the
Sumerian goddess of grain.

Ashtaroth “Ashtoreth, Ashtaroot, Astarte, Ishtar, Ashtarte”:

Amorite/Babylonian/Sumerian/Akkadian/Phoenician/Hebrew/ Assyrian.
Name of the moon goddess who was worshipped in many civilizations,
starting with the ancient Canaanites. She symbolized the productive power
of nature.

Ashur : Assyrian/Sumerian/Babylonian/Akkadian. Noun. Also called:

“Ashir”, “Assur”, “A-sir”, “Arusar”, “A-shar”, “Asu”, “Aššur”, “A-šur”,
“Aš-šùr”, “Asshur”, “Ashar”, “Asar”. Name of the supreme god of Assyria
and god of war.
Ashur was the king of the Igigi. His symbol is a winged circle or a globe
with the human figure of a warrior god, armed with a bow in its center.
Ashur in the Bible:

· Genesis 10:10-12: “And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and
Erech, and Akkad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. Out of that land went
forth Asshur, and built Nineveh, and the city Rehoboth, and Calah, And
Resen between Nineveh and Calah: The same is a great city.”

· Isaiah 30:31:“For through the voice of the Lord Assyria will be beaten
down, As He strikes with the rod.”

· Zephaniah 2:13: “And He will stretch out His hand against the north,
Destroy Assyria, and make Nineveh a desolation, As dry as the wilderness.”

____________________________________________

· Zechariah 10:11: “He shall pass through the sea with affliction, And strike
the waves of the sea: All the depths of the River shall dry up. Then the pride
of Assyria shall be brought down, and the scepter of Egypt shall depart.”

· Ezekiel 32:22: “Asshur is there and all his company: His graves are about
him: all of them slain, fallen by the sword.”
 Ashur as the King of Babylon
dressed into an Anunnaki motif.
____________________________________________

Cylinder seal with the Anunnaki solar disk of Ashur, with two eagle-headed
gods before the Tree of Life. The blossoms on the tree would appear as
pomegranates, to many readers, and especially to art critics and students in
the Western Hemisphere, but the “Initiated Ones” recognize them as
“mushroom flowers”, used as a symbol of several secret esoteric,
metaphysical and Gnostic societies in the Near East, Middle East, Anatolia
and the ancient world, including: The Mayas, Incas, Mesopotamians,
Assyrians, Chaldeans, Akkadians, Babylonians, Arwadians, Hittites,
Phoenicians, Les Peres du Triangle, “The Brotherhood of Hiram”, the
“Legion of Solomon”, the Knights Templar, the Knights of the Order of St.
John of Malta, the “Circle of the Serpent”, the “Brotherhood of the Fish”, the
Hittite “Order of the God-Bird” at Aznavur, near Panos, and the Masonic
lodges in Alexandria, Beirut, and

Damascus.

The tombs of the Middle

Assyrian kings at Ashur.
 Ashur- Ashuraitu
____________________________________________

The Anunnaki wing of Asshur appeared in many ancient inscriptions and on

statues of various civilizations and centers of worships, from Guatemala to
Ghotic cathedrals in France, and from pillars in Persian and Roman palaces
to Phoenician altars and fortresses of Crusaders in Malta, Cyprus, Syria,
Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon.
The Symbol of Ashur depicting the three manifestations of Elohim or God.
Ashurai kings were servants of God. They were the first king-priests of
ancient times. _________________________________

Ashuraitu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

An Assyrian female.
Ashuraita in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Othuroyo in
contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Ashurayu Astarte ____________________________________________

Ashurayu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

An Assyrian male.
Ashuraya in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Ashuri in Arabic.
(Plural form: Asshuriyiin)

Asiuta: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Medicine. Also Asuto.

Áš-mú: Sumerian/Akkadian. Verb. a- To curse.

b- To blame.
c- To condemn.

Asnapper: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Patron of the arts, also known for his hunting skills.
Aspatu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A pillow. Spadita in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Asqutu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Difficulty. Asquta in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Ašri: Hittite/Akkadian. Noun. A place.

Asru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

A Palace.
Gassra in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Asr in spoken Arabic. Kasr
and Qasru in literary Arabic.

Astarte “Ashtaroot”, “Ashtaroth” (Sumerian Ishtar):

Phoenician/Semite/Babylonian/Akkadian/Hebrew.
Name of the principal goddess of the Phoenicians, representing the
productive power of nature.
Astarte was a moon goddess and was adopted by the Egyptians as a daughter
of Ra or Ptah.
In Jewish mythology and Judaica, she is referred to as Ashtoreth, and
sometimes considered the wife of Yahweh.
____________________________________________
Astarte
Astarte was known and worshipped under so many names and titles by the
Phoenicians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Sumerians, and Greeks.
Astarte was the most important female deity in a multitude of pantheons.
The Persian form of the word is Astara. Ashtaroth and Ashtaroot in
Phoenician.
The Sumerians and Akkadians called her Ishtar. Another form of the name
afterward appeared in Greek mythology as Asteria. Ashtaroth was also
called Ashtoreth, Ashtaroot, Astarte, Ishtar, Ashtarte in multiple pantheons
of the ancient world. Ashtaroth was the moon goddess worshipped in many
civilizations, starting with the ancient Canaanites.
____________________________________________

In the Pheonician pantheon, Ashtarte or Ashtaroot was the main goddess of

the Sidonians.
The Phoenician colonies carried the worship of Ashtoreth into the
Mediterranean.
Her different names:

· 1-In the Old Testament, she is called Ashtoreth (Amorite-Hebrew noun).

Linguistically and traditionally it is a name given by the Hebrew scribes to
the old Semitic mother-goddess. The Hebrew word Ashtoreth is derived
from Ashtart by a distortion after the analogy of "Bosheth".
· 2-In Phoenicia, she was called Ashtaroot and Ashtarte;
· 3-In Babylonia, Ishtar;
· 4-In Arabia, Athtar;
· 5-In North Africa, she was known as Tanith (Barton, "Semitic Origins," p.
253), to which is frequently attached the epithet "Face of Baal," showing that
she was often regarded as sub-ordinate to that god.
· 6-In Carthage, she was also Dido (Love), and was, as Augustine says ("De
Civitate Dei," ii. 4), worshiped with obscene rites (Heb. x. 48-53).
· 7-In Babylonia and Assyria she was worshiped as Ishtar at several different
shrines. Erech was one of the oldest and most important of these shrines,
where she was called also Nanâ, and generally appears as the goddess of
sexual love and of fertility.
· 8-At Agade, she was worshiped as the wife of Shamash ("Heb." x. 24-26),
and at Babylon the wife of Marduk
*** *** *** ____________________________________________

Stela of Ashtaroth.
Assur-Nasir-Pal ____________________________________________

Assur-Nasir-Pal: Assyrian. Noun.

Also used in Akkadian literature. Name of a great Assyrian king (668-626
B.C.), the son of Esarhaddon.
Relief of King Assur-Bani-Pal (Ashurbanipal) reposing with his queen in the
Royal Garden, gypsum, North Palace, Nineveh. From the Neo-Assyrian
Period, 1000 B.C.- 612 B.C.

_____________________________________

Assur-Bani-Pal is known in Greek writings as Sardanapalus and as

Asnappeer or Osnapper in the Bible.
Assur-Bani-Pal is famed for his magnificent library at Nineveh, which
contains literary treasures and magnificent epics/poems about the Anunnaki-
Sumerian-Assyrian gods and goddesses. Assur-Bani-Pal’s library contains a
collection of 20,000 to 30,000 cuneiform tablets, and approximately 1,200
distinct texts. It was not the first library of its kind, but it was one of the
largest and fortunately one of the most important libraries to survive to the
present day. Most of it is now in the possession of the British Museum or the
Iraq Department of Antiquities.
Tablet of the Sumerian Flood Story. 19th-18th century B.C.

From Assur-Bani-Pal library.

______________________________

\
The Tablet of Gilgamesh.
 Assur-Nasir-Pal
____________________________________________
Babylonian (Akkadian-Sumerian) Tablets of the Creation.
The Seven Tablets of Creation contained an in-depth depiction of Apsu,
found among the literay treasures of Assur-Bani-Pal.

____________________________________________
Assur-Bani-Pal building his city.
____________________________________________
 Tablet 4 of
the Epic of Gilgamesh. From the Library of Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria
669-627 B.C.
___________________________
Assur-Nasir-Pal ____________________________________________

Assur-Nasir-Pal: Assyrian. Name. Also used in Akkadian. Assyrian king,

and son of Tuklat-Adar or Tuklat-Ninip. Assur-Nasir-Pal reigned over the
lands of Mesopotamia, and the Near East, including Phoenicia.
Assur-Nasir-Pal
 Assur-Nasir-Pal on
his throne.
__________________________
Assur-Nasir-Pal Asûm
____________________________________________

The Annals, also known as the inscriptions of Assur-Nasir-Pal provided an

enormous amount of information on the history of Mesopotamia, Assyria
and its monarchs. The inscriptions were found in the ruins of a temple at the
foot of the Pyramid at Nimrod (Nimrud).
 Part of the
kingdom palace, Nimrud (Nimrod).
___________________________________

Asu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A physician.

Asya in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Osyo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Asûm: Akkadian. Noun. A physician.

Azu in Sumerian.
Asûm: Akkadian. Noun. A bear.
 Assur-Nasir-Pal
____________________
Asuriu - Aykani ____________________________________________
Asuriu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A bond.
Asushakaki: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A dentist.
Asuto: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Medicine.
Atta: Akkadian/Assyrian. Pronoun. You. Inta in Arabic.
Attiru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun, also an adjective. Rich.
Attu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A flag.

Attunu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. a- A stove.

b- A furnace.

Atutatti: Akkadian/Assyrian. Word for word; verbatim. Atutaeit in

Assyrian.

Awaiu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. Aerial. Hawaya in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Hawa’i in Arabic.

Awbel: Verb. Contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. a-To take,

b- To seize.
Labuli in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Awilum: Sumerian/Akkadian. A man.

Awu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Air.

Hawa in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Hawa in Arabic.

Aykani: Akkadian/Assyrian. Preposition. Where. Ba – Babilu

B
Ba: Akkadian/Sumerian. Verb. To pay.

Babbar: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a- Rising.

b- Rising of the sun.

Babbara: Sumerian/Akkadian. Adverb. Noun. a- Rising.

b- Rising of the sun.

Babbu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Father.

Babba in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Baba in Arabic slang.
Baba In Turkish.
Baba in Persian (Farsi).
Ab in literary Arabic.
Ab also means a priest in Arabic.
Aboona is also used in spoken Arabic to refer to a priest, who is called
Kahen (Kahin, Cohen in Hebrew).
Abi, Abuya and Aboona in Aramaic.

Babdur: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of a city in ancient Susiana.

Babilaju: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Babylonian. Babilaya in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Babilu: Babylonian/Akkadian. Noun. The name of Babylon.

Babil in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Babylonia in Arabic.
Babylon
Ancient Babylon
\
Village of Babilu (Babylon) today.
__________________

In ancient Babylonian language, Babilu meant the gate of the gods. Bab-El
in ancient Hebrew; Bab means gate or door, and El means God.
Babilu as the “gate of the gods” appeared many times in ancient Babylonian,
Akkadian and Summerian texts and tablets, and was interpreted as the gate
of God Ra, to name a few;
1- The inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar.
2- The clay tablets of Hammurabi.
3- Essar Hadon.
4- Purnapuriyas.

Composed of two words:

a- Bab (Gate).
b- Ylon, Elon, Eli , El (God).
Babylon, the capital of Babylonia, an ancient empire of Mesopotamia, was a
city on the Euphrates River, in what is now southern Iraq. Historically,
Babylonia refers to the First Dynasty of Babylon, which was established by
Hammurabi.
*** *** ***

Reconstruction of Baghdad and its ramparts in 762 A.D., by the second

Abbasid Caliph, Abu Ja'far Al-mansur.
______________________________

Badugu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. An explorer.

Baduga in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Baduqtu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A girl scout.
Badugta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Bag-Da-Du: Babylonian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun.

Ancient name of Baghdad, the capital, and the largest city of modern Iraq. It
is situated on both sides of the Tigris River at 41 miles from the Euphrates
River.
Estimated population: 5,670,000.
The etymology and epistemology of the name suggest that it is not of an
Arabic origin.
Some historians and linguists believe that the word Baghdad is a
combination of two ancient Iranian (Farsi) words, bagh and dad, which
together mean gift of God.

Baghdad today.
__________________________

But ancient historical records show that the primordial and earliest name was
Baghdad; a Babylonian/Assyrian/Akkadian name that existed during the
reign of Hammurabi. Furthermore, the discovery of two large burned bricks
stamped with the seal of Nebuchadnezzar revealed that Nebuchadnezzar has
rebuilt the city of Bag-Da-Du, and elevated its ramparts..

Bagta: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Mosquito.

Contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Also Buqagu in Akkadian.

Bakhiu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A weeper.

Bakhaya in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Baki in Arabic.

Bakhu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To weep.

Yabki in Arabic. Bakhu (As a noun) in Arabic.
Bala “Pala”: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.
An esoteric and metaphysical term directly associated with the
materialization and dematerialization phenomena.

Balawat ____________________________________________

The Balawat
Gate.
_______________________

Balawat: Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun.

Name of the ancient Imgur-Enlil, in Iraq.
In mid of 1877, Hormuzd Rassam excavated at Balawat, and uncovered
fragments of decorated bronze bands found in the remains of a temple which
had a stone foundation containing tablets of Ashurnasirpal II. The tablets
revealed the name of the site as Imgur-Enlil, and referred to a temple
dedicated to Mamu, god of dreams.
The bronze bands were part of an elaborate decoration of huge doors
belonging to King Shalmaneser III, and to a gate erected by his father,
Ashurnasirpal II.
\

Balawat: Part of the bronze gates of Shalmaneser III from his palace at
Balawat.

\
Detail: Shalmanser III Imgur-Enlil,Balawat, 858 - 824 B.C., bronze.
__________________________

The town of Balawat was an area of about sixty-four hectares; a large

provincial centre for the era. And being not far from Nimrud, the town had a
significant strategic importance.

Balbatu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A spark.

Balbiki: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun.

Name for Baalbeck. Baal’bak and Balbeck in Arabic.
Numerous historians believe that the site of Baalbeck dates back 4,000
years, B.C., when the Canaanites built a temple to worship "Baal" the
Semitic god of thunders and storms. But the real history of Baalbeck dates
back 7,000 years B.C.
In the Hellenistic ages, Baalbeck was called Heliopolis "The City of the
Sun" as it is known till nowadays, identified with the Greek Sun God
"Helios". Baalbeck was mentioned in ancient Sumerian, Babylonian,
Assyrian, Akkadian, Chaldean, Hittite, and Persian epics, texts, and tablets.
Baalbeck has the world’s largest freestone in the world: 65 feet in length and
13 feet in width. Baalbeck is one of Lebanon's oldest cities, and one of the
most important Roman sites in the Middle East.
Balbiki ____________________________________________

Ruins
of one of the Roman temples at Baalbeck (Balbiki).
________________________
Baalbeck was the home of the most marvelous ruins and temples of the
Roman Empire.
Huge columns at Balbiki

Baalbeck, in Lebanon (Ancient Phoenicia) was one of the earliest cities on

Earth.
______________________________
____________________________________________
Its gigantic acropolis presented one of the very unique, and biggest projects
conceived in the history of world architecture.

The most famous temples at Baalbeck are the following: 1-The Temple of
Jupiter: The Temple of Jupiter Heliopolitanus was never fully completed.
Today, only six gigantic columns remained.
2-The Temple of Bacchus: The Temple is well preserved. It is surrounded by
42 columns.
3-The Temple of Venus: Outside the acropolis stand the circular Temple of
Venus.
4-The Temple of Mercury.

According to his Eminence, the late Estfan Doweihi, the Maronite Patriarch
of Lebanon: “The fortress of Baalbeck is the most ancient building in the
world. It was built by Cain, the son of Adam, in the year 133 of the creation.
He gave it the name of his son Enoch and peopled it with preBiblical
giants.”Later on in history, Baalbeck became a major occult and a healing
center visited by many kings and emperors. Attracted by its beauty and
supernatural properties, the Roman emperor Augustus made Baalbeck a
Roman colony and a major oracles shrine.
In fact, the Roman emperor Trajan consulted a celebrated oracle in
Baalbeck. Unfortunately, Baalbeck was totally sacked and decimated by the
Arabs in 748 A.D.
In 1,400 A.D., the Turkish conqueror Tamerlane pillaged and destroyed the
city, including several Roman-Phoenician temples and altars. In 1,759 A.D.,
a major earthquake decimated the remaining ruins and almost all what was
left from the Phoenician monuments.
The Trilithon of Baalbeck: The base of the Temple of Jupiter is called the
Trilithon, and it is constructed from three 1200 tonnes megalithic stones.
Legend has it, that the temple was constructed by a fleet of giants sent by
Nimrod.
An ancient Arab fable tells us that the Afrit of King Solomon built the
temple.
____________________________________________
 The Trilithon of
Baalbeck.
_______________________________
Balkhudaiu Bar Tegurit
____________________________________________
Balkhudaiu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. Alone. Balkhud in
contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Ballutu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. An oak tree. Ballut in Arabic.

Balloot in Persian (Farsi).

Banu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To build. Yabnu and Yabni in Arabic.

Baqqalu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A grocer. Baggal in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Bakkal in Arabic.
Bakkal in Persian (Farsi).
Bakkal in Turkish.

Barai: Assyrian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. Name of an ancient city

located south-east of Assyria.
Baraqu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To flash.
Bararu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb.
a- To shine.
b- To glitter.

Baratri: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A compatriot. Bargalu:

Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. An echo. Barmarriti: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.
A parishioner.

Barruku: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To congratulate. Barukha in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Barik in Arabic.

Baršè-á: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Fog.

Baršuñál: Akkadian. Noun. A midwife.
Bar tegurit: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.
Bar Tegurit Bel ____________________________________________

Trade or business partner.

Bar Tagra in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
The Akkadian/Assyrian word Tagra (Tegurit) is also Tagara in Arabic, and
means trade, commerce, and business.
Tajarat in Persian (Farsi).
Ticaret in Turkish.
Tajarat (Tajaraat) in Urdu.

Bashalu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To cook.

Battalu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective.

a- Void.
b- Cancelled.
Bttala in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Btalla, Batel, and Betlen in Arabic.

Battibatti: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Neighborhood.

Batultu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A virgin.

Btulta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Batul in Arabic.
Bakira in Persian (Farsi).
Bakir in Turkish
Baakira in ancient Arabic..

Bazu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To drill.

Bza in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Behiru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective.

a- Careful.
b- Alert.
c- Cautious.
Bhira in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Bel: Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian/Phoenician/Ugaritic. Noun, title.

Bel means lord, and/or god. In Sumerian mythology, Bel is the most alert
and wisest god in the Mesopotamian pantheon. Bel is the child of Dumkina
and her lover Ea.
Many historians referred to him as Marduk.

Bel-Beri ____________________________________________
Enlil was called Bel in Akkadian. See Baal.

Beldababi: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Adjective. Enemies.

Baldvavi in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Eledbobo in
contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Beletseri “Belit-Tseri”: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Name of the official

scribe of the ancient tablets and texts of the Sumerians, specializing in the
underworld. Beletseri is also the clerk of the underworld, who kept records
of human activities so she could advise on their final judgment after death.
She is called “Queen of the Desert.” Beli or Belit means a queen. Seri means
a desert.
Sahra in Arabic.
Sahra in Persian (Farsi).
Belit-Tseri worshiped Ereshkigal.
See Belit.

Belili: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

Name of the wife of Ningishzida and the sister of Tammuz, also called
“Dumuzi”. She was known as “the one who always weeps.”

Belini: Akkadian/Hittite. Noun. a- A lord.

b- A master.

Belit : Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

Name of the goddess of fate and destiny. Belit is the Akkadian name for
Ninlil, the Sumerian and Mesopotamian goddess. She was the consort of god
Bel known as Enlil in Sumerian. Belit was worshiped in Shuruppak and
Nippur as the mother of Sin, the moon god, called Nanna in Sumerian.
See Beletseri “Belit-Tseri”.

Beri: Assyrian/Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a- Wells.

Nebuchadnezzar:
“Ina puluhti sa Istar Agane bilat-ya biri apre.”
Beri-Bet libshi
____________________________________________
b- Springs.

Nebuchadnezzar said: “Ina puluhti sa Istar Agane bilat-ya biri apre.”

Translattion: “I dug wells in honor of my lady Ishtar of Agane.”
Translated verbatim: “In honor of Ishtar of Agane, my lady, wells I dug.”

Berosus : Chaldean/Akkadian. Noun.

Babylonian priest of the god Bel. Berosus was commissioned by Antiochus
Soter, the Macedonian ruler of Babylonia, circa 280 B.C. , to write three
books.

Besranu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. Chubby. Besrana in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Bet “Beth”, “Beit”: Semitic. Noun. Home.

Rarely used in Akkadian.
Written differently in many Semitic languages, but it means the very same
thing: Home; house.
Bayt in Arabic.
Beit in Arabic. Baytu in Arabic.
Beit in Hebrew.
Bet in Hebrew.
Beth in ancient Hebrew.
Bet in Syriac.
Beit in Syriac.
Bit in Sumerian.
Bitu in Sumerian.
Bayta in Aramaic.
Bayto in Aramaic.
Bayto in Aramaic.
Bayta in Aramaic.
Bit in Phoenician.

Bet libshi: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A dressing room. Bet lvasha in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Libshi is Libs (Slang form) and
Libas “Libath” in Arabic.
Betapie-Bilut ____________________________________________
Betapie: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A bakery. Betyipa in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Bet-shamshi: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A solarium. Bet-shimsha in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Shamshi is Shams “Chams” in
Arabic.
Shemesh in Hebrew and Aramaic.
Shamash in Sumerian.
Sham and Shem in Phoenician
Shem in Ugaritic.
See Bet “Beth”.

Bibu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A drainage. Beiva in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Bikhitu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a- Weeping.
b- Mourning.
Bkhayta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Bkhotho in
contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Buka in Arabic.

Bila: Akkadian. Adverb. Whole.

Bilta: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. a- Homage.

b- Tribute.
c- Respect.
c- Recognition.

Bilut: Akkadian/Chaldean/Assyrian. Noun. a- Authority.

b- Power.
c- Government.
d- Ruling entity.
e- Control.
f-Governing body.

Bilut-Bishgaddu
____________________________________________
From the inscriptions of Esar: “Sa Assur u Istar ana bilut mat u nisi inambu
zigar-su.”
Translated verbatim: “Who Assur (Ashur) and Ishtar to the government of
Land and people have proclaimed their name.” “Eli nisi liveti-su bilut-su
unaklil.” Translated verbatim: “Over the people of his vicinity his power was
completed.”

Birgu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Lightning. Birqa in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Barqo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
From Barqo derived the Arabic word Barq (Lightning). Barq in Persian
(Farsi).

Biri: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Wells. Biir in Arabic.

Birinni: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adverb. Between us.

Beynayn in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Billan in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
From the Assyrian Beynayn, derived the Arabic word Beynaynt’na
“Beynetna”.
Bayn ma (Beyn Ma).

Birtu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A fort.

Bish dubari: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. a- Bad conduct

b- Bad behavior.
c- Evil deeds.
Bish’ in Arabic, and Bisha’ha means ugliness.

Bishgaddu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. a- Unfortunate

b- Unlucky.
c- Bad fate or destiny.
Bishgada in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Bishgaddu Borsippa
____________________________________________

Bishu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a- Bad.
b- Evil.
c- Ugly.
Bisha in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Bisho in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect. Bish’ in Arabic, and Bisha’ha means ugliness.

Bisuru: Akkadian/Babylonian/Assyrian. Noun. Name of an ancient city

located near the Euphrates River.

Bitiq: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. a- Style.

b- Form
c- Manner.
d- Design.
e- Fashion.

Blasu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To cause bruises. Blasa in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Bnenashu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. People.

Borsippa “Birs Nimrud”: Akkadian/Babylonian/Assyrian. As an

expression, it means the horn or the sword of the sea. Barsip in the
Babylonian and Assyrian inscriptions.
Borsif in the Talmud; modern Birs or Birs-Nimrud.
Borsipa in Greek.
As a noun, Borsippa is an ancient Sumerian/Babylonian city, located
approximately 15 km to the south of ancient Babylon. Borsipa in ancient
times, was very important, because of its worship center of Nabu, its shrine
and ziggurats.
And most certainly because Nabu, is the son of the Babylonian god Marduk.
Worth mentioning here that Hammurabi did not worship Nebo.

\
Borsipa.

Tell and plains of Borsipa.

 Nabu’s Temple at Borsippa.
_____________

\
 Nabu
Bu-Buru
____________________________________________
Bu: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. A blister.

Buhuru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Eldest son. More precisely, the first-

born son.
Bukhra in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Bukr and Bikr in Arabic.
Bukhurtu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. First-born daughter. Bulug:
Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Sprout.

Bulug: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a- A frontier.

b- A fence

Bulug: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. A needle.

Bulug: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Sprout.

Buqagu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Mosquito. Bagta in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Bargash in Arabic.

Buqlum: Akkadian. Noun. Barley.

Burku: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. The knee. Barco in contemporary

Assyrian Western dialect. Birka in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Burmaruna: Mesopotamian/Assyrian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. Name

of an ancient city of Mesopotamia.
Bursitum: Akkadian. Noun. A jar.

Buru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A well. Beera in contemporary Assyrian

Eastern dialect. Biro in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Bir in
Phoenician.

Buru ____________________________________________
Biir in Arabic.
Būrum: Noun. Veal.

Busamu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. a- Fun.

b- Enjoyment.

_______________
Calah - Chalaamu ____________________________________________
C
Note: More listing under “S”.

Calah: Assyrian/Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

Name of the ancient capital of Assyria, during the reign of Shalmaneser I
(1300 B.C.) who built the city and named it as the new capital of Assyria
instead of Assur.
But according to the Bible, it was Asshur who built Calah.

Calneh: Akkadian/Sumerian Noun.

Name of one of the cities of Shinar during the reign of Nimrod. It was
identified with Niffur.

Chabakhu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To pour out. Chpakha, in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Chaggalu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To weigh. Tgalla, in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Tqolo, in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Chakhanu: Akkadian/Assyrian. To be warm. Chkha-na, in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Chahino, , in contemporary Assyrian Western
dialect. Sukun in Arabic.

Chalaamu “Shalamu”: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. a-Peace.

b-Greeting.
Chlama, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Chlomo, in
contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Shalom in Hebrew.
Salam in Arabic.
Sulh in Turkish.
Sulh in Persian (Farsi).
See Chulmu.
Shalmaneser
_____________________
Ancient Nimrud (Calah).

One of
the entrances of Ashurnasirpal II palace in Calah.
____________________________

Chalamu: Akkadian/Assyrian.
The end of.
Shu-la-ma, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Chalâqum: Akkadian. Adjective.

a- To be lost.
b- To be decimated.

Chalatu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb.

a- To govern.
b- To rule.
c- To impose.
Shultana, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Shalito, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
The Arabic words Sultan (Authority) and Sultanu (His authority, power)
derived from Shultana.
Chalmish: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adverb. In peace.
Chlamei, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Bashlomo, in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Chaluhu Chamatu ____________________________________________

Chaluhu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb.

To strip off.
Chalukhi, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Chloho, in
contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Chalho in Arabic slang.

Chamanu “Samamu”: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. a- Heaven.

b- Sky.
Chmayya “Shmayya” in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Chayo
“Shayo”, in contemporary Assyrian western Dialect. Sama in Arabic.
Sema in Turkish.
Chama, Cham “Shama” in Phoenician.
Cham, Chamu “Sham” and “Shamu” in Ugaritic.
See Chamau.

Chamanu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Eight.

Tmonyo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Tmanya, in
contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect, and in Arabic.

Chamashu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. The sun. Chimsha, in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Chimsho, in contemporary Assyrian Western
dialect. Chams (Shams), “Shamsu” in Arabic.
Shemesh in Hebrew.
Shemesh in Aramaic.
Shamash in Sumerian.
Sham “Cham”, and Shem “Shem” in Phoenician Shem “Chem” in Ugaritic.

Chamatu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a- A brand.
b- A birth mark.
c- A category.
Shameta, in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Shamo, in
contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Chamau Chedu
____________________________________________

Chamau: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. The sky. Chmaya, in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Chayo, in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Sama in Arabic.
Chama, Cham “Shama” in Phoenician.
Cham, Chamu “Sham” and “Shamu” in Ugaritic. See Chamanu.

Chamnu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a- Fat for cooking.
b- Oil.
c- Butter.
Shmana, in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Samna, in Arabic.

Chanati: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Years. Chato in contemporary Assyrian

Western dialect. Sanati in Arabic.

Chebabbi: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Neighbors. Shbabbi in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Shbobe in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Chebar: Akkadian/Assyrian/Chaldean. Noun. Name of a canal near Nippur.

Chebu “Sebu”: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Seven Chavva, in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Chabio, in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Sab’a, in Arabic.

Chedu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a- The devil.
b- Evil spirit.
c- A demon.
Chedda, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Chido in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect. Chitan and Chaintaan (Shaytan) in Arabic.

Chedu - Chuptu ____________________________________________

Chaytan in Persian (Farsi). Chaytan (Chitan) in Aramaic. Sheytan (şeytan) in
Turkish.

Chemie: Akkadian/Assyrian. Hear me out. Sma’i or “Isma’”, in Arabic.

Chemie Tasliti: Akkadian/Assyrian. Expression. Hear my prayer.

Shmie Sluti, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Sma’i or “Isma’”
salati, in Arabic.
Chemie means hear me out.
Tasliti means my prayer.

Chulluqum: Akkadian. Verb. To destroy.

Chulmu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Peace. Chlama, in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Chlomo, in contemporary Assyrian Western
dialect. Shalom, in Hebrew.
Salam in Arabic.
See Chalaamu.

Chuptu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a- A seat.
b- Habitat.
Chopa, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Chawtho, in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect.

Note: More listings under “S”.

*** *** ***
Daawirr - Daianutu ____________________________________________
D
Daawirr: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. The past.

Dág: Sumerian/Akkadian. Adjective. a- Clean.

b- Pure.

Daggalu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. A lie. Dugglla in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Dagrim: Hittite/Akkadian. Noun. a- A place.

b- A region.
c- A field.

Dahhubu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Gold. Dahva, in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Dahab in Arabic.

Daianutu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Judgeship.

Dayono in ancient Assyrian means a judge; a magistrate. Dayono in
contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Dayono in Aramaic.
Also Dayanu in Akkadian.
Dayan in Arabic means a judge; a head of a tribunal or a council. Literally, it
means the one who judges people for their deeds and actions at the end of
time (Day of Judgment); in this context, it refers to Allah (God).
Dayyan (Talmudic Judge) in Hebrew.
Dayonutho in ancient Assyrian and contemporary Assyrian Western dialect
means judgeship.

Daianutu
____________________________________________

Daianuta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Din in ancient Assyrian means the law.
Dino in ancient Hebrew.
Dinatu in Babylonian-Assyrian means laws.
“Dinatu attu-a in birid mati aganetu usazgu.” From the Behistun Inscriptions.
Translated verbatim: “My laws amongst these provinces flourished.
Dinu in Akkadian and Babylonian-Assyrian means to judge, and to rule.
Bet diino in Aramaic means a court of law, a tribunal, and a courthouse.
In Arabic, Beth-diin means house of religion.
Beth-diino is composed of two words:
a-Beth, which means a house,
b-Diino, which means the law.

From diino derived the Hebrew and Arabic words Dayan, which means a
judge, more precisely a Talmudic judge and a judge in a religious court.
Diino is Diin in Arabic, and its means religion.
In ancient Islamic literature and religious texts, Dayan refers to God (Allah)
the judge who will pass judgment on dead people at the end of time. The
primitive meaning of Dino was religion. In Arabic, it is Din (Religion), as
well as Dayana, Diyana. So, the primordial meaning was a religious tribunal.
This is understandable, because in ancient times, all laws (Civil, social,
military, penal, etc.) were based upon religious dogma and teachings.
Worth mentioning here, that there is a famous historic city in Lebanon called
Beit El-Din “Bet Din”, “Beiteddin”.
At one time in history, this ancient city was the most important city in
Lebanon and the siege of Emir (Prince) Bashir Chehab, the ruler of Lebanon,
appointed by the Sultan of Turkey. The Castle of Beiteddin, "House Of
Faith", built by Prince Chehab is one of Lebanon's greatest treasures.
The palace reflects the typical oriental architecture of the 19th century.
The Castle of Beiteddin of Emir Bashir.
____________________________
The Castle of Beiteddin of Emir Bashir also served as a Majless, a Diwaan, a
Beyt Diyafe (Guesthouse), and a court house.

Dakru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a- In the memory of.
b- Remembrance.
Dkhara in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Zikra in Arabic.
Zikru means in his memory, in Arabic.

Dalapu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

A leak.
Dlapa in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Daltum: Noun. A door.

Dam: Noun. A wife; a woman.
Damanaiu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective.
a- Bloody.
Daianutu-Dabubu
____________________________________________

b- From blood.
Dimmanaia in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Damawui in Arabic.

Damhaaru: Akkadian. Noun. A battle.

Damiq: Sumerian/Akkadian. Adjective. Good.
Damkaarum: Noun. A merchant.
Dammi: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Tears. Damm’i and Doumou’ in Arabic.

Damu “Dammu”: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Blood. In Arabic, it is Dam.

Dimma in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Dmo in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect. Damm in Arabic, and the Arabic Dammu means
his blood. Damma, her blood.

Dananis: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adverb. a- Forcibly.

b- Strongly.
c- Firmly.

Danat: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Defense.

D ā ' iku: Akkadian. Adjective. a- Legitimate.

b- Legal.

Dab ābu: Akkadian. Verb. a- To speak.

b- To give a speech.

Dabūbu: Akkadian. Noun. a- A conversation.

Dabubu-Dariba ____________________________________________
b- A speech.
Daʾīmu: Akkadian. Noun. Gloom.

Dal īlu: Akkadian. Noun. a- A compliment.

b- An official praise.

Dandannu “Dandanni”: Assyrian/ Sumerian/Akkadian. Adjective. Very

powerful; mighty.
El dandannu is an Assyrian expression, which means God all mighty. In
some passages of Assyrian and Sumerian ancient texts, Dandannu also
meant the most high.
“An Ninib gisri dandanni.” From the Annals of Sardanapalus. Translated
verbatim: “To Ninib, hero most highly.”

Danga: Adjective. Strong.

Dannu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. a- Powerful.

b- Physically strong.

Danu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. Bringing a case for trial before the court.
Daqqaqu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. Small.

Darasu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. a- To push away.

b- To put aside.
Dousha in tribal Arabic.

Dariba: Akkadian. Noun. a- Payment.

b- A financial obligation. c- A loan.
d- A debt.

Dariba - Darwaa-zaa d’Aaishtaar

____________________________________________
e-Taxes.
Dariba in Arabic means taxes.
Darisam: Akkadian. Adverb. Forever.
Daríšè: Sumerian/Akkadian. Adverb. Forever.

Darrugu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. a- A rank.

b- A degree.
c- A level.
d- A grade.
Daraga “Daraja” in Arabic.
Daraga in Persian (Farsi).
Daraja in Urdu.
Derece in Turkish.

Daru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A century. Dahr in Arabic.

Darshu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. a- To argue.
b- To negotiate.

Darwaa-zaa d’Aaishtaar: Aramaic/Sumerian. Noun. The gate of Ishtar

(Astarte, Ashtaroot, Ashtaroth). It was one of the eight gates of the city of
Babylon, built in 575 B.C., during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (604- 562
B.C.) It was decorated with glazed brick reliefs, depicting dragons and bulls.
King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon dedicated the gate of Ishtar to the
goddess Ishtar, the principal goddess of the Phoenicians and Canaanites,
representing the productive power of nature. She was a moon goddess and
was adopted by the Egyptians as a daughter of Ra or Ptah. In Jewish
mythology, she is referred to as Ashtoreth, and sometimes considered the
wife of Yahweh.

Gate of Ishtar.
 Daziqu - Derra
____________________________________________
Darziqu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A tailor; a dressmaker.

Dayanu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A judge; a magistrate. Dayana in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Dayono in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
In Arabic, it is Dayyan, which means an arbiter; a judge; a head of a tribunal
or a council.
Literally, it means the one who judges people for their deeds and actions
after calling them to account at the end of time; in this context, it refers to
Allah (God).
In Hebrew, it is Dayyan, which means a Talmudic judge.
Dayyānum: Akkadian. Noun. A judge. Dayyan in Hebrew and archaic
Arabic.
Debu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A bear. Deb and Dib in Arabic.
Demut: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. Noun. Quasi.

Denim: Akkadian. Noun. a- A judgment.

b- A court ruling.

Deraiu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A monk living in a monastery.

Derra: Akkadian. Noun. A monastery; a convent for Aramaic, Syriac and

Maronite monks and priests in the Near and Middle East. Contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Dayra in Aramaic.
From Dayra, derived the Arabic Pre-Islamic word Dayr, “Deir”, “Deyr” (A
monastery) which means the same thing in ancient and modern Arabic.
The Aramaic word Dayra derived from the ancient Phoenician words Dar,
Fidar, and Dir which mean a house.
In Arabic, the word Dar means house, and more precisely the large reception
area of a house.

Deru - Dilmun ____________________________________________

Deru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A monastery; a convent for Aramaic,

Syriac and Maronite monks and priests in the Near and Middle East.
Derra in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
See Derra

Detu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A bubble-gum; chewing-gum.

Deyutu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Black ink.

Dilanaiu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective.

a- Particular.
b- Characteristic.
c- Special.

Dilmun: Babylonian/Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Dilmun is the

Sumerian name for Bahrain, at the time it was a prosperous kingdom around
2,000 B.C. Enki orders Utu the sun god, to fill Dilmun with fresh water, and
turned it into a divine garden.

Map of Dilmun.
____________________________________________
 Dilmun water
park, today.
_______________________________________
____________________________________________

This 5,000 year old Akkadian/Sumerian tablet tells the story of the Anunnaki
god Enki and his forbidden plants on the island of Dilmun.

____________________________________
____________________________________________
This tablet tells the story of Gilgamesh, King of Uruk, who visited Dilmun,
and who described it in the tablet as “the land of immortality.”

______________________________

Dilmun burial mounds.

 Map showing Bahrain
(Ancient Anunnaki Dilmun).
__________________________________
Dim - Dingir
____________________________________________
Dim: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Adverb. Begging.
Dimamai: Assyrian/Babylonian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of a province in
Nairi.
Dimir: Noun. Name of an Akkadian god.
Dimkurkurra: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Term. The creator of
lands.

Dimme: Akkadian. Noun. Tears. Dammi in Akkadian.

Damm’i and Doumou’ in Arabic.

Dingir: Akkadian/Sumerian/Old Babylonian. Noun. Name of the chief deity

of the Akkadians.
Anunnaki god Enki, represented as a Dingir.

En-Nur-Nammu pours libation before Dingir Nannar.

___________________________
____________________________________________
Dingir

Akkadian/Sumerian sign for Dingir (An Dingir), meaning God An, written
in cuneiform.
_______________________

The ancient Sumerian sign "dingir" was found on clay tablets in the Uruk IV
period (3300-3200 B.C.) and comprises one element of the earliest known
writing system in the ancient world, to refer to a deity.
On the Uruk IV tags/tablets, Dingir meant:
· a- Heaven
· b- Sky
· c- God

In Sumerian, the sign was pronounced as:

· a- An
· b- Dingir

In Old Babylonian, the sign was pronounced as:

· a- Šamû (Shamoo)
____________________________________________
· b- Ilu (Eeloo).

It meant “God”, similar to Il or Elu, the Phoenician, Hebrew, proto-Aramaic,

and several Canaanite words El, Il, Eli, Ilai. Use: The sign in Akkadian, and
Old Babylonian languages was always used as a determinative sign next to
the names of gods and goddesses, to refer to their divinity status.

Evolution of the sign of Dingir.

Sumerian seal. As a seal, it means “Sky”.

Sumerian Dingir.

The Sumerian circle becomes an Egyptian circle; a sign for the

Egyptian sun god “Ra”.
Dingir - Dmikhu
____________________________________________
 Dingirs and vizirs paying homage to
god Enlil “Anu”.
_____________________
Diñir: Akkadian/Sumerian/Mesopotamian. A god.

Dinu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb.

a- To judge;.
b- To rule.

D īnum: Akkadian. Noun.

a- A trial;
b- A judgment.

Dishpu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Honey.

Dmikhu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. Asleep.
Dowraa - Dumuzi ____________________________________________

Dowraa: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A century.

Also Dorraa.
From the Sumerian words Dowraa and Dorraa, derived the Aramaic word
Dara (A century).
From the Aramaic word Dara, derived the Arabic word Dahr (A century).

Dub: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Clay.

Dubaraiutu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. a- Attitude.

b- Temperament.
c- Behavior.

Dubsar: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A tablet.

Dugelta: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To lie.
Duk: Akkadian. Verb. To have.
Duku: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A holy mound.

Dumuzi “Dumuzid”: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the Sumerian

shepherd god.
Dumuzi appeared in Sumerian and Akkadian literature, as well as in their
respective pantheons.
Dumuzi was also known as Tamuz in Mesopotamia, and as Adon (Adonis)
in Phoenicia and Syria.
See Tamuz

Dumuzi-Abzu: Akkadian/Babylonian/Sumerian. Noun. As a Sumerian

deity, Dumuzi-Abzu was the god of the marshes in Mesopotamia.
Dumuzi-Abzu was loved by Ishtar (Ish’taar, and Ashtaroot in Phoenician).
Upon learning about his death, Ishtar decided to descend to the Kurnugi
(The Babylonian underworld) to save him.

Dumuzi
____________________________________________

Dumuzi and Inanna

bringing gifts to Uruk.
____________________
 Dumuzi and Inanna.
Dumuzi - Dyaanta
____________________________________________

Dumuzi and Ishtar.

According to another Mesopotmian legend, Ishtar killed Dumuzi-Abzu, but
short after, she restored him to life.
His festival, celebrating the yearly death and rebirth of nature and lands’
vegetation, corresponds to the festival of the Phoenician god Adon (Adonis
in Greek).
In one point in history, Adon, Dumuzi and Dumuzi-Abzu were the one and
the same deity.
Mythology has its way in blending, mixing and confusing deities names,
roles, and identities.

Dwekhtaa: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A donation.

Dyaantaa:
Hittite/Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. A judgment.
____________________________________________
E
Ea: Akkadian/Sumerian/Old Babylonian. Noun.
Name of the supreme Sumerian and Babylonian god. Also known as Enki
and Nudimmud; the Babylonian, Sumerian and Assyrian deity often referred
to as Aê, and Ea.

Scene from a Babylonian cylinder seal showing Ea “Enki” with two streams
of water emerging from his shoulders, and the Sumerian sun-god Utu
(Shamash in Akkadian, Shemesh in Phoenician).In the center, Inanna (Ishtar
in Akkadian, Ashtaroot in Phoenician.) This scene shows Ea “Enki” stepping
on a dry land, a gesture symbolizing his supreme authority over Earth. The
dry-land as depicted in this cylinder refers also to ramparts protecting the
cities of his kingdom. From the ramparts emerge a stream of fishes, symbol
of all life-forms in the seas. Thus, his authority extends to dry lands and seas
of the Earth. ____________________________________________
He is also represented by and identified as Au, Ya’u /Ya which is a variation
of Ea, an ancient Babylonian deity.
See “Aa”, “Enki”.

Anunnaki God Ea accompanied by two deities in the form of a scorpion and

a dragon.

A slab from Tell Asmar in Iraq, depicting the Anunnaki God Ea

accompanied by two deities in the form of a scorpion and a
dragon. The scorpion represented wisdom and determination, while the
dragon represented authority and the primordial female aspect of the
Creation.

______________________
____________________________________________
Ea riding the serpent-ship.
Incorrectly, several western scholars have associated the
serpent-ship with Tiamat.
___________________________

The serpent-ship from the Egyptian “Book of the Dead”. It was used to
guide the dead through his/her journey into the afterlife.
____________________________________________
Akkadian/Sumerian clay tablet (2200-2450 B.C.) listing the names of gods
in an order of importance:
Enlil/Ellil, Ninlil, Enki, Nergal, Hendursanga, Inanna-Zabalam, Ninebgal,
Inanna, Utu, Nanna.

____________________
Eabani – Ea-El ____________________________________________

Eabani : Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun.

Eabani also called Ebani was created by the Anunnaki god Ea. He was the
friend and companion of Gilgamesh “Izdubar” in his long quest for
immortality.
Eabani was mentioned in the epic of Gilgamesh.

Ea-El: Akkadian/Chaldean/Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun. Name of one of the

three chief gods of the Chaldaeo-AssyroBabylonian celestial triad of Anu,
Bel and Ea. Ea-El is the king of the watery deeps “Shar Apsi”.
He is depicted as a man with the body of a fish. The Phoenicians called him
Dagon and the Greeks referred to him as Oaness.

Ea-El, Dagon
“Dagan”

Priests of Ea.
Jewish subjects worshipping God Ea (Enki).
___________________________________
Ea-El Eannatum ____________________________________________

Dagon “Dagan” is an Assyrian-Akkadian-Babylonian-Phoenician name for

the Assyrian and Babylonian god of earth, fertility and the underworld.
Dagon, is the fish god of the Philistines and the Phoenicians. He is human in
physical form from the waist up, and a fish from the waist down, always
depicted as a merman.

Ea-Engurra: Sumerian/Babylonian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the

temple of the god Ea in Eridu.

Eannatum: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun.

Name of a king of Lagash, and the grandson of Ur-Nanshe. Ennatum
conquered all the territories and lands of Sumer, and annexed the kingdom of
Kish, as well as Uruk, Larsa, Nippur, and Ur.
Photo below: The walls of Uruk.
 Ea-Engurra -
Eberu
____________________________________________
Ea-Engurra: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the temple of
the god Ea in Eridu.
Ebbubu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A flute. Abbueba in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect. Abubo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Eberu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To cross.

Ebara in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Ebro in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
‘Abra in Arabic.
From the Akkadian word Ebara, derived the Hebrew word Habiru, usually
referring to the early Hebrews/Israelites who crossed the desert of Sinai.
Habiru means those who traversed or crossed a land or a river.
‘Aber in Arabic means the person who crossed or traveled a land.

Worshippers and
subjects bringing fruits to Ea.
 Eannatum

Early Dynastic II Votive statue of Eannatum, Prince of Lagash (2600-2340

B.C.) Alabaster, lapis lazuli, mother of pearl inlays, and modern bitumin
inlays.

Eberu - Edin
____________________________________________
Eberu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To enter. Ebara in contemporary Assyrian
Eastern dialect. Ebro in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Ebih: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Name of the superintendent of Mari; the city of Mari, founded in the early
3rd millennium.

Ebūrum: Akkadian. Noun. The harvest. Ebur in Sumerian.

Edan damhi: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Bedtime. Dan d'maha in
contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Edantaiutu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Adjective. a- Promptness.

b- Punctuality.
Bdanaiuta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Edin “Eden”: Akkadian/Sumerian/Babylonian/Hebrew. Noun.

a- An elevated plain.
b- A steppe.

Scholars, historians and linguists have attributed a multitude of

epistemological meanings to the word Eden “Edin”. Some believe Eden to
be a plain or a steppe, others, a place well-irrigated, and a third group
suggests that Eden is a Hebrew adjective or a noun meaning delight.
Author Walter Reinhold de La Torre stated that, “The Sumerian logogram
Eden/Edin sometimes was used in lieu of Tseru or Seru in the Epic of
Gilgamesh refers to the Hebrew’s Eden (English rendered Eden).”
In Arabic mythology, Eden refers to “Janat Adan”, which means the
paradise, also called “Al Fardaws”. Janat means garden in Arabic.
Egirtu Eiadu
____________________________________________

Seal showing Dumuzi (Tammuz) being captured in the Sumerian edin and
bound by Ugalla the serpent-demon. ________________

Egirtu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a- A correspondence.
b- A letter.
Egarta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Egartho in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Eglu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a- A farm.
b- A farmland.
c- A field.
Khagla in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Haqlo or Haklo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

From the Assyrian word Haglo or Haklo, derived the Arabic word Hakl,
which means a land; a field. Haklon in Arabic means, his field, his plain.

Eiadu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun.

a- Custom.
Eiadu - Eleppu ____________________________________________

b- Traditions.
Eiada in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. ‘Ada in Arabic.
Eiadu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Habits.
Eiada in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
From Eiadu, derived the Arabic word ‘Ade “’Ada”, which means habits.
The Arabic word ‘Adtu means his habits, and Adta means her habits.
From Eida, derived the Arabic word ‘Ada, or ‘Adeh which means habit,
personal nature.

Eka: Assyrian/Akkadian. Preposition. Where.

Ekaku: Assyrian/Akkadian. Verb. To scratch. Khaka in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Hkoko in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Heko in Arabic.

Ekallu (E-Kallu): Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. a- A palace.

b- A temple.
Qalío in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Hakla in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Ekanutu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Location. Eykanuta in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Ekishnugal : Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Name of the main temple of Ur. The main deity of Ur was the moon-god,
Nanna (Semitic name: Sin). The worship of this god was carried out in
Ekishnugal, which is the main temple in Ur. This temple was also the center
point of the economic and social life in Ur .
Eleppu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. A vessel; a ship.

Plan of the Temple of Ekishnugal.

_________________
Eleppu - Ellil ____________________________________________
Elppa in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Elpho in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect.
Eliati: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun, adjective. Higher lands. Alia in Arabic; it
means elevated; high.

Elle: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adverb.

a- Based upon.
b- In virtue of.
All in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. ‘Ala in Arabic. More
precisely, because of.

Ellil “Enlil”, “El-lil”, “Ellil”: Sumerian/Akkadian/Assyrian noun.

I. Definition and introduction:
Enlil is composed of two words:
· a- En, which means lord;
· b- Lil, which mean air; sky, and sometimes, spirit.

Enlil “Ellil” was the Sumerian god of wind and air; the head of the new
generation of gods for the Sumerians and the Akkadians. Although Anum
and Enlil both are supreme gods and kings of heaven and earth, it is Enlil
who presides over the assembly of the gods and the Council of the Anunnaki
(Majlas), with absolute authority.
1- In Mesopotamian religion:
Enlil is the most important god in the Mesopotamian pantheon.

2- In Sumerian religion:

Enlil was the god of the wind. He is called:

· a- Father of the gods;
· b- King of heaven and earth;
· c- King of all the lands.
____________________________________________

According to the Sumerian mythology, Enlil separated the heaven and the
earth, and is the supreme god who decided upon the destiny of the world.

3- In Assyrian/Babylonian religion:
Enlil is often called “King of earth”. He is the merciless and vengeful god
who sent the flood to earth.
He created the ferocious monster Labbu in order to wipe out humanity.

4- In Akkadian religion:
In the Akkadian mythology and religion, Enlil’s name changed to Bel, “The
Lord,” who was the god of order in the universe, and master of humanity’s
destiny.

II. Lineage:
According to the ancient Akkadian/Sumerian/Babylonian texts, Anu, the
head of the Sumerian family tree had two sons, Enki also called Ea, whose
mother was Antu, and Enlil, also called Ilu, whose mother was Ki.
Note: Marduk who would become the god of the Babylonians, was Enki and
Damkina first born son.
Enki’s other wife was his half-sister, Nin-khursag, meaning the Mountain
Queen, and the Lady of Life). She was also known as Nin-mah, which
means the he Great Lady. Enlil was also married to Mulittu, and to Nin-
khursag and their son was Ninurta, also called Ningirsu, which means the
mighty hunter.
From another wife, called Ninlil, Enlil had a second son, Nanna. Nanna and
his wife, Ningal, were the parents of Inanna, who was called Ashtaroot by
the Phoenician, Astarte by the Greeks, and Ishtar by the Babylonians.
Inanna married Dumu-zi, the Shepherd King, who was also called Tammuz,
and Dammuz.
The union between Enlil and Ninlil, produced another son, Nergal, described
in the Akkadian/Sumerian clay tablets as the king of the Kurnugi, which
means the underworld.
He married Eresh-kigal, described in the Akkadian/Sumerian clay tablets as
the Queen of the underworld.
____________________________________________

Gilgamesh killing the bird Anzu.

From left to right:
1-Ishtar.
2-Gilgamesh killing the bird Anzu who stole the Tablet of Destiny.

3-Enkidu with his right foot pushing down Anzu to the ground.
__________________________________
Ellil - Emanutu
____________________________________________

III. Enlil as guardian/custodian of the Tablet of Destiny: Enlil was extremely

powerful, because he was the god who, along with Enki, decided upon the
fate, destiny, and the future of all things and everything on Earth. The
destinies were determined in the assembly of the gods, presided by Enlil.

Ellu: Old Babylonian/Akkadian. Noun.

Ellu is the name of a race of Mesopotamian kings, who were the descendants
of the Anunnaki gods.
“Ellu” is also a royal court title which means “The Shining Ones.”

Elmesu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Diamonds.

Almas, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern Dialect, and in Arabic.

Elu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective.

a- High.
b- Elevated.
Elul in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Ulyo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. ‘Ali in Arabic, and the
Arabic ‘Ulu’ means elevation; height.

Elulu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective.

a- Elevated.
b- To be high.
Ellul in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Eloyd in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect. ‘Ali in Arabic.

Elulu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. September. Eilul in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Eilul or Aylul in Arabic.

Ema: Assyrian/Akkadian. Preposition. Whoever.

Emanutu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. a- Belief.
b- Trust
c- Conviction.

Emanutu - Endiku
____________________________________________
d- Credence.

Haymanuta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Amgu in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Iman, or Imanu in Arabic.

Emmama: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective. Hot. Hammima in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Hami or Hamiyeh in Arabic.

Emeru: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. A donkey. Khmara in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Hmoro in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Hmar in Arabic.
Hmaru means his donkey in Arabic.
Hmara means hers donkey in Arabic.

Emgu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. The deep. Also used as an adjective.

Amgu and Amguta, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern Dialect. Amug in
Arabic.

En: Akkadian. Noun. Lord.

From En, derived the Akkadian, Sumerian and Old Babylonian word “Ensi”,
which means a lord, a regional ruler, a royal vassal. In the older versions of
the Babylonian texts, En meant the god and master.

Endiku: Sumerian/Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Name of a wild man,

mentioned in ancient Akkadian-Sumerian texts. In the Epic of Gilgamesh,
Enkidu is the wild man created by Aruru who becomes a companion to the
legendary Gilgamesh.
At the beginning, Gilgamesh and Endiku had a continuous fight. But
eventually they became very good friends. Although Endiku was a wild
man, his wisdom was apparent in many passages of the Epic of Gilgamesh.

\
Enkidu and Gilgamesh slaughtering the bull of heaven.

Babylonian cylinder depicting Enkidu and Gilgamesh

slaughtering the bull of heaven. Cylinder seal from Ur, 3rd
millennium B.C.

__________________________
Ene – En-kimdu ____________________________________________

Ene: Sumerian/Akkadian. Pronoun.

a-He, him; she; her.
Also written and pronounced as “Ina”, or “I-na” as frequently appeared in
the ancient Sumerian and Akkadian tablets.

E-nene: Sumerian/Akkadian. Pronoun. a- Them.

b- They.

Engar: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A farmer.

Éni: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A treasury.
Eninnu: Sumerian/Akkadian. Adverb. A group of fifty people. Usually used
to refer to a military formation.

Eninnu: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Name of the legendary temple of Lagash, known as the “House of the Fifty.”
It was the seat of the god Enlil.

Enir: Sumerian/Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. Noun. a- Brightness.

b- A light.
From Enir, derived the Arabic words Nour (Light), and Nara (Fire), and the
proto Hebrew word Norah (Light; flame). Nora became Menora in Hebrew.
From the Arabic word Nour, derived the:
a- Persian (Farsi) word Nour.
b- Turkish word Nur.

Enkara: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A weapon.

Enki: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian/Old Babylonian. Noun. Also Ea.

See Ea.

En-kimdu: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of a farmer god.

Enmen - Ensi
____________________________________________
Enmen: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Thirst.
En-men-dur-ana: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of an Anunnaki king
who ruled for 20,000 years.
En-men-gal-ana: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of an Anunnaki king
who ruled for 28,800 years.
En-men-lu-ana: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of an Anunnaki king
who ruled for 43,200 years.

Enmerkar: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

Name of a hero and king of Uruk “Erech”, who lived at the end of the fourth
millennium B.C.
Along with Lugalbanda and Gilgamesh, Enmerkar is one of the most
important figures in the Akkadian/Sumerian myths. Enmerkar and the Lord
of Aratta competed for the love of goddess Inanna.

En-Mesharra: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of a Sumerian god of the

underworld.
Enna: Sumerian/Akkadian. Adverb. Until.
Ennabišè “Enabisheh”: Sumerian/Akkadian. Adverb. Until now.
Enshakushanna “En-Shakansha-Ana”, “Enukduanna”:
Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Name of the king of Uruk in the later third
millennium B.C. His name appeared on the Sumerian King Lists.
Enshakushanna conquered Nippur, Kish, Akkad, and Hamazi, and he reigned
unchallenged for 60 years in Sumer.

Énsi “Ensik”: Sumerian/Babylonian/Akkadian. Name or title for a city

governor or ruler. Enmerkar,

King of Uruk.

______________________
En-sipad-zid-ana - Enuma Elish
____________________________________________

En-sipad-zid-ana: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of an Anunnaki king

who ruled for 28,800 years.
Enu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. An eye.
Eina in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Eino or Yno in
contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Ein in Arabic.
The Arabic word Eino means his eye.
Eina means her eye.

Enuma Elish: Babylonian/Akkadian/Assyrian/Sumerian. Noun. Name of

the immortal Akkadian, Assyrian and Sumerian epic, which containied
legends, myths, poems, and accounts of the story of the Creation, the origin
of the world and man, and adventures of gods, demi-gods, kings and heroes.
The name 'Enuma Elish' is derived from the first two words of the
Babylonian myth, which means “When in the Height”. The Enuma Elish is
the original material source for several Biblical accounts, including the Great
Flood, and the Genesis. In the Enuma Elish, Marduk fought and killed
Tiamat, the goddessdragon. By killing her, Marduk became the absolute and
most powerful god of the Anunnaki, the Igigi, and Babylon.

Marduk fighting the

goddess-dragon Tiamat.
Enuma Elish - Epidu
____________________________________________
 Tablets of
the Enuma Elish.
___________________________________

Enzu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. A goat.

Ezza in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Ezo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. ‘
Enze or ‘Enza in Arabic.

Epegu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Verb. To hug.

Khpaga in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Gamra in Arabic.

Epidu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Cheese.

Epidu - Erech
____________________________________________
Kupta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Gubna in Arabic.

Epikhu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Verb. To blow. Npakha in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Nafakha in Arabic.

Epinnum: Akkadian. Noun. Plough.

Epiru: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun.
a- Dust.
b- Dirt.
Pro in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Epra in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect. Ebra in tribal archaic Arabic.
Ghebra or Ghabra in Arabic.

Epu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb.

a- To bake.
b- To cook.
Pia in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Eqlum: Akkadian. Noun. A field.

Erbeser: Akkadian/Assyrian. Number. Fourteen. Arbasar in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Arbaa asar in Hebrew.
Arbaat ashara in Arabic.
Arbataa’ shar in Arabic Egyptian.

Erech “Uruk”: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. Name of

the city built by the legendary Gilgamesh. It is also called Uruk in Assyrian,
Sumerian and Babylonian. Orchoe, in Greek.
Tall Al Warka, in Arabic.
Erech is located northwest of Ur, now called Tall Al Muqayyar. See Uruk.
Erech ____________________________________________

Mosaic at Erech.
______________________
Location of Erech “Uruk”.
____________________________

Erech was a magnificent Mesopotamian city adjacent to the Biblical city of

Ur where Abraham came from. Inanna, the queen and goddess of the sky
“Heaven”, and Anu were worshipped in Erech. The city was famed for its
Anu Ziggurat, associated with the “White Temple”.

\
The ruins of Erech.
_______________________________________
 Ereshkigal -
Esadu
____________________________________________

Ereshkigal “Allatu” : Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Name of the queen of

the underworld (Kurnugi).
She was the sister of Ishtar, spouse of Erra “Erragal”, and mother of Ninazu.

Eridu: Akkadian/Sumerian/Old Babylonioan. Noun. Eridu (Modern day Tell

Abu Shahrain) is located about 22 kilometers south of the town of Nasiriya
in Iraq. According to the Akkadian scribes, Eridu is the oldest city in the
world. It was occupied between about 5000 and 2000 B.C., and its dawn
began with the Ubaid dynasty and continued through the Ur periods in the
southern part of Mesopotamia.
Tell Abu Shahrain was excavated in the 1940s by Fuad Safar and Seton
Lloyd.
The earliest temple found in Eridu goes back as far as 5570 B.C. And the
Ziggurat of god Enki was built for the Third Dynasty of Ur, 3000 years after
Eridu was established.

Érra: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. a- Weeping

b- Lamentation.
c- Cryin.
d- Mourning.

Erragal “Erra”: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Name of the Sumerian hunter god.
Erra was also the god of war, and plagues. He was identified with Nergal and
Gerra. Erra was the lover of Mami, and the husband of Ereshkigal.

Errēšum: Akkadian. Noun. Tiller.

Erubtu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Friday. Erovta in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Esadu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Harvest. Khzada in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Archaeological site map of Eridu's Abzu/Apsu shrine and

ziggurat. Modern day, Tell Abu Shahrein. (Father of of two months, in
Arabic).
___________________________
Eridu, today.

__________________________

The
remains of a ziggurat at Eridu.

_________________________

Esagila
________________________

Esagila: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun.

Name of the most important temple complex in ancient Babylon, dedicated
to the god Marduk, the tutelary deity of that city.
Esagila was located south of the ziggurat Etemenanki.
It measured 660 feet (200 m) on its longest/widest side.

Éše: Assyrian/Aramaic/Syriac/Sumerian. Noun. A jailhouse.

Eseru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Adjective.

a- Captured.
b- Imprisoned.
c- Held hostage.
d-Captive.

Victory stele of Sargon I, king of Akkad, showing Eseru, prisoners marching

(first register) and armed warriors, circa 2300 B.C.

____________________
Fragment of a stela of Sargon of Akkad, depicting Eseru, (prisoners) being
taken away in a neck-stock.
________________________

Assyra in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Asyr in Arabic (Masculine form); Asyra (Feminine form).
Asyr in Persian (Farsi).
Esir in Turkish.
Asir in Urdu.
Asira in Aramaic, and it means a prisoner.
Asira qrawa means a prisoner of war.

Eshraiu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Adverb. Tenfold.

Esraia in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
‘Ashra in Arabic.

Eshru: Assyrian/Akkadian. Number. Ten.

Esra in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
‘Ashra in Arabic.
Espugu - Etana ____________________________________________

Espugu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A sponge. Espuga in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Esfinga in Arabic.
Esfugho in Aramaic.
Esfeng in Persian (Farsi).
Esfeng in Urdu.

Etana: Sumerian/Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

Name of the son of Kish, the twelfth king of Kish after the Flood, and father
of Balih. Etana became the thirteenth god-king of the Sumerian dynasty
ruling the city of Kish.

Ruins of the city of Kish.

________________________________________
Tablet of the Legend of Etana.
______________________________

Etlu: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A warrior.

From Etlu, derived the Arabic word Etl (Qatl), which means a fight. (Plural:
Qital).
The Arabic word Qatel means a killer; and the word Moukatel means a
warrior.

Etteru - Ezida ____________________________________________

Etteru: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective. A wealthy person. Attera in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Tiro in contemporary Assyrian
Western dialect.

Euphrates “Pu-ra-tu” : Greek/Akkadian. Noun.

Name of the legendary river in Iraq that nourished several ancient empires
and civilizations, such as the Babylonian, Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian,
Mesopotamian, to name a few. Buranum, in Sumerian.
Pu-ra-tu, in Akkadian.
Al Furat, in Arabic.
Furat in Persian (Farsi).
Firat in Turkish.
Furat in Urdu.

Etymologically, and epistemologically, the word Euphrates derived from the

Greek, as the result of the combination of two words:
words:
Εύ (Pronounced Ef), which means good.
(Pronounced Ef), which means good.
ροὐς (Pronounced Roos), which means the flow.
The Euphrates rises in Turkey and flows southeast across Syria and through
Iraq.

In northern Iraq, the Euphrates forms the western boundary of the area
known as Al Jazirah. It is 1,700 mi (2,740 km) long. The Euphrates is
created by a confluence of two rivers, the Kara and the Mourad and the
Kara.

Evil-Merodach “Awel-Maruduk”:
Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun.
Name of the son of Nebuchadnezzar, king of the last Babylonian Empire
(561-559 B.C.)

Ezeru: Assyrian/Akkadian. Verb. To curse. Saara in contemporary Assyrian

Eastern dialect.

One of Saddam Hussein's

palaces stands
atop a hillside,
overlooking the
Euphrates river.
Ezida - Ezzur ____________________________________________

E-zida: Akkadian/Assyrian/Babylonian. Noun.

Name of the Temple of Borsippa. It was known for its immense tower,
which was called the supreme house of life. The residing god was Nabo
“Nebu”.

Ezinu: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Name of one of the goddesses of the grain, who taught the early
Mesopotamians, irrigation and agriculture. Ezinu had no known temples or
shrines in Sumer.

Ezu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun

A female goat.
Eza in, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern Dialect. Ezah, Ezeh in Arabic.

Ezzum “Ezzetum”: Akkadian. Adjective. Angry.

Ezzur “Deir Ezzor”: Akkadian/Sumerian/ Arabic. Noun. Literally, it means

the “Convent of the Groves”.
Name of one of the most important Mesopotamian sites in Syria. Starting in
the 3rd century B.C., Deir Ezzor was a part of the Akkadian empire under
King Sargon I from 2700 to 2550 B.C. It then fell into the hands of
Hammurabi, and later, was occupied by the Assyrians, Chaldeans, and
Persians.
After the defeat of the Persians, Ezzur “Deir Ezzor” became part of the
Hellenistic empire under Alexander the Great, and after the Greek era, it was
absorbed by the Seleucid Empire. In the Roman period, it flourished as a
trading point between the Mediterranean and the Indian subcontinent.
*** *** ***
Deir Ezzor

The ruins of Mari, 120 kilometers from

Deir Ezzor.
 Gaanaa-
Gabhani ____________________________________________
G
Gaanaa: Sumerian/Aramaic/Assyrian. Noun. A spirit.

Gabal “Gabla”: Noun. Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun. A battle. “Gabla va

tahaza itte-ya lu epusu.” From the Annals of Tigrath Pileser.
Translated verbatim: “Battle and fight with me they made.”

Gabai: Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun.

a-A tax collector;
b-A head of a treasury department.
From Gab’ai, derived the:
a-Hebrew word Gabai, which means the leader of a synagogue. b-Arabic
words Gabaya and Gibaya, which mean collecting taxes, referred to as
“Gabaya Al-Daraa’ib”.
Daraa’ib means taxes. It is the plural of Dariba (Tax). Gayeb Daraa’ib
“Darayeb” means tax collector in Arabic.

Gabaiati: Akkadian. Noun. Elections.

Gabbara: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun.

a-A mighty person.
b-A hero.
From Gabbara, derived the Hebrew words Gabar (A mighty one), and
Gibborim (Mighty ones). From the Hebrew Gabar, derived the Arabic word
Gabbar (A mighty one).

Gabbu: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Adverb. All.

“Zabi bil-hiti gabbu uzabitu.” –From the Annals of Sardanapalus.
Translation: “I captured the rebels.” Translated verbatim: “Men rebels I
captured.”

Gabhani: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun. Chiefs.

Gabhani-Gabsi
____________________________________________
“Ana suzuub napasate-sunnu gabhani dannuti sa sade ekil alib marza lu
izabaatuu.”- From the Annals of Tiglath Pileser. Translation: “For saving
their lives, to the strong chiefs of the mountains, a rough country, they
headed (proceeded).” And.“Sallat-sunu pusa-sunu va nimmat-sunu itti
gabhani dannuti sa sadi lu userida.”-From the Annals Tiglath Pileser.
Translation: “Their women, their booty, their belongings, with the strong
chiefs of the mountains I brought down.”

Gablubi : Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun.

a-The top of.
b-A summit.
c-The roof.
“Istu nssi-du adi glablub-su”-From the Annals of Tiglath Pileser. Translated
verbatim: “From its foundation to its roofs.” From Gablubi, derived the
Arabic word Gabel (“Gabal”, “Jabal”), which means a mountain.

Gabra “Gabri”: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun. a-A foe.

b-A competitor.
c-A rival.

Gabru: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. a-A hero.

b-A mighty person.
Gabar in Hebrew.
Gabbar (Jabbar) in Arabic.
Gabar in Assyrian.

Gabsi: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective.

Stiffened; hardened.
“Arki-sunu ina elippi sugabsi anahr Buratta lu ebir.”-From the Annals of
Tiglath Pileser. Translated: “After them I crossed the Euphtates River with
my hardened skins vessels.”Translated verbatim: “After them in my ships of
stiffened (hardened) skins the Euphrates River I crossed.”
From the Akkadian word Anahr (a-nahr), derived the:

Gabsi-Galas ____________________________________________
a-Hebrew word, Na-hahr (Nahaar), b-Arabic word, Nahr.
Gabsu “Gabsa”: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian.
Adverb. Adjective.
a-All.
b-Plenty.
c-Much.
d-Strong.
e-Mighty.
f-Large.
d-Abundant.
“Edu gabsu sa mahira la isu.”-From the Annals of Sardanapalus. Translation:
“Mighty leader who has no rival.”
Translated verbatim: “Mighty (Powerful) leader, who a rival has not.” And
“Kizir sunu gabsa lu pirisha.”-From the Annals of Tiglath Pileser. Translated
verbatim: “Their large body I broke (I traversed) through.” And “Itti
umanate sunu gabsate ina er va sade huris lu amdahiz.”-From the Annals of
Tiglath Pileser. Translation: “I fought victoriously against their strong
soldiers in city and mountain.” Translated verbatim: “With their mighty
(Strong) soldiers in city and mountain victoriously I fought.”

Gadum: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun. a-A small portion.

b-A tiny piece.
“Gadum sa ili.” From the Inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar. Translated
verbatim: “A portion from the gods.”

Gahuku: Akkadian. Noun. Dimple. Gahuka in Assyrian.

Gala: Akadian/Assyrian. Noun. A slave. (Plural: Gillati). “Turi er ekaranni

va gillati ana sallati amnu.” From Sennacherib’s inscriptions. Translated
verbatim: “The young men of the city, the rioters and the slaves, for plunder
I counted.”

Galas: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian/Babylonian. Noun.

____________________________________________

Name or term for the demons of the underworld. In ancient Babylonia, many
Galas (demons) were mentioned on clay tablets, such as:
a-Alu, who smashed men (People) by falling upon their bodies while
spleeping.
b-The demoness Lamastu who kills infants and babies The groups of
demons are: The seven Asakku (Sumerian Asag), who were created by Anu.
In some Babylonian inscriptions, they were called or associated with the
Sebitti, which means “The Seven”.
The Akkadian list of demons includes:
a-Bel Uri
b-Bennu
c-Idiptu
d-Libu
e-Lamashtu
f-Mimma lemnu
g-Miqut
h-Muttabriqu
i-Pasittu
j-Ugallu
k-Rabishu
l-Sarabda
m-Sidana
n-Suruppu
o-Tirid
p-Umma
q-Umu
The Sumerian list includes:
a-Saghulhaza
b-Engidudu
c-Endushuba
d-Endukuga
e-Endashurimma
f-Ennugigi
g-Enuralla aka Nerulla
h-Nerubanda.
____________________________________________

Nota Bene: Not to confound the Akkadian word Gala with the Sumerian
word Gala, which is a name or a title for a: a-Religious singer.
b-Temple singer.
c-A priest in charge of religious lamentations and hymns. Similar to the
Hebrew Cantor.
Worth mentioning that Gallu is a Chaldean/Assyrian/Akkadian noun or a
term which originally referred to police officers.

A temple’s singer.
Galdi-Gan
____________________________________________

Galdi: Sumerian/Akkadian. Adverb.

a-Greatly.
b-With power.

Gallabau “Gallim”: Phoenician/Akkadian. Noun. Valiant god. Gallabau is

an ancient Phoenician/Akkadian name, from which the Hebrew word Gallab
derived; both have the prefix Gal or Gall.

Galuputa: Akkadian. Noun.

a-Engraving.
b-Carving.

Gamkhu: Akkadian. Noun. Flour.

Gamkha in Assyrian.

Gammalu: Akkadian. Noun. A camel.

Gamla in Aramaic.
Gamla in Assyrian Western dialect.
Gamal in Arabic and Hebrew.
Gamru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. Complete.

Gan: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

a-A field.
b-A piece of land.
c-A garden.
From Gan, derived the Arabic word Janayna, which means a garden, and the
word Janna (Janah), which means the paradise as mentioned in the Quran.
The Arabic “Ganat Adan” in Arabic, and the Hebrew “Gan Eden” (the
Garden of Eden) derived from the Aramaic words Gan, Ganta and Gentaa,
meaning park; garden. Garden of Eden is Gentaa Edeen in Aramaic and
Assyrian. The Arabic word “Janat” derived from the Aramaic word Ganta.
The word Eden is an Assyrian loan-word “Edinu”, synonymous with Seru,
which means a steppe, a plain, a field. From the Assyrian Seru, derived the
Arabic word Zaur, which is the name of a region located south of Babylon.
Not to confound it with the other Aramaic word “Ganta”, which means a
suitcase; Chanta in Arabic.

Gannanutu-Gattu ____________________________________________
Gannanutu: Akkadian. Adverb. Noun. Gardening. Gannanuta in Assyrian.

Gappu: Akkadian. Noun.

a-A wing.
b-A feather.

Garabu: Akkadian/Assyrian Eastern dialect. Expression. To come near.

From Garabu, derived the Arabic word Karib, which means near by, close to.

Garbanu: Akkadian/Arabic. Noun. A leper.

Also Garban in Arabic.

Garmi: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun.

a-Fragments.
b-Pieces.
“Eri sunu ina isati asrup abbul aggur ana tuli va garni utir.” Tiglath Pileser.
Translation: “I burned their cities with fire, tore down, destroyed and
reduced to pieces.” Translated verbatim: “Their cities in fires I burned, tore
down, destroyed, to heaps and fragments reduced.”
Garnu: Akkadian. Noun. A horn.
Garna in Assyrian.
Karnu in Arabic.

Garru: Akkadian. Verb. To dig out.

Garuptu: Akkadian. Noun. A scraper.
Garupta in Assyrian.
Gashtu: Akkadian. Noun. A bow.
Gashumu: Akkadian. Noun. A body.
Gasm, Gismu, Gism, and Gasad in Arabic.

Gattu: Akkadian. Noun.

a-A hand.
b-A handle.

Gatumdug-Gensaiutu
____________________________________________
Gatta in Assyrian.

Gatumdug: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Name of the Sumerian goddess, and

daughter of An. Her primary worship center was in Lagash.

Gazranaiuta “Gaziranaiuta”: Akkadian. Noun. An island. Gazira in

Arabic.

Gebaiutu: Akkadian. Noun. Adverb. Begging. Gebbanaiu: Akkadian.

Adverb. Sidewise.

Gebine: Akkadian. Noun. Eyebrows.

From Gebine, derived the Assyrian word Gevine (Eyebrows). In Arabic, the
word Gebine means forehead.

Gelal: Akkadian/Chaldean/Sumerian. Noun. Incubus.

Gele Reshi: Akkadian. Adjective. Bare head.

From Gele Reshi, derived the Assyrian words Gilya Resha (Bare head).
From Reshi, derived the Arabic words Ras, which means head, and Reyes,
Rayes, Ra’is, which mean chief and head of a group, or a president.
Reish and Rosh in Hebrew.

Geme2: Akkadian. Noun. A maid. Geme: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A

female slave.
Genabtu: Akkadian. Noun. The act of larceny.
From Genabtu, derived the Assyrian word Gnavta.
Genihu: Akkadian. Noun. Calamity.
From Genihu, derived the Assyrian word Gonha (Calamity).

Gensaiutu: Akkadian. Noun. Sexuality.

From the Akkadian word Gensaiutu, derived the Assyrian word Gensaiuta
(Sexuality).

Gensaiutu-Geshtinanna
____________________________________________
And from the Assyrian word Gensaiuta, derived the Arabic words Gens,
Jens, Jinsu, Gensu, and Jins, which mean sex, and gender.

Gensu: Akkadian/Arabic. Noun. A gender.

From Gensu derived the Assyrian word Gensa (A gender). And from the
Assyrian words Gensaiuta and Gensa, derived the Arabic words Gens, Jens,
Jins, and Gensu (A gender).

Gerra “Gherra”: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Name of the god of fire and thunder, and son of Anunitu in several Semitic
pantheons.
Gerra was an important deity worshiped by the Akkadians, the Babylonians
and the Sumerians. He is:
a-Gibil (Ishum) in Sumerian.
b-Girra and Girru in Akkadian.
c-Gerra Ishum in Babylonian.
Gerra was invoked to protect against black magic, spells, curses, and
sorcery. He was mentioned in the Erra and Ishum tablets.

Geshanaiu: Akkadian. Adverb. Adjective. Accidental. From the Akkadian

word Geshanaiu, derived the Assyrian word Gidshanaia (Accidental).
Geshru: Akkadian. Noun. A bridge.
From Geshru, derived the:
a-Assyrian word Geshra (A bridge).
b-Arabic words Gesr, Giser, Gisr, and Gisir (A bridge). c-Aramaic word
Geshro (A bridge).

Geshtinanna : Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian/Assyrian. Noun. Name of

the Sumerian sister of Dumuzi, a poetess, a singer, a seer, and an interpreter
of dreams. According to the Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian
mythologies, Gestinanna upon learning that her brother was under a
ferocious attack by the Galas (demons), she advised him to flee and hide.
The demons discovered that Gestinanna came to the rescue of Dumuzi.
Thus, they attacked her to force her to reveal the location of the hiding place
of her brother, but she refused.

Geshtinanna
____________________________________________
After searching for Dumuzi for a short period of time, the Galas found him
disguised as a gazelle in Gestinanna’s sheepfold.
 Dumuzi
and Inanna.
_____________________________
Geshtinanna-Geshtu-e
____________________________________________

The Galas captured him and carried him to the Kurnugi “The underworld.”
Gestinanna was determined to save her brother; she went to the Kurnugi and
resecued him after overcoming multiple difficulties. Then, she addressed
herself to the Anuna (Gods and goddesses) of the Kurnugi and begged them
to grant her brother half of her own life. The deities of the underworld
agreed, and Gestinanna and Dumuzi were allowed to live on earth for six
months, each year.

Geshtinna: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A grapevine.

Geshtu-e : Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the god whose blood and

intelligence were used by the Anunnaki goddess Mami to create man. In the
beginning, before men were created, the Anunnaki had to till the land and
water it to grow their food. And this was hard and extremely demanding
labor.
Enlil summoned the Igigi, and asked them to do the job. In addition to
cultivating and working the fields in ancient Iraq (Babylon, Sumer), Enlil
assigned to the Igigi, the hard tasks of digging trenches, canals, and river
beds. And the Igigi kept on doing this hard labor for centuries, until they
could not take it anymore. They threw down their tools and went en masse to
Ekur, Enlil's citadel at Nippur, to protest this hardship, and to demand
immediate relief. When they reached the citadel, Enlil ordered Nusku, his
doorkeeper, to keep them out of Ekur. Nusku asked Enlil:
“Why do you fear your sons?
Call the other gods and
let them help solve this thing.”
So Enlil summoned the gods, including Anu and Enki. Together, they rushed
to help Enlil, and stood firm on the ramparts of the citadel, and spoke to the
furious Igigi:
“Why are you attacking us? And the Igigi answered: “The work you have
assigned to us is killing us; we can no longer bear it.” We have stopped
digging the trenches and we are declaring war.”

Geshtu-e
____________________________________________

Enki asked the gods for advice, and said to them:

“Why do we blame the Igigi?
Their tasks are too hard.
Goddess Mami is with us.
Let her create human beings to serve us,
and to do the work of the Igigi.
So we can put the yoke of Enlil on these creatures,
and let the Igigi return to heaven.”
The Anunnaki decided to create humans:
The gods agreed, and asked goddess Mami to create beings to do the work of
the Igigi.
But Mami said:
“It is not wise for me to do all this.
You should choose Enki instead,
because he is wise and does things right.
But if he prepares the clay needed
to complete the task,
I will create these beings.”
Enki replied:
“If we use only clay to create new beings,
they will be like animals, without intelligence.
Instead, we must slaughter one of the gods,
to make these creatures capable
of bearing Enlil’s yoke.
We can mix his flesh and blood
with the clay to create a Man.”
The Anunnaki seized Geshtu-e, and slaughtered him: The Anunnaki seized
Geshtu-e, the Igigi god of wisdom and knowledge, and slaughtered him. As
soon as his flesh and blood were mixed with the clay, a Shabbah (Ghost)
manifested, and took the shape of a human being. Mami seized the ghost,
and divided him into fourteen pieces, to create seven females and seven
males.
These creatures were the first prototypes of the human race. Mami presented
her creatures to the Anunnaki, and said: “I have done everything you have
asked.
I have created Man (Men and Women).
And I gave them the faculty of speaking,

Geshtu-e - Gilgamesh
____________________________________________

so they could talk to each other and do the job.

Let each Man choose a wife. And Ishtar will bless them with healthy
children,
to fill the whole Earth
with generations of servants.”

Gestug: Hittite/Akkadian. Noun. An ear.

Ghazelem “Guzalum”: Akkadian/Phoenician/Hebrew. Noun. a-A stone.

b-A seer.

Gi: Akkadian. Noun. Reed.

Gigun: Akkadian. Noun. a-A temple.

b-A shrine.

Giguna: Akkadian. Noun. a-A terrace.

b-A temple.
c-A shrine.

Giima: Akkadian. Preposition/suffix. Instead of.

Gildu: Akkadian/Assyrian/Aramaic. Noun. a-Fur.

b-Skin.
Gilda, Gildu and Gild in Arabic.

Gilgamesh: Akkadian/Sumerian/Babylonian. Noun. Name of the king of

Uruk who lived about 2700 B.C.
The Epic of Gilgamesh, written by Shin-eqi-unninni in Akkadian, on twelve
stone tablets, was found at Nineveh in the ruins of the library of
Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria 669-633 B.C. The Epic depicts Gilgamesh as
two-thirds god and one-third human.

Gilgamesh
____________________________________________
Gilgamesh and Enkidu killing Humbaba.
______________________________
Gilgamesh-Gilidu ____________________________________________

Gilgamesh
_________________________________
Gilgulu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Pulley.
Gilhu: Assyrian/Babylonian/Akkadian. Noun.
Name of a mountainous region situated on the upper course of the Tigris
river.

Gilidu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Ice.

Gilidu-Gizzida
____________________________________________

From Gilidu, derived the Arabic word “Galid”, which means ice, and frozen
ice. The Arabic word “Moujalad”, means frozen. Not to confound it with the
Akkadian, Aramaic and Arabic word “Gildu”, which means fur, skin.

Gim: Phoenician/Akkadian Noun.

Name of an ancient city in Mesopotamia. Glim is also written as Glim; it
appeared on Phoenician tablets from Carthage. In Phoenician, Glim is also a
prefix. Glim appeared in the list of names of the Assyrian Empire, and meant
a favor.
It is similar to the Arabic word “Gamil” (Gimil), which means a favor, a
meaningful service, and even a good deed.
Not to confound it with the Arabic word Gamil “Jamil”, which means,
beautiful, handsome.
The Akkadian expression “Gimil-Abu” is identical to the Arabic expression
“Gimil” (Gamil) al abu”, which means the favor of the father. Abu means
father in both Akkadian and Arabic.

Gimil: Akkadian. Noun. A favor.

From Gimil, derived the Arabic word Gamil (A favor). See Gim.

Girba-an-nu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. a-An offering.

b-A sacrifice.

Gishru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A bridge. Gishra in Aramaic.

Gisr in Arabic.
Gisr in Persian (Farsi)
Gishra in contemporary Eastern Assyrian dialect. Gishro in contemporary
Western Assyrian dialect.

Gitmalum: Akkadian. Noun. A noble.

Gizzida: Akkadian/Sumerian/Babylonian. Noun.
Aka Nin-Giszida, and Ningishzida. Name of the doorkeeper of Anu. Gizzida
means lord of the good tree, and lord of wisdom or truth.

Gizzida-Guhlu ____________________________________________
In the Babylonian mythology and literature, Gizzida is depicted as a serpent
with a human face, called the Basmu (Bashmu).

Gozaan: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian/Hebrew. Noun. Name of an ancient

Assyrian province located nearby the Tigris River and Euphrates River
where the exiled Israelites settled. Gozan was mentioned in a letter
Sennacherib sent to Hezekiah, also in Isa 37:12.
Gozaan district was named Gauzanitis by Ptolemy, and Guzana by the
Assyrians.

Gozan: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A quarry.

Goze: Aramaic/Akkadian/Arabic. Noun. Walnut.
Gú: Akkadian. Noun. A region.
Gú: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A land.
Gú: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. An irrigated field.

Gubaie: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Election. Usually used in the plural

form.
Gubaya in Aramaic.

Gubaru “Gubaaru”: Akkadian. Noun. The neck.

Gugallu: Akkadian. Noun. A canal inspector.

Guhara “Guhari”: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Precious stones.

From Guhara, derived the Arabic word Gawhara, which means a precious
stone; a diamond. Gawaher is the plural.

Guhlu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Eyelid coloring.

From the Akkadian Guhlu, derived the Arabic words “Kuhl”, “Kuhlu” and
“Kohl” (Eyelid coloring).

Guhlu-Gullubu
____________________________________________
Kokh-la in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Guhulu “Gukhulu”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. a-Alcohol.
b-Spirits.
Kuhul in Arabic.

Gukkallu: Akkadian. Noun. Sheep.

Gukkum “Ukkum”: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian Noun. Vengeance. “Ina

ukkum labbi-ya artakab.”-Sennacherib, from Koyunjik. Translated verbatim:
“In the vengeance of my heart I rode.” It is worth mentioning here, the
striking similarity with Arabic words; for instance, labbi is my heart in
Assyrian, Sumerian, and Old Babylonian (Labb=heart. But when we add “i”,
it becomes my heart.) In spoken Arabic, it is Albi, and in written (Literary)
Arabic, it is Kalbi. In Arabic, the word “Alb” or Kalb” means heart. But
when we add “i”, it becomes my heart.) The verb “Artakab” means “I rode”
in Assyrian, Sumerian, and Old Babylonian.In Arabic, it is Rakab in spoken
Arabic, and Rakaba in written (Literary) Arabic. The verbs “Artakab” and
“Rakaba” derived from the word Merkaba, which means a vessel, a traveling
machine, a ship; a boat; a chariot in Arabic, Assyrian, Sumerian, Akkadian
and Old Babylonian.

Gul: Akkadian/Sumerian/Hittite. Verb. To destroy.

Gula: Akkadian/Sumerian. Adjective. Influential. From Gula, derived the

Assyrian adjective Aglu “Aklu” (Plural: Akli, “Agli”), which means
powerful. Nebuchednezzar said: “Ana Gula edirat gamilat nabisti-ya.”
Translated verbatim: “To Gula, the disposer and beneficiary of my deeds
“doings.”

Gulgullu : Akkadian. Noun. A skull. Gumgume in Arabic.

Gumgume in Persian (Farsi).

Gullubu: Akkadian. Noun. To shave.

Gumaru-Gurbaal ____________________________________________
Gumaru “Gamaaru”: Akkadian. Noun. Coal. Gamra, Gamru, and Gamr in
Arabic.

Gummuru: Akkadian. Akkadian. Adjective. a-Final.

b-Last.
c-Ultimate.

Gun: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. a-A district.

b-A neighborhood.

Gunkhu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Calamity.

Gunni: Akkadian/Sumerian/Babylonian. Noun. A stove.

Gunni: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

a-Defenses.
b-Fortifications.
c-Ramparts.
“Nashih nisi Tessai mupalliku guuni-su.”- Sargina.
Translated verbatim: “Expeller of the men of Tesai, traverser of their
defenses.”

Gunu: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A spot.

Gunzinanu: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian/Old Babylonian. Noun. Name of

a king of Kammanu, also called Chamenia and Comana. It was situated
between Meliten and Halys. Gunzinanu was dethroned, and his country was
annexed to Melitinia, also called Melidu.

Guqqanu: Akkadian. Noun. Religious offering.

Gurbaal: Phoenician/Assyrian/Akkadian/Sumerian/Hebrew. Noun. The

dwelling of god Baal.
It is composed of two words:
a-Gur, which means a place; a residence; a habitat,

Gurbaal-Gushu
____________________________________________

b-Baal, the name of Semite and Phoenician god.

Khurbaal in Arabic.
It appeared twice in the Bible: 2 Kings 9:27, and 2 Chronicles 26:7.

Gurbitu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Stocking. Gervita in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Gurbuti: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Adverb. Within.

Gurnu (Karnu) Elappi: Assyrian/Sumerian/ Akkadian. Noun. The horn of

the ship.
Karnu and Karn in Arabic.

Gurpishi: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Copper.

Gurpissu: Akkadian. Noun. A helmet.
Gursiptu: Akkadian. Noun. A butterfly.

Gursu “Girsu”: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name for an ancient

district of Lagash. It is modern Tell Id in Iraq. Ningirsu was worshiped there.
Lagash is a Semite name; in Sumerian, it is called Shirpula. It was renamed
Telloh by the Arabs. The city was discovered by de Sarzec in 1882.

Gurunit: Akkadian/Assyrian/Sumerian. Noun. Heap. “Ragmata quradi-

sunnu gurunit lu agrun.”-Shamas-Pul, from the Inscription of Nimrud.
Translated verbatim: “The ranks of their warriors to a heap I heaped.”

Gushmaiu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective.

a-Bodily.
b-Physical.
Gushmaia in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Gushu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. Cold.

Gishya in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Gushu-Guzummani ____________________________________________
Quro in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Gusku “Gis-Kin”: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

The holy tree in the sacred grove of Eridu.
From the Akkadian Gusku, derived the Arabic and Aramaic word Guz’o
“Guz’ho”, which means a tree trunk.

Gusuri: Assyrian/Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

Wood used to build bridges.
From Gusuri, derived the Arabic word Gusur “Jusur”, which means bridges.
Jusur “Gusur” is the plural of Jusr “Gesr” (A bridge) in Arabic. However,
some philologists suggest that the Arabic word Jusr “Gesr” derived from the
Assyrian and Aramaic words Gishra (A bridge).
Others believe that it derived from the Akkadian/Assyrian word Gishru. See
Giser “Jissr”, and Gusur.

Guti “Gutti”: Akkadian. Noun.

Name of a territory or a desert located between Syria and the Euphrates.
Goiim “Goim” in Hebrew.
Gutium-ki in Assyrian.
From the Inscriptions of Sargina, Botta translated the following phrase: “Mat
Hatti ana siharti-sa naphar Gitiumki Madai…” as: “The lands of the Hittites,
the whole of it included, Gutium-ki and Media…”

Guzana: Akkadian/Assyrian/Babylonian/Sumerian. Noun. A variation of the

name of the city of Gizlan. It appeared on the Obelisk of Shalmaneser.

Guzu: Akkadian. Noun. A country.

Guzu: Akkadian. Noun. Walnut. Goze in Aramaic and Arabic.
Guzummani: Akkadian/Assyrian/Old Babylonian/Sumerian.
Guzummani
____________________________________________

Noun. Name of an ancient city located in south Babylonia. It was the last
refuge of Merodach Baladan who fled to, after he has been defeated by
Sennacherib.

Sennacherib
Ha’utu-Haanuutu ____________________________________________
H
Ha’utu “Ha’iṭu”: Akkadian. Noun. A cushion. Hatuu in Phoenician.

Ha: Akkadian/Aramaic. Number. One.

Note: Ha in Assyrian is an adverb, and means many.
In Hebrew, Ha is an article “the”. Hebrew and Aramaic do not use the
indefinite articles “a” or “an”.
Ha in Hittite is a verb, and means to believe.
Ha in Sumerian and Akkadian is a noun, and means a fish. Ha is also a
prefix in .Phoenician, proto-Ugaritic, Neo-Assyrian, Akkadian, and Hebrew.

Ha: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A fish.

Ha: .Phoenician/Semitic/Neo-Assyrian/Akkadian/Hebrew. Prefix. The

Tanakh contains 84 names with the prefix Ha. This prefix was often used in
Neo Assyrian literature, texts, and during Biblical times.

Haabiru “Khaabiru”: Akkadian. Noun. A husband.

Haamu: Akkadian. Noun. Litter.

Haanuutu, “Khanutu”: Akkadian. Noun. A shop.

The word Khan means several shops (Dukan) in a souk (Market) in Arabic,
Persian, Urdu and Turkish. And the world Dukhan is a shop in Turkish and
Arabic. In ancient times, the Turkish word Khan meant a stable, both in
Ousmani (Ancient Turkish), and Arabic.
Haanut in Phoenician.

Haapuutaanaiu-Habatu
____________________________________________
Haapuutaanaiu: Akkadian. Adjective. A foggy weather.
Hababu “Khababu”: Akkadian. Verb. To caress.

Hababu “Khababu”: Akkadian. Verb. To make love. The Arabic word

Habibi means my lover. And the Arabic verb Habba means he loved.
Hababu “Khababu”: Akkadian. Verb. To whisper.

Habal: Noun Sumerian/Akkadian. Corruption.

“Sutesur la lihi la habal.”-Sargina, from Khorsabad. Translated verbatim:
“To rule, no violence, no corruption.”
Meaning: To rule without violence, without corruption. Sutesur (To rule),
la (Without),
lihi (Violence),
habal (Corruption).
The Assyrian “La” is similar to the Arabic “La”, which means no.

Habal: Noun. Sumerian/Akkadian. An injury.

Habarahhu “Khabarakhu”: Akkadian. Noun. a-A container.

b-A box.
Derived from the Phoenician/Ugaritic word Habarashu.

Habasu “Khabashuu”: Akkadian. Verb. To chop.

Habasu “Khabashu”: Akkadian. Verb. a-To take apart.

b-To break.

Habatu “Khabatu”: Akkadian. Verb. To kidnap. Hbt “Khbt” in

Ugaritic/Phoenician.
Habatu “Khabatu”: Akkadian. Verb. To steal.
Habbaku-Habudittu
____________________________________________

Habbakuku “Khabbaquku”: Akkadian. Noun. Herbs garden. Derived

from the Phoenician word Habbaaka. The word Habbak referring to wild
herbs and plants is used in tribal Arabic and in the region of Lebanon, Syria
and Palestine.

Habilu “Khabbilu”: Akkadian. Noun. A trapper.

Habinu: Assyrian/Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Name of the king of the city

of Tel Abnai located near Arbela, who paid tribute to Tiglath Pileser.
Habiru, “Eberu”, “Ebara”, “Apiru”, “Habiri”: Noun.
Akkadian/Assyrian/Proto Hebrew/Egyptian/Sumerian/
Akkadian/Phoenician.
Name of the early Jews/Hebrews.
Derived from the Akkadian word Ebara, usually referring to the early
Hebrews/Jews who crossed the desert of Sinai.
Habiru means those who traversed or crossed a land or a river. ‘Aber in
Arabic means the person who crossed or traveled a land. The Assyrian verb
is Ebro, meaning to cross; it is a contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Ebara in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Eberu in Akkadian.
Abra in Arabic.

Habsu “Khabṣu”: Akkadian/Sumerian. Adjective. Abundant.

Habsu: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. A prison. Habs in Arabic.

Habiss in Aramaic.
Habshuu in Phoenician.

Habttutu “Khabt ūtu”: Akkadian. Noun. a-Abduction.

b-Kidnapping.

Habudittu “Khabuditu”: Akkadian. Noun. A bee. Habullu-Haddu

____________________________________________

Habullu: Akkadian. Noun. A debt.

Habulu “Khabbulu”: Akkadian. Noun. Adjective. A debtor.
Habunu “Khabūnu”: Akkadian. Noun. Bosom.
Habur: Assyrian/Akkadian/Sumerian/Babylonian. Noun. Name of a river
that ends in the Euphrates river.
Habushu “Khābūšu”: Akkadian. Noun. A jailer. Habas in Archaic Arabic.
Hadadezer “Hadarezer”: Akkadian/Canaanite/Phoenician. Noun. Name of
the king of Zobah.

Hadad-rimmon: Akkadian/Phoenician/Hebrew. Noun. Composed of the

names of two Syrian idols. The name of a place in the valley of Megiddo
mentioned by the prophet Zechariah (12:11). It has been identified with the
modern Rummaneh.
Hadatu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Adjective. a-Renewal;
b-Recent.
Hadattah in Hebrew.
Hadith in Arabic.
See Hadeth.

Haddi: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective. Glad. Khiddia in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Haddu “Khaddû”: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. a-Cheerful.

b-Enchanting.
c-Joyful.
See Hadis.

Haddu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Verb. To rejoice. Khdda in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Haddu-Haiaatu ____________________________________________
Hodyo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Hadedanu “Khadedaanu”: Akkadian. Adverb. Somewhat.

Hadeth: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Adjective. Contemporary Assyrian

Western dialect. a-Renewal.
b-Recent.
Hadatu in Assyrian.
Kudata in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Hadith in Arabic.
Hadattah in Hebrew.

Hadi: Akkadian. Adverb. Adjective. Adverb. Either.

Hadis, Hadish: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adverb. Adjective. a-Joyfully

b-Happily.
“Ana hekal-su sa kirib Babel-ki hadis erum.”-Sennacherib’s cylinder.
Translated verbatim: “To his palace, which is in Babylon, joyfully I passed.”
Note: When the word hekal is written like e-kal, the meaning becomes a
temple or a worship place. See Hekal.

Hadutu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun.

a-Happiness
b-Joy.
Khaduta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Hadutho in
contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Hahu: Akkadian. Noun. Peach. Kwakhu in Arabic.

Haiaatu: Akkadian. Noun. A spy.

Haiaatu” Haiatu”: Akkadian. Noun. a-A superintendent.

b-An inspector.

Haddu-Halam
____________________________________________
Haialtu: Akkadian. Noun. A woman in labor.
Haiatu: Akkadian. Noun. Terror.
Hainu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the chief of Samalai, who was
defeated and captured by Shalmaneser.

Ha'ira: Akkadian. Adjective. A free man.

Hur in Arabic.
Huriyet in Turkish and and Huriya in Arabic mean freedom.

Hairu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. A husband.

Ha’itu “Ha’utu”: Akkadian. Noun. A guard.
Haiussu: Akkadian. Verb. To emphasize.

Haiussu: Akkadian. Verb. a-To focus on.

b-To insist upon.

Halaabu “Khalabu”: Akkadian. Verb. To milk a cow. Halab,

Halaba,Yahlub in Arabic.
Halaaku: Akkadian. Verb. To flee.

Halaaku: Akkadian. Verb. To decimate. to destruct, to destroy. Halam

“Khalaam” in Sumerian means destruction.
The Arabic word Halak means decimation; destruction, a great loss, a major
defeat.

Halaapu: Akkadian. Verb. To close with.

Halam “Khalaam”: Noun. Decimation; destruction. In Akkadian, the verb
Halaaku means to decimate; to destruct; to destroy. The Arabic word Halak
means decimation; destruction, a great loss, a major defeat.

Halaqu-Halule ____________________________________________
Halaqu: Akkadian. Verb. To help somebody to escape or run away.
Halaqu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Verb. To lose. Talugee in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Halbuda: Assyrian/Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. A city of Nipur which was
ravaged by Sennacherib.
Halgatuu “Kalgatu”: Akkadian. Adjective. A savage.
Halidu: Akkadian. Noun. A cavity.

Haliktu: Akkadian. Noun. Adjective.

a-A great loss.
b-A major defeat.
The Arabic word Halak means decimation, destruction, a great loss, a major
defeat.

Hallalanish: Akkadian. Adjective. a-Undetectable.

b-Well-hidden.
c-Invisible.

Hallu: Akkadian. Noun. The upper thigh. Hal “Khal” in Sumerian.

Halluptu: Akkadian. Noun. Armor.

Halu “Khalu”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Vinegar. Hala “Khala” in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Khal in Arabic.
Halo “Khalo” in Aramaic.

Halule: Noun. Akkadian/Sumerian.

Name of an ancient city, located nearby the Tigris River.
Halule-Ha-ma-ti
____________________________________________
Halule was the battleground of a ferocious battle won by Sennacherib
against the Babylonians and the Elamites.
Haluppu: Akkadian. Noun. An oak tree.
Halzu: Akkadian. Noun. a-Military fortification. b-Military defense
barrages.

Hamaamu: Akkadian. Verb. To bring together.

Hamaamu: Akkadian. Verb. To collect.

Hamaati: Akkadian. Noun. a-Help

b-Rescue.

Hamadu: Assyrian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Verb. a-To cover up.

b-To hide.
c-To conceal.

Ha-ma-ka: Assyrian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Verb. a-To rely.

b-To depend upon.

Hamashiu: Akkadian. Number. The fifth.

Khaamis in Arabic.
Khamsa is five in Arabic. Not to confound it with Khamis, which means
Thursday in Arabic.

Hamath “Hamadu”: Akkadian/Semitic/Syrian/Babylonian. Noun. Modern

day Hama, an ancient city on the Orontes River, in Syria.

Ha-mat-ti: Assyrian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Barren waste. Similar to

Hamatu.
Hamatu-Hammurabi
____________________________________________

Hamatu: Akkadian. Verb.

a-To warm up.
b-To burn.
Hamma in Arabic.
Yu hammi means he is warming up.
Mahamta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Hamis “Khamis”: Akkadian. Number. Five. Khamsa in Arabic.

See Hamsha “Khamsha”.
Hammaau “Khama’u”: Akkadian. Verb. a-To usurp.
b-To steal.

Hammu: Akkadian/Proto-Aramaic. Noun. Head of the family.

Hammurabi “Khamurabi”: Babylonian/Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Name

of the legendary ruler who established the greatness of Babylon, known for
his code, “The Hammurabi Code”. The code was the world’s fist set of laws
to regulate Mesopotamia’s society and way of life. The ancient
Mesopotamian and Babylonian texts told us, that Hammurabi received his
Code from Shammas, an Anunnaki god. Hammurabi was the sixth king of
Babylon.
He reigned from 1792 to 1750 B.C.
*** *** *** Hammurabi

A sculpture of Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.) receiving the laws from the

Anunnaki god Shammash. The laws protected all levels of society including
women and slaves.

_______________________________
Stela of Hammurabi, from Susa, circa 1792-1750 B.C. Hammurabi’s law
code was inscribed on an eight foot pillar, which was set up in public.
Tablet of Hammurabi Code, considered by scholars as the legal predecessor
of both the Biblical law and the Jewish law. ______________________

Ham-ra - Hanigu
____________________________________________
Ham-ra: Assyrian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Adjective. Noun. An irrigated
area.
Hamru: Assyrian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Adjective. An irrigated area.

Hamsha “Khamsha”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Number. Five. Contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Hamsho “Khamsho” in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Khamsa in
Arabic and Hebrew.
Hamsu, “Khmashu”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Number. Five. Hamsha
“Khamsha” in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Hamsho “Khamsho”
in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Khamsa in Arabic and Hebrew.

Hamtu: Assyrian/Chaldean/Akkadian. Adjective. a-Strong.

b-Powerful.

Hamu: Assyrian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Verb. a-To rely on.

b-To depend upon.

Hanaaku “Khanaku”: Akkadian. Verb. To suffocate. Khanaku in Arabic.

Hanaashu “Khanashu”: Akkadian. Verb.

a-To bow.
b-To accept subjection.
c-To submit. More precisely, to submit to others’ rules, usually foreign
rulers, gods, and conquerors.

Hangaaru, “Khangaru”: Akkadian. Noun. A dagger. Khangar in Arabic.

Hanigu “Khanigu”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective. A strangler.

Hanuga in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Hanigu-Harran ____________________________________________
Khanik in Arabic.
Hannaatu: Akkadian. Verb. Pronoun. These.

Hannaka: Akkadian. Adverb. Here. Hina and Houna in Arabic.

Hunak means there in Arabic.

Hanniu “Annu”: Akkadian. Pronoun. This.

Hantu: Akkadian. Adjective. a-Prompt.

b-Fast.
c-Swift.

Hapaaru: Akkadian. Verb. To dig up. Haphara and Yafra’h in Arabic.

Haparu in Assyrian.
Hapaa-u: Akkadian. Akkadian. Verb. To ruin.
Hapu: Akkadian. Verb. To divide.
Hapuutu: Akkadian. Noun. Destruction by war.

Haraanum: Akkadian/Old Babylonian. Noun. a-A military maneuver.

b-A military campaign.
Haraan “Karaan” in Sumerian.

Harran : Assyrian/Chaldean/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of a pre-

Biblical city known by its Roman name Carrhae, now a small village, in
southeastern Turkey.
Its name derived from the Sumerian and Akkadian "Harran-U", which
means "journey", "caravan", or "crossroad". For many centuries Harran was
a prominent and very important Assyrian city, famed for its Temple of Sin,
the moon god.

Historic city of Harran.

__________________________

The ruins of Harran.

______________________
Haraasu-Hargulu
____________________________________________
Haraasu: Akkadian. Verb. To excavate.

Haraabu “Kharaabu”: Akkadian. Noun.

a-Devastation.
b-Destruction.
From Kharaabu, derived the Arabic word Kharaabu “Kharaab”, which
means destruction.
Krb in Ugaritic.
Krb in Phoenician.

Harabu “Kharabu”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. a-Ruins.

b-Wasteland.
Kharaab in Arabic.
Kherba in Hebrew.

Harabu “Kharabu”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective. Destroyed. Kharab in

Arabic.

Haratu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Verb. To engrave. Khrata “Hrata” in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. The Arabic word Khrata means
engraving and broidery.

Harbatu “Kharbatu”: Akkadian. Noun.

a-Ruins.
b-A deserted area.
Kharbah, “Kherbeh” in Arabic.
Kherba in proto-Hebrew (A wasteland; ruins; deserted land). Harav “Karav”
in contemporary Hebrew (rubble; ruins).

Harbutu “Karbutu”: Akkadian. Noun. Adjective. Havoc.

Hardelu “Khardelu”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Mustard. Hardalo

“Kardalo” in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Khardal in Arabic.
Khardal In Persian (Farsi).
Hardal in Turkish.

Hargullu “Khargullu”: Akkadian. Noun. A lock. Harharu-Hasa’u

____________________________________________
Harharu “Karkharru”: Akkadian. Noun. A chain.

Haripu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective. a-Sharp.

b-Alert.
c-Cautious.

Hariru: Akkadian. Noun. Silk.

Harir, “Hareer” in Arabic.
Harir in Persian (Farsi).

Haristu “Kharistu”: Noun. a-A survey.

b-A report.
Harmutu “Karmutu”: Akkadian. Noun.
a-Violence.
b-Cruelty.

Harpis, “Kharpis”, Kharpish”: Akkadian. Adjective. Adverb. Early.

Harraanu, “Kharaanu”: Akkadian. Noun.

a-An expedition.
b-A military maneuver.
c-A military campaign.

Haru: Assyrian/Akkadian. Verb. To dig out. Gyara in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Harubu “Kharubu”: Akkadian. Noun. A carob
tree. Kharoob in Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic.

Harurtu “Kharutu”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. The throat. Harhirta in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Zragrurto in contemporary Assyrian
Western dialect.

Hasa’u “Khasa-uu”: Akkadian. Verb. a-To assault.

Hasa’u-Hatanu
____________________________________________

b-To insult.
c-To humiliate. d-To offend.

Hasaanu “Khasaanu”, “Ghasaanu”: Akkadian. Verb. a-To protect.

b-To come to the rescue.
c-To help.
The Arabic Ghaysu “Gaiythu” means rescue; aid; help.

Hashaltu “Khashaltu”: Akkadian. Noun. A leaf.

Hashalu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Verb.

a-To crush.
b-To smash.
Hshalla in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Ksopho in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect.
Hasisu “Khasisu”: Akkadian. Noun. Intelligence.

Hassasuu “Khassaasu”: Akkadian. Verb. a-To remind.

b-To remember.

Hassinu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. An axe. Hassina in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Hassu “Khassu”: Akkadian. Noun. Lettuce. Khasha in Phoenician.

Haso “Khaso” in Aramaic.
Haza “Khasa” in Sumerian.
Khas in Arabic.
Khas in Persian (Farsi).

Hasu “Khashu”: Akkadian. Noun. A lung. Hatanu “Khatanu”: Akkadian.

Verb. To shelter.
Hatanu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Son-in-law.
Hatanu-Hatu ____________________________________________
Hathno in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Khitna in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Hatapu “Khatapu”: Akkadian. Verb. To murder.

Hatitaiutu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective. a-Truthful.

b-Accurate.

Hattiu “Khattiu”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective. Sinful. Hittaia “Khittaia”

in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. The Arabic word Khattia means
sin, and the verb Iakhti means to sin. The Arabic word Khati means a sinner.
Hatu in Akkadian.
Hatu in ancient Assyrian.

Hattu “Khattu”: Akkadian. Noun. a-Panic.

b-Terror.
c-Fear.

Hattuhi: Noun. Assyrian/Sumerian.

Name of the king of Urrakhinas captured by Tiglath Pileser who conquered
his country and ravaged the capital of Panar, a rich province of Comukha.
Hatu “Khatu”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Verb.
a-To make a fault.
b-To make a mistake.
Hlata in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
The Arabic word “Khata’’ means error; a fault; a mistake; incorrect. The
Arabic verb “Khata’a” means to make a mistake.

Hatu “Khatu”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Verb. To sin.

Hto in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Khtta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
The Arabic word Khattia means sin, and the verb Iakhti means to sin. The
Arabic word Khati means a sinner.

Hauhu-Hedanaiu-
____________________________________________

Hauhu “Khaukhu”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Peach. Hoha “Khokha” in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Khokha or Khokh in Arabic.
Hawho “Khawkho” in Aramaic.
Hawkho in Ugaritic.
Hauwkho in Phoenician (Byblos Script).

Ha-utu: Akkadian. Noun. A cushion.

Hatuu in Phoenician.

Hawah: Aramaic/Arabic/Akkadian/Noun. Name of Eve. Chava and Hava in

Hebrew.
Hawa in Persian (Farsi).
Hawa in Turkish.
Hawa in Urdu.
Not to confound it with Hawa, which means air in Aramaic, Haw in
Phoenician, Hewa in Kurdish, Hawa in Persian, Hawa in Urdu, Hava in
Turkish.

Hayah : Akkadian. Noun. Life.

Hayat in Arabic.
Hayat in Persian (Farsi).
Hayat in Turkish.
Haya in Aramaic.
Khaya in Assyrian/Neo Aramaic.
L’Khayim in Hebrew.

Heabani: Akkadian/Chaldean/Assyrian/Sumerian. Noun. Name of a famous

astrologer at the Court of Izdubar, frequently mentioned in the Assyrian
tablets in reference made to a dream of King Izdubar of Babylon. After his
death, his turbulent soul could not rest in peace underground. So, the ghost
of Heabani was raised by god Merodach, who restored his body and took
him alive like Elijah, to heaven.

Hebibelu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Ivy.

Heblu in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Hedanaiu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective. Singular. Hdanaia in
contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
____________________________________________
E-kal, Ekallum (Temple) in Ur.

Hekal: Akkadian/Assyrian/Sumerian. Noun. A palace. When the word

Hekal is written like e-kal, or Ekallum, the meaning becomes a temple or a
worship place.
____________________________________________
 A Sumerian palace-citadel.
____________________________________________
Hekal-Helilu ____________________________________________

Hekal in Hebrew.
Heikal and Haykal in Arabic.
Note: The Akkadian word Ekallum which usually refers to a building, and to
a fixed structure, also means a temple. The archaic Aramaic word Hekal also
means a house, a temple, and a palace.

Helilu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A crescent. Hilaal in Arabic.

Hilaal in Persian (Frasi).
Hilal in Urdu.
Hilaal in Turkish.

Assyrian crescent
_______________________________
Helilu
____________________________________________
 Sumerian crescent.

Ancient Babylonian crescent. Helilu

____________________________________________

Ancient Hittite crescent.

 Islamic Hilaal.
Helzunu-Hiaku
____________________________________________

Helzunu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Snail.

Helzun in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Helzun or Halzun in slang
and tribal (Regional) Arabic. Halzoun in Persian (Farsi).

Hemimu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective. a-Warm.

b-Hot.
Hami in Arabic.
Hemo in Aramaic.

Hemsanutu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective. a-Sour.

b-Bitter.
Hemsa in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Hemsanuta in
contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Hemsu in ancient Akkadian.
Hemsuu in ancient Assyrian.

Hepuu: Akkadian. Verb. a-To crash.

b-To smash.
c-To destroy.

Herutu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun.

a-Freedom.
b-Liberty.
c-Independence.
Heruta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Herria, and Hurriyah in
Arabic.
Huriyet in Turkish.

Hi: Akkadian. Noun. A knee.

Hiaatu “Khiaatu”: Akkadian. Verb. To weigh.
Hiaku: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. a-Itch.
Hiaku-Him ____________________________________________

b-Itching.
c-Scratching.
Hiaka in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Hiarhu: Akkadian. Noun. A pond.

Hiatu “Khiatu”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Verb. To sew. Hiata “Khiata” in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Khiata “Khiaata, “Khiyaata” means
sewing in Arabic. Khayit and Yukayit in Arabic mean to sew.The Aramaic
and Arabic word “Khayaata” means a female dressmaker. Khayaat in
Aramaic and Arabic means a male dressmaker. The Arabic word Kiyaata,
and the Aramaic word Khayata which mean dressmaking, derived from the
Assyrian word Khiata.

Hibiltu: Akkadian. Noun. A debt.

Hibti: Akkadian. Noun. a-My darling.

b-My beloved woman. Habibti in Arabic.

Hidutu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun.

a-Happiness.
b-Joy.
Haduta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Hilepu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Willow. Khaylappa in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Hilmu : Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Name of an ancient province which was located on the borders of Elam.
Him: Akkadian. Prefix. a-Gift.
b-To protect.

Himni
____________________________________________

Himni, “Hammon”: Phoenician/Carthaginian/Akkadian. Noun. Also used

as “Hmn”. Name of the chief god at Carthage. Also called Baal Hammon.
The ancient Akkadian prefix “Him” means to protect, to defend. Ni means
the god or goddess who protects.
Nin in Sumerian and Akkadian refers to the divine status of a deity.

Baal Hammon
Hintu-Hitlupa ____________________________________________
Tophet of Tanit and Baal Hamon in Carthage, Tunisia.
Hintu: Akkadian. Noun. A purse.
Hiribi: Sumerian/Akkadian/Canaanite. Noun.
Name of the goddess of summer.
Hirshanaiu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective. Magical. Kirshanaia in
contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Hirtu: Akkadian. Noun. A wife.

Hissuttu: Akkadian. Noun.

a-Remembrance.
b-In memory of.

Hitetu “Khitetu”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. A sin. Hhtita “Khtita” in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Htitho “Khtitho” in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect. Khatiya in Arabic.

Hititi: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Adjective. Sinners.

Hitlupa: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective. Varied.
Hitti-Hubtuu
____________________________________________

Hitti: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Rebelion. “Zabi bil-hitti sa ittisu in tigulti

usanqit.”- From Nimrud’s Obeslisk, Shalmaneser. Translation: “The
rebellious men who were with him, I subdued to servitude.” Also “Urbi
Aramu…adi turi er bil-hitti nseza.”From the Annals of Sennacherib.
Translation: “Arabs and Aramaeans…together with the rebellious men of the
city, I carried off.”

Hittu “Khittu”: Akkadian. Noun. A sin.

Hhtita “Khtita” in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Htitho “Khtitho”
in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Khatiya in Arabic.

Hittu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Evil.

Hiyaalu “Khiyaalu”: Akkadiam Noun. Cavalry.

Derived from Khiyal which means horses.
Khayl in Arabic means horses.
Kayaal and Khayalu in Arabic mean a horseman.

Hshuhu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Adjective.

a-Very a propos.
b-Pertinent.
c-Appropriate.
Khshaha in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Hu : Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A bird.

“Asar-sunnu luvasseru ana gisallat sadi saquti kima izzuri hu lu ipparsu.”-
Tiglath Pileser. Translation: “They abandoned their place to the tops of
rugged mountains and fled like birds.”

Hubanu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Love.

Hubana in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Hub “Houb” in Arabic.
Mouhabat in Persian (Frasi).

Hubtu: Akkadian. Noun. Booty.

Hubtuu: Akkadian. Noun.
a-Robbery.
Hubtuu-Hullupu ____________________________________________
b-Theft.

Hubur “Khubur”: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

The netherworld.
Kubur in Arabic means graves, tombs, cemeteries.
Hudabiti: Akkadian/Assyrian/Sumerian. Noun.
One of the towns from which Sennacherib dug water canals to supply
Nineveh.

Hudun “Hudunai”: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of an

ancient city, north-east of the Tigris River, which was seized by
Sardanapalus.

Hudut: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Joy.

Hudut: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. The act of rejoicing.

Hugu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Ladder's rung.

Hoga in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Huharis: Akkadian/Syriac. Noun. A cake.
In Phoenician, Huharis means, flour; a cake.

Huiadu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a-Union.
b-Solidarity.
Huiada in contemporary Assryian Eastern dialect.
Huyodo in Aramaic.
Ittihad, “Ittihada”, “Ittihadu” in Arabic.
Ittihad in Persian (Farsi).

Hulapa: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. An exchange.

Contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Hulapu in Akkadian.
Hulapu in ancient Assyrian.

Huliam: Akkadian. Noun. A military helmet.

Hullupu (Hullupu Tree): Sumerian/Akkadian/Assyrian.
Hullupu-Humbala
____________________________________________
Noun. A kind of willow. Mythically, it represents the tree of life.
The Sumero-Akkadian Hullup Tree.
________________________________
Hulmanu: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Health.
Hulmana in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Hulmittu: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A dragon.

Humbaba “ Huwawa”: Sumerian/Akkadian/Assyrian./Hittite. Noun. The

Sumerian guardian of the Pine Forest; others say, the Cedar Forest. Humbala
was killed by Gilgamesh and Enkidu.
Humbala ____________________________________________

Humbaba
_______________________________________

Humbaba attacked and slain by Gilgamesh with a dagger, and his friend
Enkidu with an axe.
______________________
 A
cylinder seal showing Huwawa being slain by a crowned Gilgamesh and
Enkidu.
______________________________ Humri-Hursh
____________________________________________

Humri: Akkadian/Assyrian/Ancient Hebrew. Noun. Name of the ancient

land of Israel, named after Humri, a king of Israel who built Samaria.

Humut: Akkadian. Noun. Fever. Hemma in Arabic.

Humto in Aramaic.
Humma in Turkish.

Hunuum: Akkadian. Noun. A table.

Hupu: Akkadian. Noun. A chariot’s wheel.
Hur: Akkadian. Adverb. For ever.
Huraasu: Akkadian. Noun. Gold.
Hurbaashu: Akkadian. Noun. Terror.

Hurbu “Khurbu”: Akkadian. Noun. a-A deserted area.

b-An abandonned area.
Khurba in Arabic.
Khurba in Aramaic means ruins.
Huribtu: Akkadian/Assyrian/Sumerian. Noun. A desert. “Istu Kalhi atnuzir
nahr Halhal etebir huribtu azabta ans Suri …aktirib.” From the Annals of
Sardanapalus. Translation:I departed from Calah, I crossed the river of
Tigris, the desert I took, to Sur…I approached.”

Hursanu “Khursaanum”: Akkadian. Noun. A mountain. Hur-sag in

Sumerian.

Hursh “Hoorsh”: Akkadian. Noun. a-Wood.

b-A small forest.
Hurch, Hoorch in Arabic.

Hursh-Hutamu
____________________________________________
Hurcha and Hurschumm in Phoenician. Hurum: Akkadian/Sumerian.
Adjective. A fool. Also Ahurru in Akkadian.

Hurwasa: Adjective. Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Adjective. a-Secret.

b-Clandestine.

Hurzo “Khurso”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. A program. Hurza “Khursa”

in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Husbishag: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the Akkadian Goddess of

the underworld, also known as the lady of the book of life and death.

Hushbanu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a-Accounting.
b-An account.
Hisab and Muhasaba in Arabic.
Hisab in Persian (Farsi).
Hesap in Turkish.
Hushbuna in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Hishbu “Hisbunu” in
Sumerian.

Husranu “Khusranu”: Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. A loss. Khisara and

Khusara in Arabic.
The Arabic word Khusrana means a looser in the feminine form, and the
Arabic word Khisran is a looser in the masculine form. Husrana “Khusrana”
in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Husranu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A disadvantage. Husrana in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Husshu: Akkadian. Noun.
Adjective. Red.

Hutamu “Khutamu”: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. The end.

Hutama “Khutama” in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Huteni-Huzurinu ____________________________________________

Khutama, Khitam, or Khitama in Arabic.

Khatima in Persian (Farsi).
From the Arabic word Khitama, derived Ikhtimam in Urdu.

Huteni: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Alliances. “Assar-izir-pal sar

sa tanata-su dananu kayamsnu-ma ana huribte taruzu panu-su ana sitabru-su
huteni-su izaha lib-su.” From the Annals of Sardanapalus. Translation:
“Sardanapalus the king whose great deeds are, whose face is resolute to
challenge, and who raised his heart to alliances and conquests.”

Hutenu: Akkadian. Noun. A javelin.

Hutro and Hutra in Aramaic.

Hutru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A rod.

Hutra in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Hutro and Hutra in Aramaic.

Huwawa (Humbaba): Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Name of Sumerian

guardian of the Cedar Forest.

Huzalu “Ghuzalu”: Akkadian. Noun. Gazelle.

Gazaleh in Arabic.
Ghazal in Persian (Frasi).
Ghazal in Urdu.

Huziru “Ghuziru”: Akkadian. Noun. A pig.

Ghanzir in Arabic.
Huziru “Ghuziru” in Ugaritic.
Huziru “Ghuziru” in Phoenician.
Chazeer in Hebrew.
Hzuira “Hzuira” in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Hziro “Khziro”
in Aramaic.
Khanazir in Persian means pigs.

Huzur:.Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian/Aramaic/Phoenician. Noun. Name for

the river of Nineveh.
Huzurinu: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian/Aramaic. Noun. Name of an
ancient city of Mesopotamia.
Iddu-Idugga ____________________________________________
I
Iddu: Akkadian. Noun. A hand.
Idda in Contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Ido in Contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect. Id (Iid) in Arabic. Yad in literary (Written) Arabic.

Idiglat: Noun. Sumerian/Akkadian/Assyrian. Another name for the Tigris

river.
Digla and Diglat in Arabic.
Dagla in Persian (Farsi).
Dagla in Urdu.

Idu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A side. Ido in contemporary Assyrian

Western dialect.

Idu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To know. Yida in contemporary Assyrian

Western dialect. Yeda in contemporary Assryian Eastern dialect.

Idub: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Containers made from clay, used to store

olive oil, or to carry water.

Idub: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. a-Jugs.

b-Pitchers.
c-Urns.

Idugga: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. a-A good quality oil, used in rituals. b-

Fine oil.

Idugga: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Fragrance. A perfume made from tree

leafs and olive oil.
Iggu-Iltum
____________________________________________
Iggu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To dig.

Igigi “Igigu”: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. An Akkadian term referring to

the lower class of the gods in ancient Mesopotamia. Per contra, the
Anunnaki (Anuna.Ki) represented the higer level of the Mesopotamian gods.
The word Anuna means the gods.

Igigu: Babylonian/Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. The ten “great gods”. From

the Old Babylonian Period.

Ikkaru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A gardener. Akkara in contemporary

Assyrian Western dialect. Acoro in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Ikum: Akkadian. Noun. A field. Iklu in Sumerian.

Haklu in Arabic.

Ikum: Akkadian. Noun. A measure. Iklu and Iku in Sumerian.

Ikum: Akkadian. Noun. A field. Iku in Sumerian.

Haklu in Arabic.

Ilaba: Akkadian. Noun. Name of an Akkadian warrior god.

Ilippu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A ship.

Illidu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A child. Yalidda in contemporary

Assyrian Western dialect. Yaludo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Waladu in Arabic.

Iltum: Akkadian. Noun. A goddess.

Ilum: Akkadian. Noun. A god. Ilu in Assyrian.
Ilum-Imdugud ____________________________________________

Eli in Aramaic.
Ilah in Arabic.
Ilah in Turkish.
Allah in Arabic.
Allah in Persian (Farsi) El in Phoenician.
El in Ugaritic.

Ilutu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Divinity. Iluti in ancient Assyrian.

Elayoota in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Eloyotho in
contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Ilahiyat in Arabic.
Ihahi in Turkish.
Imba: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A damage.
b-A loss.

Imdugud “Anzu” : Akkadian/Sumerian/Babylonian. Noun. Name of a

monstrous bird depicted as a demonic figure with eagle’s wide wings, and
ferocious lion’s pawns.
Its name can also mean "fog" or "mist". He was also the Sumerian guardian
of Enlil’s bathing room.
In the Sumerian language, Anzu was spelled Imdugud; it was later found out
that his name was pronounced Anzu, or Zu. One day, while Ellil was
bathing, Anzu stole the Tablet of Destiny and fled to the desert.
The tablet had magical powers, and the person who owns it becomes capable
of ruling the universe, and deciding upon the fate of others. Ea persuaded the
mother-goddess Belet-Ili to give birth to a divine hero to defeat Anzu.
Belet-Ili produced Ninurta and sent him into battle.
After a huge fight, Ninurta pierced Anzu's chest with an arrow, and
recaptured the Tablet. Later on, the Tablet of Destiny was seized by Marduk.
Anzu is usually depicted as evil, however, in the Sumerian epic of
Lugalbanda, Anzu is kind, gentle and entertaining.

Imdugud
____________________________________________
 Anzu watering the “Tree of
Life”. ______________________________________
Imerum-Inanna ____________________________________________
Imerum: Akkadian. Noun. A donkey.

Imkhas: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To hit. Mkhaya in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Mhoyo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
dialect.

Imma-shar: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Name of one of the goddesses who aided in the creation of man. She is also
called “Fashioner”, because she helped in designing and fashioning the looks
of the first created man.
Immati: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adverb. When.
Imman in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Emath in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Aymatha in Arabic.
Emtah in Spoken Egyptian.

Immerum : Akkadian. Noun. Sheep.

Imnu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adverb.

a-To the right hand.
b-To the right side.
Yamina in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Yamino in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Yamin or ‘Al yamin in Arabic.
Yamino in Arabic means to his right (Masculine form), and Yamina means to
her right (Feminine form).

Inanna: Noun. Sumerian/Akkadian/Assyrian/Babylonian. Name of the most

important goddess of the Sumerian pantheon in Babylonia and
Mesopotamia. She was the Sumerian goddess of fertility, love, and war, and
the ultimate femme fatale of the Akkadian/Sumerian pantheon.
The Sumerian epics tell us that Inanna broke the hearts of so many gods and
Anunnaki leaders, among them were Dumuzi and Enkindu. But finally, she
settled down and married Dumuzi. Inana was the sister of Utu.

Inanna
____________________________________________
Other names and spellings of Inanna:

· Innin.
· Innini.
· Ishtar.
· Nin-me-sarra, which means the Lady of Myriad Offices.
· Ninsianna, which means the personification of Venus.
· Queen of all the “Me.”
· Ninanna, which means queen of the sky.
· Nu-ugiganna, which means the Hierodule of Heaven.
· Usunzianna, which means the Exalted Cow of Heaven. She appeared in
two major Akkadian/Sumerican epics, the “Epic of Gilgamesh,” and in the
“Cycle of Inanna.”

She figured prominently in the epic/poem of “Inanna Descent to the

Underworld.” This story was written on clay tablets, circa 1750 B.C.

Inanna, standing on a lion, a display of authority.

A 3,000 B.C. Warka vase from Uruk showing a ritual scene of offerings to
Inanna, depicted on the very the top of the vase.

____________________________

Vase from Uruk

showing a priest and subjects offering the harvest to Inanna.
___________________________
·

Goddess Inanna,
known as Ishtar in Akkadian, and Inanna of Edin.
_____________________________________
Inbu-Ishara
____________________________________________

Inbu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Grapes. Anbee in contemporary Assyrian

Western dialect. Enbe in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Inab and
Inabu in Arabic.

Innina: Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun.

Name of the great goddess and one of the most important objects of worship
in the ancient Near East.
Innina is the daughter of Sin and Ningal and sister of Shamash. Innina was
depicted, on seals, as an armed goddess with bow and quiver.
In Babylonian astrology, her planet is Dilbat/Venus and the Bowstar/Sirius is
assigned to her.
Her symbol is the eighteen or sixteen-pointed stars.
Her sacred number is fifteen and her sacred beasts are the lion and dragon.
Innina was worshipped at seven cult centres.
1-Arbela.
2-Ashur.
3-Babylon.
4-Calah.
5-Erech.
6-Nineveh.
7-Ur.
Innina is also known as Ishtar and the consort of Ashur.

Inu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Eye.

Ina in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Ayno in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect. Ain and Ayno in Arabic.
Ayn in Persian (Farsi).

Inum: Akkadian. Noun. An eye. See Inu.

Irkalla: Chaldean/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the god of Hades, called by the
Babylonians “the unseen country”.
Isatum “Ishatum”: Akkadian. Noun. A fire.
Ishara-Ishtar ____________________________________________

Ishara: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Name of a Sumerian/Akkadian goddess of love.
She was associated with Dagan, and frequently equated with Istar (Inana).

Ishim: Chaldean/Akkadian. Noun.

The B’ne-Aleim, the “beautiful sons of god”, the originals and prototypes of
the later “Fallen Angels”.

Ishkur : Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the Sumerian god of the winds

and thunderstorms of spring. A version of Ninurta. Ishkur was the city god
of Bit Khakhuru.
Ishtar: Akkadian/Sumerian/Phoenician. Noun.
Ishtar was the Akkadian and Babylonian goddess of love and war. Ishtar is
also known as the Sumerian goddess Inanna “Nin.an.na”, which means the
“Lady of the Heaven”, and the “Sister of god An.
Ishtar is mentioned in many myths, such as:

· a-Inanna's descent to the netherworld.

· b-Inanna and Enki.
· c-Inanna and Sukalletuda.
· d-Itar/Inanna and Bilulu.

____________________________________________
 Ishtar on a Sumerian tablet.
______________________________
____________________________________________
 The
Ishtar Gate in Babylon (Reconstructed). _______________________
Ishtar-Ishtu
____________________________________________
 Ruins of the
Ishtar Gate in Babylon.
____________________________
Ishtaran: Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. Name of a warrior god
and a god of justice. Another aspect of Ninurta.

Ishtu: Akkadian. Preposition. Conjuction.

a-From.
b-Out of.

Ishum-Ittimalu ____________________________________________

Ishum: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Also called Hendursanga. Name of the Assyrian god of fire. He lights the
way in front of Erra and the Sebitti.
Isimud: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of a minor god who functions as
a minister to Enki/Ea.
His name means “with two faces.”

Isinnum: Akkadian. Noun. A border.

Isinnum: Akkadian. Noun. A festival. Izin or Ezen in Sumerian.

Iskur: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the god of thunder and

storms. Iskur is the equivalent of the Akkadian god Adad. According to the
Assyro-Sumerian mythology, Iskur was the son of An, however, in an older
tradition, Iskur is the son of Enlil. His wife was the goddess Sala.

Isu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Wood.

Gasa “Gasha” in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Kayso in
contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Khashab in Arabic.

Isum: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Name of an important god known from the early Dynastic Period onwards.
Early traditions associated him with the Sumerian god Hendursag with
whom he shared the same wife, the goddess Ninmug.

Itima: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A dark room. Atma in Arabic.

Itti: Akkadian. Conjunction. Preposition. With.

Ittimalu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Yesterday. Timmal in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Ethmol in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Ittu-Izdubar
Ittu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A flag. Atta in contemporary Assyrian
Eastern dialect.

Izdubar . Akkadian/Chaldean/Assyrian/Sumerian. Noun. Name of a hero,

found on Chaldean clay tablets, and on Assyrian tiles, especially in the
Chaldean Account of Genesis; Chapter XV: Illness and wanderings of
Izdubar.
 Izdubar
Izdubar

Izdubar and Hasisadra (The Biblical Noah) in the Ark of Noah. An early
Babylonian cylinder.
______________________________

In Tablet VIII, column I, of the Chaldean Account of Genesis, Izdubar was

called a father.

Izdubar and Heabani

fighting the bull and the lion, from the Chaldean Account of Genesis.
*** *** ***
Kaagaras-Kakkabu ____________________________________________
K
Kaagaras (Kaagarash): Akkadian/Proto-Sumerian. Noun. a-A catastrophe.
b-A tragedy.
See Kaagarasa.

Kaagarasa: Akkadian/Proto-Sumerian. Noun.

From Kaagarasa, derived the Sumerian word Kagarasha, which means
annihilation.

Kabadu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. The liver. Kav-da in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Kabdo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Kabad, and Kebed in Arabic.
Kebd in Persian (Farsi).

Kabta: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

Name of a brick-god, the Anunnaki God Enki appointed over the brick mold
in Sumeria.

Kadi: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

Name of the Babylonian/Sumerian/Akkadian goddess of justice. Originally,
a Babylonian goddess depicted as a divine serpent with a woman’s head, and
prosperous breasts, referring to the fertility of Ki “Earth”. Not to confound it
with the Arabic word Kaadi, which means a judge.

Kakka: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. The vizir of Anshar and Anu.

Kakkabu : Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A star. Kokh-wa in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Kawkbo in contemporary Assyrian Western
dialect.

Kakkabu-Kalu
____________________________________________

Kawkab and Kawkabu in Arabic. Kukba in Mandaic/Nazorene. Kukhwaa in

Aramaic.
Kakkishu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A rat. Kakksha in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Kakku: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A weapon. Kacha in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Kacha in Aramaic.

Kalbana-tu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. An axe. Kal-bani-ta in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Kalbo: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A dog. Contemporary Assyrian Western

dialect. Kalba in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Kalba in Aramaic.
Kalb and Kalbu in Arabic.

Kallatu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Daughter-in-law. Kallta in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Kaltho in contemporary Assyrian
Western dialect.

Kalu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adverb. All. Kuli in contemporary Assyrian

Eastern dialect. Kulo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Kul in
Aramaic.
Kul in Arabic.

Kalu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb.

a-To hold back
b-To stand.
Kla in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Klo in contemporary Assyrian
Western dialect.

Kalu: Akkadian. Noun. A bowl.

Kalu-Karsag Dilmun
____________________________________________

Kaal-lu5 in Sumerian.

Kalmatu: Akkadian. Noun. An insect.

Galma in contemporary Assryian Eastern dialect.
Kalmo in Western Assyrian dialect.
Kanum: Akkadian. Noun. The law.
Konuno in Aramaic.
Kanun in Arabic.
Kanuno in Arabic.
Kanun in Urdu.
Kanun in Turkish.
Kanun in Albanian.
Kanun in Persian (Farsi).

Kapa-pu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb.

a-To bend.
b-To bow.
Kya-pa in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Kyopho in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Karabu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To bless.

Kurobo in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Kyopho in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Karania: Assyrian/Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

Name of an ancient city near the upper course of the Euphrates River.

Karmu: Akkadian/Assyrian/Arabic. Noun. A vineyard. Also Karm in

Arabic.
Karma in Aramaic.
Kerem in Hebrew.

Karpatum: Akkadian. Noun. A jar.

Karsag: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.
One of the Sumerian names for the Garden of Eden.
Karsag Khurra-Khabu
____________________________________________

Karsag Dilmun: Akkadian/Assyrian/Sumerian/Babylonian. Noun. Another

name for Dilmun, or Tilmun, modern day Bahrain.
See Dilmun.
Karsag Khurra: Akkadian/Old Babylonian. Noun. a-The Akkadian
heavenly abode.
b-The heavenly mountain.
In esoterica, it is linked to the Jewish domain of angels.

Karsu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A belly.

Kersa in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Kelso in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect. Kershu and Kersh in Arabic.
Karsa in Aramaic.

Kasaru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb.

a-To bind.
b-To tie.
Asarra in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Esar in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect.

Kashtu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To bow.

Geshta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Keshto in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect.

Kaspu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Silver.

Kispa in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Kespho in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect.

Kaspum: Akkadian. Noun. Silver.

Khababu: Akkadian/Assryian. Noun. A lover (Masculine). Khabiba in

contemporary Assryian Eastern Dialect. Habibu in Arabic.

Khabu: Akkadian/Assryian. Verb. To love.

Khuba in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Hubo in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect Yahubo in Arabic.

Khatu-Kirubu ____________________________________________

Khatu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. a-To terminate.

b-To end.
Khatumi in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Hutomo in
contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Khatama in Arabic means he ended,
he finished. The Arabic word Khaatima means the end.

Khirkhib: Sumerian/Hurrian/Phoenician/Akkadian. Noun. Name of a

Hurrian deity. He played the role of a matchmaker between Yarikh and
Nikkal-and Ib.
However, on many occasions, Khirkhib tried to persuade Yarikh to choose
Pidray or Ybrdmy (daughters or wives of Ba’al) instead.

Khuturu: Akkadian/Assyrian.Noun. A scepter. Khutra in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern Dialect.

Kima: Akkadian/Assyrian. Conjunction. a-As.

b-As much.
c-As much as.
d-The way you are.
e-Like.
f-According to.
Kimad in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Kmo in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect. Kama in Arabic.

Kinnatu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Justice. Kinuta in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Kinuto in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Kinnu: Akkadian/Assyrian/Arabic. Noun. A nest. Kinna in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern Dialect. Keno in contemporary Assyrian Western Dialect.
Kin and Kinno in Arabic.

Kirubu “Kiribu”: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

Kirubu
____________________________________________

The Assyrian guardian angel. Also an expression which means “to be near”;
Kurbu in Arabic.
Karabu in Assyrian.
Cherub, Kruv, and Chirubu in Aramaic, Sumerian, Akkadian and Assyrian.
In Ezekiel 1:10, Ezekiel described angels as Cherubim “Chiribu” with an ox
face. He also described angels as entities with the face of a lion. In some
passages of the Assyrian Babylonian clay tablets, these creatures were
depicted as angels and demons, and the Cherubim had the face of beasts,
such as lions, eagles, and even mythological dragons, as shown on a
Mesopotamian slabs on the next page.
Cherub is an ancient name for the angels (Cherubim). Cherubim is the
Hebrew masculine plural.
In Assyrian literature, Kirubu was a Guardian Angel in charge of protecting
and guarding the main gate of Assyrian palaces, usually depicted as a huge
winged bull with the face of a man.

Chiribu “Kiribu” kneeling beside a sacred tree. Marble slab from the palace
of Nimrod.

A
Babylonian cylinder seal depicting men with an ox head.

Winged
Genii/Kirubu Angels.
 A restored gigantic
wall mural from the palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad, decorated with
Chiribu.
Kirku-Kur ____________________________________________

Kirku: Akkadian/Assyrian/Arabic. Noun. A land. Kirku in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Kirkha in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Kishar: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

Name of the consort of Anshar, and the mother of Anu. Associated with the
Greek Lache and Lachos.
Kistu: Akkadian/Assyrian/Arabic. Noun. Wood. Gaissa in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect. Kayso in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Klillu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A crown.

Klillu in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Klilla in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
The archaic Arabic word Kilal (Taj in modern Arabic) means a crown.
The Arabic adjective Mi’kalal means crowned.
The Arabic word Taklil means coronation.

Kmana: Akkadian/Aramaic. Noun. Cumin. Kamoun in Arabic.

Kuduru: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun. A boundarystone.

Kudka in Aramaic.
Kuduri in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Tkhumo in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect.

Kunasum “Kunashum”: Akkadian. Noun. Cereal.

Kur: Akkadian/Sumerian/Hurrian/Phoenician. Noun. Adjective. An enemy.

Kurur in Hittite.
Kuduru

Kurbanu-Kutaltu ____________________________________________

Kurbanu: Modern Akkadian/Assyrian/Arabic. Noun. An offering.

Kurbana in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Tkhumo in
contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Also Kurban in Arabic.
Literally, Kurbanu or Kurban means the Eucharist or the Holy Communion
in the Middle East and Near East Christian mass, and especially the
Maronite and Syriac mass.

Kurnugi: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. The underworld. Also the name of the

land-of-no return. Basically, it refers to hell, and was known as the “Empire
of Death”.

Kurru: Modern Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A furnace. Kurra in

contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Kuro in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Not to confound it with the
Arabic word Kura, which means a ball, a football.
Kussi: Akkadian. Noun. A chair.
Kursyo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Kursi in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Kersi, Kursi in Arabic.
Kürsü in Turkish.
Kursi in Urdu.
Kursi in Persian (Farsi).

Kussii: Akkadian. Noun. A throne.

Kussitu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A hat. Kusito in contemporary Assyrian

Western dialect. Kusita in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Kussum: Akkadian. Noun. a-A throne.

b-A chair.

Kutaltu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. The back of the neck. Kdollo in

contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Kdallain contemporary Assyrian
Eastern dialect.

La-Lubanu ____________________________________________
L
La: Akkadian/Assyrian/Arabic. No.

Labanu: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun.

Loubnan in Arabic.
Lubnan in Turkish.
Lebanon in English.
Lubnan in Urdu.
Lubnan in Persian (Farsi).
“Iz erini-ya sa istu sati Labnanu iz-tir illiti upla ana zululu…astehe.”-From
the Annals of Nebuchadnezzar. Translated verbatim: “My cypresses which
from mount Lebanon, royal wood, I brought for awnings I planed smooth.”
Nenuchadnezzar said: “Erinu daliti ultu Labnanu disti ana zululisa abla.”
From his Annals. Translated verbatim: “Cypresses tall from Lebanon the
grassy for its awnings I brought.”

Labaris-
Labbu
____________________________________________

Coins from ancient Labnanu, Sumerian/Assyrian noun for Lebanon

(Loubnan in Arabic).
________________________________________

Labaris: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Adjective. Adverb. Decaying.

“Ina anni ziggurat suatu labaris illik.”-From the Cylinder of Nabonidus from
Mugheir. Translated verbatim: “In this time that tower to had gone to decay”

Labashu: Akkadian/Assyrian/proto-Sumerian. Verb. To get dressed. The

Arabic words Lebas, Libas and Libasu mean a dress; a suit.
Lebasha in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Lbusho in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Libas in Persian (Farsi).

Labbis: Akkadian/Assyrian. Expression. In heart.

“Supe-a urrut ismu illiku rizuti labbis annatir.”-From the Annals of
Sennacherib, from Nineveh (Koyounjik.)
Translated verbatim: “My prayers they heard, they came in help, in heart I
was protected.”

Labbu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A heart.

Labbu-Lagaski ____________________________________________

“Itruku labbu-su kima edis ipparsid.”-From the Annals of Sennacherib.

Translated verbatim: “His heart became soft, like a bird away he fled.”
Kalbu in Arabic.
Kalb in Persian (Farsi).

Labi: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adverb. Facing each other. “Ana er Tela aktitib er

danan dannis durani labi.”-From the Inscriptions of Sardanapalus. Translated
verbatim: “To the city of Tela I approached, a city very powerful with castles
facing each other.”

Lagab: Akkadian/ Assyrian/Sumerian. Noun.

a-A block,
b-A large stone that could be used as Kudduru to mark the limits and borders
of a land,
c-A limestone slab used for inscriptions.
d-A clay tablet.

Lagalugu: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun.

Name of a small but a prosperous city in ancient Iraq, which has been
ravaged by Sardanapalus.

Lagaski “Lagash”: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the city

of ancient Lagash, which was one of the most important and influential
capital cities of Sumer.
Historical records and excavations revealed that the city was founded during
the Ubaid Period, starting in circa 5,200 B.C., and ending in 3,500 B.C. It
did last until 224 or 225 A.D.

*** *** *** ____________________________________________

Lagash
____________________________________________
 Religious offering
scene from Lagash.
____________________________
____________________________________________
Art from the Ubaid Period at Lagash.
____________________________________________
 Art from the Ubaid Period at
Lagash.
____________________________________________

Lagi-zulum “Lagishimmar”: Noun.

Akkadian/Sumerian/Babylonian.
If you look carefully at the sculptures of the gods and kings of Sumer,
Babylon, Mesopotamia, Assyria, Chaldea, so on, you will notice that they
always carry something in their hands; a sort of a handbag, a purse, perhaps
a bucket? Did you ever wonder why? First, what is “this thing?”
Second, why “this thing” was so important to them?
I. Definition and introduction:
Lagishimmar “Lagi-zulum” means and represents the “Spathe of the Male
Date-Palm. A symbol for:
a-A fertile agriculture;
b-Lands and civilization prosperity;
c-Cure for many diseases and illnesses.
From Lagishimmar “Lagi-zulum”, derived the Old Babylonian,
Mesopotamian, Chaldean and Sumerian words:
a-Zulum, which means date;
b-Gishimmar, which means a date palm.

II. Symbolism:
Lagishimmar “Lagi-zulum” (Spathe of the Male Date-Palm) appeared on
many ancient Sumerian, Akkadian, Mesopotamian and Babylonian
sculptures, obelisks, inscriptions, texts, clay tablets, and cylinders, such as:

· 1-The “Eagle-Headed Deity” 883-59 B.C.;

A Mesopotamian/Neo-Assyrian limestone, that depicts an eagleheaded,
winged divinity on the wall of an apartment of the royal palace at Nimrud in
northern Iraq, built by Assurnasirpal II, King of Assyria.
· 2-The “Cylinder Seal with the Winged Su Disk” (White

Calcite Cylinder Seal 3200-3000 B.C. Mesopotamia.)

· 3-The Khorsabad Deity holding a flowing vase”, in
Khorsabad, Nabu Temple.
· 4-The Legend of Oannes.
____________________________________________

· 5- The “Winged figure from the palace of Sargon of

Akkad in Assyria.
· 6-Additional illustrations of the bucket or the vessel
appeared on inscriptions, cylinders, and statues of:
· Tiglath Pileser,
· Sargon,
· Marduk,
· Sennacherib,
· Nimrud,
· Sardanapalus,
· Nebuchadnezzar,
· Asshur,
· Shalmaneser,
· Neriglissar,
· Nabonidus,
· Assur-bani-pal,
· Shamas-Phul,
· Esar Haddon, so on.

Originally and essentially, it represented the “Tree of Life”, and “Agriculture

prosperity”, and became a symbol of:
· a-Royal authority,
· b-The visible wealth of a nation,
· c-Settlement and development of societies,
· d-Power of a kingdom,
· e-A national pride.

*** *** ***

____________________________________________

A Babylonian eagle-headed genii or guardian holding in his left hand Lagi-

zulum (Spathe of the Male DatePalm.)
____________________________________________
A winged deity holding in his hand the Spathe of the Male DatePalm.
_____________________________________

Laguda
____________________________________________

Laguda: Noun. Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Name of a deity worshipped

in Babyblonia and Mesopotamia.
Laguda had a magnificent temple in Warka.
He was mentioned in The Annals of Sargon.
 Winged bulls
from the Palace of Sargon.

\
Palace of Sargon at Khorsabad.
____________________________________
The legendary Assyrian bull at Khorsabad.
______________________________
Drawing of the entrance of the Palace of Sargon.

___________________________
Lahmu
____________________________________________
Lahama before the seated god Enki.
__________________________

Lahmu and Lahamu: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. The names of

the first children of Tiamat and Apsu.
Lahmu is the male, and Lahamu is the female. Anshar and Kishar are their
children. They were mentioned in Akkadian texts, Assyro-Babylonian epics,
and particularly in the Enuma Elish.

Lahmu-Lallar ____________________________________________

Lahamu : Babylonian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Lahamu was the Babylonian goddess of the primeval mud. She was usually
depicted as a serpent, as well as a goddess with six curls over her head.
In the Akkadian-Sumerian texts and clay tablets, Lahamu was a primordial
being.
In the Babylonian and Mesopotamian mythologies, Lahamu was the first-
born daughter of Tiamat, who represented Apsu, the watery deep under the
Earth.
Lahamu and her brother/husband Lahmu are never mentioned separately in
the ancient Mesopotamian texts.

Lahar: Babylonian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Name of the Sumerian cattle-god who was sent by the Anunnaki gods Enlil
and Enki from heaven to Ki “Earth”.
According to the Babylonian texts, Lahar, along with his sister, were created
by the Anunnaki goddesses in Mesopotamia. Lahar was the brother of
Ashnan.

Lakabri: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian/Old Babylonian. Noun. Name of an

ancient tribe that took part in the revolt of Suzub.

Lakdu: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Adjective.Acknowledged. “Lakdu sar

sari.”-From the Inscriptions of Tiglath Pileser. Translated verbatim: “The
acknowledged, the king of kings. The Assyrian “Sar sari”, is similar to the
“Shahanshah” of the Sassanid Empire.

Lala: Assyrian/Sumerian. Fertility. Noun.

Lallar: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian/Old Babylonian. Noun. Name of an

ancient Babylonian province, where Shalmanesser erected an immense
statue of himself, and decorated it with golden leafs, and cedar wood from
Lebanon.
 The Tablet which mentioned Lahar.
_______________________________

Lalsadai: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian/Babylonian. Noun. Name on an

acient Babylonian/Mesopotamian city located near the Euphrates river,
which was captured by Shalmanesser.

Lalsadai-Lamassu ____________________________________________
Lam: Assyrian/Akkadian. Doubtful. Adjective.
Lam: Assyrian/Akkadian. Conjunction. Preposition. Or.
 Tablet of Lamassu.
Lamassu-Lebi
____________________________________________

Lamassu “Lamashtu”:
Babylonian/Sumerian/Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Lamassu was depicted as
both a demoness, and a benevolent protective deity. The Hebrews depicted
her as demoness who steals babies from their mothers, and compared her to
Lilith.
In ancient Sumerian, she was called Dimme.
In Mesopotamian religion, she was a dreadful demoness.

Lara: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian/Old Babylonian. Noun. Name of a

region in ancient Assyria, known for its multiple mountains.

Larbusa: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian/Old Babylonian. Noun. Name of an

important ancient Babylonian city located near Elam.

Larsa: Babylonian/Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun. Name of an

important city of ancient Babylonia, the site of the worship of the sun-god,
Shamash.

La-tarak and Lulal: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Protective deities against

black magic and witchcraft.
Lattutu: Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun. Tributes.
“Lattutu libua du’rdar ana yomme ruquti l’ikunu kirib-sa.”-From the Annals
of Nebuchadnezzar.
Translated verbatim: “May tributes come continuously, to days remote may
they remain within it.”

Lebi, “Libbi”, “Libis”: Assyrian/Sumerian. Noun. Heart. Contemporary

Assyrian Western dialect.
Rarely used in Sumerian.
In Assyrian, Libb (Libbu, Libba) means heart, and the “I” means mine,
and/or my.
Lebo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Lebo in Aramaic.
Libbi in Akkadian.
Libbi in Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Lib, and Libbi in ancient Assyrian.

Lebi-Libn ____________________________________________
Alb, Albi in spoken Arabic, and Kalb, Kalbi in written Arabic.

Libba: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. The inside. Noun. Rarely used in

Sumerian.“Itamam libba ina kaspi hurazi.”-From the Annals of
Nebuchadnezzar.
Translated verbatim: “He completed the inside with silver and gold.”

Libis “Libish”: Summerian/Akkadian. Noun. a-Bravery.

b-Audacity.
c-Courage.
d-Fury.
e-Rage.

Libit “Libbite”: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun. A brickwork.

“Ana il-liban bil usse libbite v ail-gimgim rabi tur sa Bell u-niqut akki.”-
From The Inscriptions of Sargina, from Khorsabad. Translation: “To the god
Liban, lord of foundations of brickwork, and the great Gimgim, son of Bel, a
victim I sacrificed.”
Libbu: Akkadian. Noun.
Also Libbisani.
a-Garments.
b-Suits.
Libbisani in Assyrian.
Libas in Arabic.
Libba in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. See Labashu.

Libn: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun. Brick.

(Plural: Libni).
“Libni albino.”-From the Annals of Tiglath Pileser. Translated verbatim: “I
made bricks.”
Esar Haldon said: “Ilbinu libni mada.”
From his Inscriptions. Translated verbatim: “They made bricks much.”

Libn-Lishannu
____________________________________________
Sargina said: “Alaban libni epis er va bit.” From his Inscriptions. Translated
verbatim: “I made bricks to build city and house.”

Lidute: Assyrian/Akkadian/Sumerian. Adjective.

Fearless.
“Sarrani ikdute liduto ultu zit Samsi adi erib Samsi ana niri-a usaknisa.”-
From the Annals of Sardanapalus.
Translation: “Kings mighty (Powerful) and fearless from the rising sun to the
setting sun, I have subdued to my feet.”

Lil: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

a-Air,
b-Sky.
Note: The name of god Enlil (En-Lil) means the lord (God) of the air. It is
composed from two words:
a-En, which means lord, god, master.
b-Lil, which means air.

Liliku: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. An expression. The freedom to go;

the liberty to go. “Ul lilikku askun-su ma usanzir-su.”-From the Inscriptions
of Assurbanipal.
Translated verbatim: “I did not grant him the liberty of going, but I caused
him to remain (Be kept) separate.”

Lilith: Ancient Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian/Hebrew. Noun. Name of the

first wife of Adam.

Limnu: Akkadian/Assyrian/Sumerian. Noun. Adjective. Evil-doers.

“Sa limnu la bane panu itati dur Babel-ki gan tahazi-su usassi.”From the
Inscriptions of Nebucnadnezzar.
Translated verbatim: “That the evil-doers may not make head, the defenses
of the wall of Babylon, its shield of war I have raised.”

Lishannu: Akkadian. Noun. A tongue. Leshono in Aramaic.

Leshono in Assyrian.
Lashunu, Lashuna, and Lashon in Sumerian.

Lishannu-Lueshe ____________________________________________

Lashunu, Lashuna, and Lashon in Hebrew.

Lishannu in ancient Assyrian.
Lishanna in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Lisan and Lisano in
Arabic.
From the Arabic word Lisan, derived the Turkish word Lisan. Nota Bene:
Lisan in Arabic also means a language.

Luburru: Akkadian/Assyrian/Old Babylonian/Sumerian. Noun.

a-An oracle reader.
b-A dreams interpreter.
c-A seer.
c-A person, usually a priest or priestess who interprets and explains dreams
and heavenly signs.
d-A person who interprets signs in the sky (Referred to as heaven) and the
effects of the “Wandering Stars” on humans.

The “Wandering Stars” (Planets) were:

1-Ne.Be.Ru (Nibiru), Sagnae-gar, Mul-Babbar, Marduk, and Udaltar; names
for Jupiter.
2-Nebo, Gud-ud, Gu-Utu, Ubu-idim-gud-ud, and Gu-ad; names for Mercury.
3-Nindaranna, Ninsianna, Dilbad, Dilipat, and Ishtar Dibalt; names for
Venus.
4-Genna, Ninib, Uduidim, and Sagus; names for Saturn. 5-Sanumma,
Salbatana, Salbatai, Marduk, and Nergal; names for Mars.

Lueshe: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. War prisoners.

Lueshe-Lugal
____________________________________________

Lueshe: War prisoners

on Akkadian/Sumerian bas-relief.
______________________________

Lugal: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

a-A king.
b-A lord.
c-A master.
In certain instances, Lugal is an adjective and it means:
a-Big.
b-Imposing.
c-Aauthoritative.
d-Powerful.
Usually attributes to kings and rulers.
Lugal ____________________________________________

A Sumero-Akkadian lugal.
___________________________
Lugal-gabajal
____________________________________________

Lugal-gabajal: Sumerian/Akkadian/Old Babylonian. Noun. Name of the

father of Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, son of Emerkar, deified hero in several
Mesopotamian stories and epics.
 Lugalbanda, also called
Lugal-gabajal.
Lugal-irra - Lugalmarada
____________________________________________
Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Identified with
Nergal.

Lugalbanda: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian/Old Babylonian. Noun. Also

called Lugal-gabajal. An early king of Uruk who was deified. His wife was
the goddess Ninsun.
According to the Sumerian King List, he ruled the city for no fewer than
1200 years.

Lugalirra: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. A shepherd

god. Lugalirra was considered an aspect of Dumuzi. He was the god of
Shunagia, a village near Ur.
Lugalmarada: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. God of Marad.
Lugalmarada was identified with Ninurta.

Marad Temple.
Mammetum-Marduk
____________________________________________
M
Mahlu: Akkadian. Adjective. a- Great.
b- Impressive.
c- Mighty.

Mammetum: Akkadian/Sumerian/Old Babylonian. Noun. Also called

Mamitu, Mammitu, Arurur, and Aruru.
She is the mother of fate. She decides upon the fate and destiny of people at
the time of their birth.

Manu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To count. Mnaya in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Marduk: Noun. Akkadian/Sumerian/Old Babylonian. Name of the chief-

god of Babylon, and the son of the Anunnaki god Ea, and the Anunnaki
goddess Dumkina.
Esagil was Marduk’s central cult place, where he was worshipped alongside
Sarpanitu, his consort. Marduk was one of the principal deities worshipped
by Hammurabi.
Marduk’s name means in Sumerian and Old Babylonian, “The Young bull of
the sun”.
Literally, the meaning is “Bull-calf of the sun”.

His epithets:
· a- Lord of life,
· b-Light of his father,
· c-Master of magic,
· d-King of heaven,
· e-Guardian of the Four Quarters.
· F-Lord of light.
____________________________________________
A brick from the Tower of Babel. Blockprint, Babylon, 604-562. Some
historians have associated the Temple of Marduk with the Tower of Babel.
This association was never documented or substantiated.
___________________________
____________________________________________
 A Chaldean depiction of Marduk.
__________________________

A sketch of
Marduk Zigurat, in Babylon.
______________________________
Anshar gave him many new names:

1.Asarluhi,
2.Marduk,
3.The son, the majesty of the gods,
4.Marukka,
5.Mershakushu,
6.Lugal-dimmer-ankia,
7.Bel,
8.Nari-lugal-dimmer-ankia,
9.Asarluhi,
10.Namtila,
11.Namru,
12.Asare,
13.Asar-alim,
14.Asar-alim-nuna,
15.Tutu,
16.Zi-ukkina,
17.Ziku,
18.Agaku,
19.Shazu,
20.Zisi,
21.Suhrim
22.Suhgurim,
23.Zahrim,
24.Zahgurim,
25.Enbilulu,
26.Epadun
27.Gugal,
28.Hegal,
29.Sirsir,
30.Malah,
31.Gil,
32.Gilima,
33.Agilima,
34.Zulum,
35.Mummu,
36.Zulum-ummu, 37.Gizh- numun-ab, 38.Lugal-ab-dubur, 39.Pagal-guena,
40.Lugal-Durmah, 41.Aranuna,
42.Dumu-duku, 43.Lugal-duku,
44.Lugal-shuanna, 59.Addu,
45.Iruga, 60.Asharu,
46.Irqingu, 61.Neberu,
47.Kinma, 62.Enkukur.
48.E-sizkur,

Marduk is also the king of the Igigi, who rebelled against the Anunnaki. He
has fifty names, many of which are those of other deities whose attributes he
usurped. The early Babylonian scribes recognized him as the son of the
Anunnaki god Ea.
 Marduk chasing and fighting
Tiamat.
_____________________________________
_________________________________________________

Eventually, Marduk will slaughter Tiamat, and from parts of her body,
Marduk will create the universe, according to the Akkadian-Babylonian
tablets.
 A sketch of Marduk stepping on the
serpent-dragon Tiamat.
_________________________________________________

Eighth-century B.C. “Kudurru” (Babylonian boundary stone) shows Marduk

as king of the Babylonian gods. His new status was secured by killing
Tiamat, the second most powerful deity, right below the supreme god of the
Anunnaki. Some scholars have interpretred that his ascension to the throne
has marked the end of any major “Female Power” in the Babylonian-
Sumerian pantheon.

Markaba-Maru
_________________________________________________
Markaba, “Merkabah”, “Mercavah”:
Akkadian/Sumerian/Old Babylonian/Arabic/Hebrew. Noun.

The Markaba (Biblical Mercavah) of

Elijah. ___________________________
A term for a chariot which was mentioned in the Babylonian clay tablets, as
well as in the Bible and the Quran.
Markaba in Arabic: The Arabic word “Markab” means a boat. (Plural:
Maraakeb.) And the person who rides the Markaba and the Markab is called
“Rakeb.” The Verb is “Yarkab.”
Mercavah or Mercabah in Hebrew: It means a chariot. Merkava in the
Kabalah: The Kabalists claim that the Supreme after he had established the
Ten Sephiroth, he used Markaba as a chariot or throne of glory to descend
the souls of men. Markabta in Aramaic.
Markabah in Arabic.
Merkaba in Sumerian.

Maru: Akkadian. Noun. Son.

Masgana-Makidu
_________________________________________________

Masgana “Mashgaana”: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Settlement. Derived

from the ancient Akkadian word Maskanum. See Maskanum.

Maskanum “Maskkanum”: Akkadian. Noun. a-Habitat.

b-A settlement.
c-A place.

Maskan in Arabic. And Sakiniin in Arabic means the settlers or the

inhabitants.

Malku: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A king.

Malka in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Malko in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Malak in Hebrew.
Malak in Arabic.
Malaka in Aramaic.
Some theologians, including the early Hebraic scholars, and Kabalists called
the Malakim (Plural in Hebrew) Malaa’ikah (Plural in Arabic), the children
of the heaven.
The Aramaic and Arabic word Malakut means the kingdom of God. Malkoth
in Hebrew also means the kingdom of God. Malakout in the Brahman
literature means the Divine One. Not to confound it with the Aramaic word
Malka, which means king; Malak in Arabic, and Melech in Hebrew.

Malka: Aramaic. Noun. A king. Malak in Arabic.

Melech in Hebrew.

Malu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To fill, to fill out. Mla in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern Dialect. Malli in spoken Arabic. Yalmla’ in literary Arabic.

Makidu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To burn. Magudi in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern Dialect. Manu- Me-gal
_________________________________________________

Manu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Conjunction. Who? Maney in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Manu in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Mann in Arabic.

Matum: Akkadian. Noun. a-A land.

b-A country.

Me: Akkadian/Assyrian. Expression.

a-Power bestowed upon by the gods.
b-A high office.
c-A supreme divine authority.
d-All the quality and attributes of excellence and perfection. e-Highest
authority.
g-Honorable attributes.
h-Perfection.
i-Divine command.
j-Wisdom.
k-The most honorable and important duties.
l-Responsibilities.

Me-enzè-en: Akkadian/Sumerian. Pronoun.

You, in the plural form, typical of ancient Near East languages; usually a
sign of respect and reverence. Similar to the French “Toi” and “Vous”, and
the Arabic “Inta” and “Intum”, usually used when addressing a superior, an
older person, or a person of importance and authority.
Me-es (Me-esh): Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Suffix. A traditional
plural suffix, used in old Babylonian, Sumerian and Akkadian clay tables,
texts and on cylinder seals.

Me-gal: Akkadian/Sumerian. Term. a-Important duty.

b-A high office.
c-An influential and authoritative position.

Me-hus - Mushushshu
_________________________________________________

Me-hus “Mehush”: Akkadian/Sumerian. Term, expression. a-Meaning the

opposite of Me-du10-du10-ga. (The honorable Me; deeds, duties and
services).
b-The good functions based upon wisdom and knowledge. Basically, Me-
hush means the dishonorable part of “Me”; the destructive, malevolent and
negative aspects of deeds, duties and functions.

Mitum: Akkadian. Noun. A mace. Gish-mitum in Sumerian.

Mummu: Old Babylonian/Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. The Anunnaki-

Mesopotamian god of craftsmen.
In ancient Sumerian language, Mummu meant “The one who has awoken.”
He was also called Apsu, and was referred to him as “The deep” in
numerous epics, mythological texts, and clay tablets, including the Enuma
Elish, and the Chaldean/Babylonian/Mesopotamian Epic of Creation.

Mundu: Sumerian/Akkadian/Old Babylonian. Noun. a-An offering to the

dead in the form of food, usually fruits and cereals.
b-First meal of the day, usually early morning, 6 to 7 AM for field-workers.

Mushushshu: Akkadian/Sumerian/Babylonian. Noun. The Mushhushshu

two-horned serpent-dragon beast. Name of the legendary Babylonian
dragon, depicted as a huge snake or serpent-dragon.
In the Babylonian folklore and mythology, the dragon is not a malicious
animal. The dragon symbolizes tenacity and wisdom. Even in the
Babylonian clay tablets, the primordial dragon was a positive creative force
of the universe.
Tiamat the great Anunnaki “Personified Dragon-Goddess” was viewed as
loving, and a beautiful mother who cared for her children.
Mushushshu
_________________________________________________

Later on, the Babylonian scribes transmuted her into an evil character, to
dethrone her, and give room to a male deity to control the pantheon.

Photos, above and below: Mushhushshu.

Mushushshu-Mittutu
_________________________________________________

The legendary Dragon of Babylon from the Ishtar Gate in ancient Babylon.
___________________________________

Mittutu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Death.

Mittuta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Also Mawta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Mittutu-Mutu
_________________________________________________

Also Mutu in Akkadian.

Mawto in contemporary Assyrian Western Dialect. Mot and Mawto in
Arabic.
M0t (M’t) in Ugaritic.
Mot (M’t) in Phoenician.
Mot in Hebrew.
Mavet in Hebrew.
Mot in Urdu.
Mutu in Assyrian.
Mewt in Maltese.
Mawta in Syriac.
Mwt in Egyptian.
Mwt in Nabatean.
Melech/Moloch in ancient Canaanite texts.
In the Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Babylonian mythologies and literature,
Mutu is the divine son of God El, and lives in a prehistoric city called
Hm’ry. In Mesopotamia-Babylon, and in the Akkadian-Sumerian texts, he is
known as Namtar, the god of death and vizir (Minister, Wazir in Arabic) of
the Anunnaki Eriskegal, and lives in Allatum.

Mu tellum: Akkadian. Adjective. a-Awesome.

b-Impressive.

Mutu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Name of the Assyrian god of the

underworld.
The word Mutu derived from the Ugaritic word “Mot”, and it is pronounced
M’t in Ugaritic and Phoenician.

· a-Mot and Mavet in Hebrew;

· b-Mawt in Arabic
· c-Mewt in Maltese;
· d-Mawta in Syriac, and ancient Aramaic;
· e-Mwt in Egyptian, Nabatean, proto-Egyptian Aramaic;
· f-Mutu in Akkadian;
· g- Melech/Moloch in Canaanite texts.

Mutu-Muu _________________________________________________

In the Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Babylonian mythologies and literature:

He is the divine son of God El, and lives in a prehistoric city called Hm’ry.
In Mesopotamia-Babylon, and in the AkkadianSumerian texts, he is known
as Namtar, the god of death and vizier (Minister, Wazir in Arabic) of the
Anunnaki Eriskegal, and lives in Allatum.
See Mittutu.

Mutum: Akkadian. Noun. A husband.

Muu: Akkadian. Noun. Water. Ma’a in Arabic.
*** *** ***
Na’raarum-Nab ____________________________________________
N
Na’raarum: Akkadian. Noun. a-A rescue.
b-A help.
c-A support.
d-Reinforcement.

Naasharu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. An eagle. Nishra in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Neshro in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Nesru, Nasru and Niser in Arabic.

Nab: Akkadian/Sumerain. Noun. a-A musician.

A Sumerian musician.
Nab
____________________________________________
b-A harp’s player.
 A Sumerian harp player.
Nabgho-Nabu ____________________________________________

Nabgho: Aramaic. Noun. A well.

Nab’ in Arabic.
Synonym in Aramaic and Arabic: Ayno (‘Ayno). Not to confound it with the
Arabic words Ayn (‘Ayn) and Ayno (‘Ayno), which mean the eye.
Nabu: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun.

Nabu-Najjaru
____________________________________________

Name of the son of Marduk. Nabu was the deity of wisdom and writing, and
was worshipped mainly in Assyria and Babylon. Some linguists have
suggested that the word Nabu derived from the Canaanite-Syrian “Nb’”,
which means:
a-To announce.
b-To predict.
The archaic Ugaritic word “N’bu”, means:
a-A prophet.
b-A seer.
c-A reader of oracles.
From Nabu and Nebo, derived the:
a-Proto-Aramaic words Nebo.
b-Arabic and Persian (Farsi) word Nabi.
Both words mean a prophet.
Originally and historically, Nabu was a Syrian god who was mentioned in
the list of the gods of Ebla.
In the Mesopotamian mythology, Nabu engraves the destiny of people on the
Tablet of Destiny. He resides in his temple E-zida in Borsipa.
Around the second millennium B.C., the Amorites and the scribes of Ugarit
brought his cult to Mesopotamia.
See Borsipa.

Nabu: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Verb.

a-To foresee.
b-To predict.
c-To give a prophecy.
Nbo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Nabba in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Yatanabba in Arabic.

Nadaanum: Akkadian. Verb. To give.

Najjaru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A carpenter. Najoro in contemporary

Assyrian Western dialect. Najaar in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Najjaar in Arabic.
Najar in Persian (Farsi).

Nakar-Nahru ____________________________________________
Nakar: Akkadian. Noun. a-An enemy.
b-A foreigner.

Nakir: Akkadian. Noun. a-An enemy.

b-A foreigner.

Nakrum: Akkadian. Noun. a-An enemy.

b-A foreigner.

Namaru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A mirror. Nora in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Nawro in Aramaic.

Napahu “Naphakhu”: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To blow. Napakha in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Naphakha in Arabic.

Napishtu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A breath, usually referring to the

breath of life.
Napsha in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Nephesto “Nefesto” in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Nephesh
“Nefesh” in Hebrew.
Naphs “Nafs”, Nefs, and Naphas “Nafas” in Arabic.
The Turkish word Nefes, derived from the Arabic word Nefs. The Persian
(Farsi) word Nefs, derived from the Arabic word Nefs.

Naru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A river.

Nahra, Nahr, Nihr, Nahro and Nahru in Arabic. Nahar (Naw hawr') in
Hebrew.
Nahr in Assyrian means the sea.
Naro in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Nara in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect. Nara in Japanese.
Nehir in Turkish, derived from the Arabic word Nahr.

Nammu
____________________________________________

Nammu: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Name of the goddess of the creation. In the Sumero-Akkadian epics, Nammu
was called the “Mother Goddess”. She is the mother of the Anunnaki god
Enki, and Ereshkigal, and the goddess of the Kurnugi (The underworld).
 Goddess Nammu.
______________________________
 Ur Nammu atop
the Ziggurat at Ur: "a Tower unto the heavens". Notice the crescent at the
very top of the slab.
 Stele of
Sargon’s slaves “Namra”.
______________________________________

Namra: Akkadian/Ancient Assyrian/Sumerian. Noun.

Adjective.
a-A prisoner of war.
b-A captive.
c-A defeated person.
d-A captured soldier who became a state’s slave.
e-A slave.

*** *** ***

Namtar
____________________________________________
Namtar: Ancient Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A demon.

Namtar: Akkadian/Sumerian/Phoenician/Ugaritic. Noun. A Mesopotamian

deity, identified with Mot, the Phoenician god of death. According to the
Akkadian tablets, and Chaldean texts, Namtar was the vizir of the Anunnaki
god Eriskegal.
In the Hebrew scriptures, the scribes described Namtar as an evil creature.
This was expected from the Israelites who feared the Phoenician pantheon,
and believed that the Phoenician religion was a threat to Judaism.
Phoenician and Ugaritic deities were described by the Israelites as the
product of the devil; Mot and Namtar were no exeption.

Ashera Amud (Pole) being destroyed by an Israelite. Asherah was a

Phoenician goddess, and the consort of the supreme god. She was known as
"She Who Walks in the Sea," and was also called Holiness, and,
occasionally, Elath, the goddess.
Asherah was an Amud (Pillar or column in Hebrew, Aramaic, Phoenician,
and Arabic) with seven branches on each side surmounted by a globular
flower with three projecting rays, and not a phallic stone, as depicted by the
Israelitese According to the texts from Ugarit (Modern Ras Shamra, Syria),
Asherah's consort was El, and by him she was the mother of 70 gods. As a
mother goddess, Asherah was widely worshiped throughout Syria and
Palestine/Israel.
 Asherah as a Phoenician goddess.

Asherah as a Jewish goddess.

________________________________________
 Tablet of the Baal-
Mot myth.
__________________________
.Slaughter of the prophets of Baal on the hands of the Israelites, by Gustave
Doré.
____________________________________________
 Elijah
confronting Jezebel and Ahab.
______________________________________

The Hebrew prophet Elijah confronting the Phoenician Princess Jezebel, and
Ahab. Elijah claimed that the Phoenician religion and culture have corrupted
the Israelite religion, which ironically was shaped after the Phoenicia.
Ancient manuscripts Princess” who introduced the worship of the
Phoenician “Baal” (El) to the Israelites/Hebrews.For decades, the early
Hebrews, long before they conquered the “Promised Land”, and centuries
after they have settled in Palestine worship foreign deities, and particularly
the Phoenician and Ugaritic gods and goddesses. The followers of Abraham,
Moses, and even King Solomon worshiped Phoenician and Ugaritic dieties.

religion of Ugarit, Tyre and Sidon in

referred to Jezebel as the “Foreign
____________________________________________

On Mount Carmel, prophet Elijah discredited King Ahab's belief in the

power of the Phoenician god Baal. Elijah had the Israelites slay all the
prophets of Baal, and the Phoenician deities, in order to assure and preserve
the survival of the worship of Yahweh in Israel.
Baal was an eminent threat to Jehovah, who ironically absorbed all the
powers and attributes of Baal. The hatred and the fear of the Israelites
encompassed Jezebel as well.
Jezebel was a Phoenician princess, daughter of Ethbaal, king of Sidon, wife
of Ahab, son of Omri, king of Israel.
Jezebel is one of the most hated women in the Bible, made to look viscous
and domineering, invariably in control of her weak husband. Her name, to
this day, stands for any wicked woman, and she is so greatly despised that
her death is described by the writers of the Bible as if they were joyfully
writing a graphic horror scene. In addition, she is described as the mortal
enemy of Elijah the Tishbite, who had later become one of the most beloved
figures in Judaism, a folk-hero and almost a demi-god in his ability to
perform miracles, in addition to being an immortal. Ahab, who in reality was
an extremely successful ruler, is regarded as a villain since he participated in
religious practices that were forbidden to the followers of Yahweh.
To understand all that, and to be able to separate myth from reality, one must
remember the relationship between the writers of the Bible and Yahweh.
When one studies the humanity was created by a group of Anunnaki who
had set up a station on earth for this purpose. Some of the names of these
Anunnaki are known – such as Marduchk, El, Anath, and Inanna
– and Yahweh was simply one of that group of scientists. After they had
completed their mission, the names of these Anunnaki remained in the
memories of humans and later given to groups of local gods, some in
Mesopotamia, some in Egypt, some in Canaan, and the sagas of each nation
was full of songs of praises to the individual gods and goddesses. Yahweh
took precedence for the Israelites, and the entire Bible is one song of praise
to him.
real creation stories, we know that
____________________________________________

Naturally, he had to either be the only God, or at least the most powerful
one, and the other entities, or to be precise, the other Anunnaki, must be
forgotten.
Therefore, in the story of the struggle between Jezebel and Elijah, everything
is colored by religion, though not necessarily the religion as practiced at the
time of their story. Rather, it is the religion of the writers of the Bible, which
took place hundreds of years later. Incidentally, the words God and Yahweh
become interchangeable in the Bible, since Yahweh is, to the writers, the
only God.
The Phoenicians lived on the coastal plain of the area which today is called
Lebanon. Their major cities were Tyre and Sidon. They were a highly
advanced nation, skilled, affluent, and thriving as traders and seafarers of the
Mediterranean and even further, according to a growing number of
archaeological finds in many distant lands.
They had much in common with the Israelites, the language was so similar
that individuals from the two natures could easily converse, and King David,
and his son King Solomon, had close ties with the Phoenicians, both
personal and business oriented. For example, King Hiram of Phoenicia was
instrumental in the building of the Temple of Yahweh which Solomon
constructed. King Ahab was the seventh king of Israel after the split of the
monarchy, reigning for 22 years, 874-53 B.C. An excellent ruler, he
consolidated the dynasty founded in the Northern kingdom by his father
Omri by using the same principles. He had a good relationship with the
southern kingdom, Judah, kept the AramDamascus enemies at the north-east
as much as possible under control, created a favorable and thriving climate
for commerce, engaged in extensive building program, and renewed the
partnership with the Phoenicians that had started with King David and King
Solomon. He had made an alliance with King Ethbaal, and even married his
daughter, the princess Jezebel. Jezebel was a remarkable woman,
independent, strong, a true princess who knew her own worth. Reading the
chapters devoted to her, the careful reader can see that even the hostile
attitude of the Bible writers could not hide these facts. What they held
against her is the issue of religion.
____________________________________________

It seems that on her marriage, she brought the worship of Melkart and
Ashtoreth (Astarte), and maintained four hundred and fifty prophets to Baal
in Samaria, the capital of Israel. She constructed a temple in the palace
proper, and apparently had her husband approve and join the worship of the
Phoenician gods.
This was entirely normal and always took place whenever a foreign princess
became a queen in the country of her new husband. It is very unlikely that
the population of Israel cared about these activities – since it is very well
known that many of them worshipped these same gods anyway.
The Bible, however, maintains that there was a huge opposition to Jezebel’s
worship of foreign gods, lead by the prophet Elijah the Tishbite, who came
from the Gilead, across the Jordan River. Elijah was obsessed with Yahweh
worship, or at least this is the way it seems to be.
It is also possible that the writers of the Bible, who certainly were obsessed
with Yahweh as well, may have greatly exaggerated the violence of his
behavior. For violent he certainly appears to be. To put it plainly, he is
depicted as a mass murderer who is willing to kill hundreds of people for his
beliefs.
The biblical Elijah has nothing to do with the later figure that appears in
Medieval Judaism – the kindly miracle worker, the one who visits every
house in Passover, the one who protects the newborn during circumcision.
That was added much later by the great story tellers of Judaism. In the Bible,
he is a wild-looking man, half starved, wandering the country and usually
running for his life. His belief that Ahab is angering God led him to
endanger his own life recklessly many times, during a feud that had lasted
for decades.
During the first confrontation, Elijah, angered by the fact that Ahab
worshipped other gods, came to warn him that God is angry and would smite
Israel with a drought. He predicted doom for the house of Ahab, and of
course, after such a prophecy, had to escape the wrath of the rulers. Two
years later, Elijah returned to further harass the king, who referred to him as
“the troubler of Israel.”
Elijah of course explained to the king that he was the one to troubles Israel,
because God was so angry by his actions.
____________________________________________

To settle the issue once and for all, he requested a confrontation with the
four hundred and fifty prophets of Baal, to be witnessed by a crowd.
It is hard to explain why the king would allow such nonsense, but he seems
to have been somewhat intimidated by the wild man, or perhaps he was torn
over his own religious beliefs, and so he had allowed it.
The well-orchestrated confrontation took place on Mount Carmel, and
everything was done the way Elijah requested. Two altars were created,
sacrifices were brought, and the competition was about prayer. The meat
would be put on each altar. The priests of Baal would ask their god to send
fire to burn it, and Elijah would pray to God to send fire to his altar.
Whoever sent the fire was to be declared the true God.
Elijah did not start praying right away. He gave the priests time to pray all
day, which they did, and as usual, the prayer did not work and fire did not
descend from heaven to their altar. Elijah, while this was going on, built a
special altar with twelve stones (representing the twelve tribes of Israel), dug
a trench under it, and very likely created some kind of a mechanical trick
that no one was aware of.
When the specialized altar was built, he asked people to pour water all over
the arrangement, enough to fill the trench. He then prayed to God (Yahweh)
and instantly fire descended from heaven and burned the meat. The crowd,
frenzied by what looked like a miracle, was ready to act. The people were
goaded by Elijah to drag the priests of Baal to the river in the valley below,
and murder the entire group.
The Bible, still entirely on Elijah’s side, claims that a long-lasting drought
broke instantly, and the rains fell heavily. Ahab did not try to capture Elijah,
but returned to the palace and told the story to Jezebel, who was, naturally,
furious about the murder of her priests. She tried to capture Elijah and put
him to death, but he escaped to the desert and survived there until the
notorious event of the vineyard of Naboth took place, when he saw fit to
emerge again.
The story of Naboth probably never happened. It has the ring of a folk tale
and does not make sense.
____________________________________________

Apparently, a man called Naboth owned a vineyard next to Ahab’s and

Jezebel’s winter palace at Jezreel, a town in the Valley of Jezreel. Ahab
wanted it and asked the owner to sell it to him, but the owner refused since it
was in his family for generations.
According to Israelite law, the king could not force the sale. When Jezebel
noticed that the situation upset Ahab, she supposedly took the matter into her
own hands, and wrote, in the name of Ahab, to the leaders in Jezreel,
accusing Naboth of blasphemy against God and the king.
She supplied the evidence of two false witnesses. Naboth was to be stoned,
and the property, as was the law in such cases, transferred to the king.
It seems unlikely that Naboth would dare to refuse a king’s request in the
first place. It is even more unlikely that the queen would go into such
detailed plot instead of simply sending someone to kill Naboth. It seems
unlikely that the leaders of Jezreel would believe that the king or the queen
would care about blasphemy against Yahweh when they had been engaging
with such worship themselves. But that is the story, and it explains why
Elijah would return to the palace. He did that, and prophesied that the king
and queen would be destroyed by God and that Jezebel would be eaten by
dogs in Jesreel.
Ahab was apparently scared and immediately repented, so Elijah declared
that God decided, with a logic very hard to understand, that he would leave
Ahab alone and punish his successor (whoever he was to be, and may
become a great Yahweh worshipper, but such is the logic of the Bible). It
seems that Jezebel did not pay much attention to Elijah’s ranting. Some
years after these events Ahab was killed in the war, trying to regain a city
from Aram-Damascus.
First his son Ahaziah succeeded him, and then, when Ahazia was injured by
a fall, Ahab’s second son Jehoram became king. But Elijah would not leave
them alone. Determined to destroy the house of Ahab, he finally influenced
an army commander named Jehu to rebel and murder King Jehoram, then
seize the throne, with the intention of annihilating the house of Ahab. Jehu, a
strong Yahweh worshipper, proceeded to the palace.
____________________________________________

Jezebel, already an older woman, knew they were coming to get her, but she
did not show fear. She stood proudly at her window, her face made up, her
hair elegantly done, and mocked Jehu as he approached the palace.

Jehu shouted to the household servants to kill her by throwing her out of the
window, which they immediately did. Jehu entered the palace, and after
resting and eating, he told his servants to bury Jezebel (since she was the
daughter of a king) but the servants only found her skull, hands and feet.
Jehu declared that this was the fulfillment of Elijah’s prophecy that the dogs
would eat Jezebel. Jehu proceeded to destroy every member of the house of
Ahab that he could find.
This, according to the Bible, was the end of the Phoenician princess and
queen of Israel, but not of Elijah. Apparently, he was to be rewarded. While
walking with his disciple Elisha, a chariot of fire and horses of fire came
from the sky and separated them. Elisha then clearly saw that his master
went up by a whirlwind into heaven.
Was that really a reward?
Was that Yahweh, taking care of His beloved prophet who stood for Him and
defended His glory?
Did He give immortal life to Elijah?
Well, since Yahweh was actually an Anunnaki, not a god, he was by then
engaged elsewhere and no longer personally interested in who worshipped
whom, but it seems that other Anunnaki intervened, finally, in the insane
behavior of an individual who caused more damage than he was worth.
Further study shows that the whole story of Jezebel, Ahab, and Elijah is
entirely incorrect. The people of Israel were comfortable and thriving under
the tolerant rule of a good Israelite king and his Phoenician wife.
No one really cared, at this time, if Yahweh was the only God – except, of
course, the fanatics, such as Elijah. It is much more likely that Elijah, after
devising some trickery at the altar, caused a number of priests to be killed by
a mob (not the whole four hundred and fifty, that is absurd) and was hunted
by the authorities.

Namtar-Neberu
____________________________________________

It is possible that he went on doing as much damage as he could

– and that he managed to get away and be hidden by his accomplices, such
as the widow who is mentioned in one of his miracle making stories, and
that finally, the Anunnaki who were watching over the excellent relationship
between Phoenicia and Israel and attempting to create a joint country that
would give the region great benefits, got tired of the fanatic prophet and
decided to put an end to his activities.
Elijah was indeed taken by a chariot of fire into heaven – that is to say,
removed by an Anunnaki space ship and either mercifully killed or taken
away to where he could do no further damage. But the house of Ahab was no
more, and the tolerant regime that would have enhanced the whole region
was at an end.

It is a great pity that Jehu, who wanted to consolidate his own thrown, would
put an end to the hopes of such a merge by destroying the great house of
Ahab – but it is not the first time, nor the last, that a religious fanatic
destroys a regime which is much better than his own, and at that time in
history, it was common for a ruler to destroy the house that preceded him. -
From the book “Anunnaki Who’s Who”, co-authored by M. de Lafayette and Dr. Anbel.

Nash “Nanshe”: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of one of “the

pure goddesses”, and Ea's daughter. Her cult center was located in Sirara
near Lagash.
Neberu: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of Jupiter. The
Akkadian/Sumerian scribes used the word Nibiru, more correctly Ne.Be.Ru
as a name for Jupiter, and later on, referred to Mercury as Nibiru. Even their
god Marduk was called Nibiru. 1. Ne.Be.Ru (Nibiru) in the Epic of Enuma
Elish, Tablet 7, Lines 124, 125
Akkadian/Sumerian text (Transliteration):
d Ne-be-ru ne-be-re-et same, u erseti lu tamehma Translation:
Let him be the holder of the crossing of heavens and earth. Note: “Let him”
means Nibiru and Marduk.
And Mercury and Jupiter were associated with god Marduk.
____________________________________________

This is documented in the epic of “Enuma Elish”, in Tablet VII, lines:

126,130,131.
It is also translated by some Assyriologists as follows: Let Nibiru be the
marker “Holder” of
Heaven and earth crossing place.
Note:
“Same” (Pronounced Shameh) means heaven.
Sama in Arabic. Shem in Phoenician, Shama in Ulemite. Shamayim in
Hebrew; a plural form meaning heights. “erseti” means Earth. Other words:
Ersetu, Erdsetu.
Erd (Ard) in Arabic. Heretz (Eretz) in Hebrew. Erda in Ulemite.

2. Ne.Be.Ru appeared in lines 130 and 131.

Akkadian/Sumerian text (Transliteration):
d Ne-be-ru kakkabu- su
sa ina same, u-su-pu-u
Translation:
“Ne.Be.Ru is his star, which he made appear in the heavens.” Also
translated as follows: “Nibiru is his star which in heavens made it appear.”
Note: “His star” refers to Marduk.

3. Ne.Be.Ru in the Epic of Enuma Elish, Tablet 5, Line 6. Here is the text:
u-sar-sid man-zad-az
d Ne.Be.Ru ana ud-du-u rik-si-su-un
Translation:
He promptly set the position (Place) of
Nibiru to fix their limits (Frontiers, boundaries).
Or
He created the station of
Nibiru to determine their bounds.
Note:
He, refers to Markuk.
Their, refers to planets or stars.
Interesting information in the following lines:
8. He (Marduk) fixed the station of Bel and Ea along with him. 9. He opened
great gates (Ba’abs) on both sides.
____________________________________________

4. Ne.Be.Ru Tablet 7, Line 109.

Let his name be Nibiru, the capturer of the midst.
Note: His name, means Marduk. Also in Tablet 7, Line 126. Translation of
the Akkadian/Sumerian text: “The stars of heaven, let him set their course;
let him shepherd all the gods like sheep.” Note: “Let him” refers to
Ne.Be.Ru.

When we see Nibiru written as dNibiru or MulNibiru, we immediately

understand that Nibiru is divine. This was a linguistic standard of Akkadian
and Sumerian.
However, the Akkadian/Sumerian clay tablets are very confusing. In some
passages, the texts refer to Ne.Be.Ru as a star, in other passages, Ne.Be.Ru is
not a planet, but a crossing point, serving as a stargate, a gateway, and
somewhere else in the cuneiform texts, Ne.Be.Ru is a deity, a dividing point
or a zone, Jupiter, Mercury, Anunnaki god Marduk, and/or Marduk, Jupiter
and Mercury, three-in-one!!
In the Sumerian/Akkadian texts, we found this line: “Ne-bar-tiAsh-shur.”
Meaning: “The Crossing Point of Asshur.” Note: Asshur “Assur” was an
ancient Mesopotamian-BabylonianAssyrian city. In another passage, we
found this line: “ina Abani ni-bi-ru u-cha-du-u.” Meaning: To “have cut
off the crossing way of the river Abani.” Note: This passage refers to the
Elamites. Reference: The Epic of Gilgamesh. Text from the Epic: “Straight
is the crossing point, and narrow is the way that leads to it.” The Akkadian
and Sumerian word
Ne.Bi.Rim means crossing.
Akkadian/Sumerian text (Transliteration): shiqil kaspum sha ne.bi.rim.
Translation: Silver paid for the crossing.
Meaning: A fee was paid for a person who transports people, across the
waters.
Ne.bi.rim as a word, means crossing. Nebiri as a verb, means to cross
something or cross over.

In proto Old Babylonian, the verb Abri and Ne.Bri mean to traverse, to
cross. 2-In Arabic, the verb Abara, and Abra mean to cross, to traverse.
____________________________________________

The word Abirun (Abiroun) means those who traverse, who cross over. 3-
The Early Hebrews (Israelites) were called Habiru or Abiru, which means
those who have crossed.
In 1902, L.W. King provided us with the following translation of Tablets 5
and 7 of the Enuma Elish “Epic of the Creation”. In the Fifth Tablet we read:
He (Marduk) made the stations for the mighty gods; The stars, their images,
as the stars of the Zodiac, he fixed. He ordained the year and into sections he
divided it; For the twelve months he fixed three stars.
After he had ... the days of the year ... images,
He founded the station of Nibiru (the planet Jupiter) to determine their
bounds;
That none might go astray,
He set the station of Bel and Ea along with him.
He opened great gates on both sides,
He made strong the bolt on the left and on the right.
In the midst thereof he fixed the zenith;
The Moon-god he caused to shine forth, the night he entrusted to him.
He appointed him, a being of the night, to determine the days; In the Seventh
Tablet, we read:
He (Marduk) named the four quarters of the world, mankind he created,
The Creator of the earth.
…
May he hold the Beginning and the Future, may they pay homage unto him,
Saying, "He who forced his way through the midst of Tiamat without
resting,
Let his name (Marduk) be Nibiru, “the Seizer of the Midst!” For the stars of
heaven he upheld the paths,
He shepherded all the gods like sheep!
He conquered Tiamat, he troubled and ended her life," In the future of
mankind, when the days grow old,
May this be heard without ceasing; may it hold sway forever! Since he
created the realm of heaven and fashioned the firm earth.

Neberu-Nimrod
____________________________________________

Mul.Apin:
Here is the text (Transliteration):
Kima kakka-bu sut dEnlil ugdammiruni isten kakkabu Rabu sessu da
mat same ustamsalma izzaz kakkab D Amar.Ud Ne.Be.Ru sag. me. gar
mamzassu
Ittanakkir same ibbir.
Translation: When the stars of Enlil were completed (Finished). One star
with big dim light, he (Enlil) divides the heaven (Sky) in half and stands
there. That is the star (of Marduk) Ne.Be.Ru Jupiter which Heaven (Sky).
Important Note:
The last two lines: sag. me.gar mamzassu Ittanakkir same ibbir. The text
seems to tell us that Nibiru did cross the sky! Is it a contradiction, or simply,
the two lines meant that Nibiru was rotating around another star? The
Akkadian/Sumerian texts do not provide any explanation.
keeps changing its position and traverses the

Nebo: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. A prophet. See Nabu.

Nedu: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Name of the guardian of the gate of the
Kurnugi (The underworld). Also known as Neti.
Negun: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Name of a minor goddess in the
Mesopotamian pantheon.

Nes “Nesh”: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A tree.

b-A trunk.
c-Wood.

Nimrod: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Name of the greatest king of Babylon.

In the Bible, Nimrod is represented as the grandson of Noah and Kush, and
the ruler of a kingdom in Babylonia.
Nin-Ningikuga
____________________________________________

Nin: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Prefix. a-A queen.

b-A lady.
c-Divine.
d-A female deity.

Nin-agal: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the patron of

smiths.
Nin-imma: Akkadian/Assyrian/Sumerian/Babylonian. Noun. Name of a
goddess of fertility.
Nin-ildu: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the carpenter god.
Nin-insinna: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of a fertility’s
goddess.

Nina: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. Name of the

Anunnaki goddess, creator of Man and the universe. Nina corresponds to
Ishtar and Ashtaroot. In the Babylonian texts, Nina is identified with Aruru,
the goddess who created mankind.

Ninda “Nindam”: Sumerian/Akkadian Noun. A long stick or rod, used as a

length measuring tool. It is still in use in the Middle East and Near East by
local fabrics’ merchants and shops’ keepers. In Arabic and some Aramaic
milieus, Ninada is called Mastara (A ruler).

Ningal: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun.

Her name means great lady. It is composed of two words: a-Nin, a prefix
which means lady, queen.
b-Gal, which means great.
Ningal was the wife of the moon god Nanna, and the daughter of Enki, the
Lord of the sweet waters, crafts and magic, and goddess Ningikuga, the
“Lady of the Pure Reed”.
____________________________________________
 Ningal of Ur.
____________________________________________

From the main court of

Ningal’s temple.
____________________________________
____________________________________________
 Inner section
of Ningal’s temple.
_______________________________________________
Ningikuga-Ninhursag
____________________________________________

Ningikuga: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. Name of the

goddess of marshes and reeds. Her name means lady of the pure reed.

Ningirsuk: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the chief god of Lagash.

Ningizzida “Ningishzida”: Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. Name

of the guardian of the gate of heaven, in charge of protecting and guarding
the estaern gate, called the gate of the morning. Ironically, Ningizzida lives
in the underworld. Originally, Ningizzida was depicted as a serpent with a
human head.
In the Babylonian myths, Ningizzida is the ancestor of Gilgamesh. Worth
mentioning here that the gender duality of Ningizzida was never fully
explained by historians and scholars. The prefix “Nin” is usually used to
refer to a goddess in Akkadian and Sumerian.

Ninkarrak: Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. Name of a goddess of

healing.
Ninkasi: Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. Name of a goddess of
wine.
Ninkura: Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. Name of a mother-
goddess.

Ninhursag: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun.

Name of a mother-goddess. The word Ninhursag means queen of the
mountains, composed of two words:
a-Nin, a prefix which means a queen, a female deity.
b-Hursag, which means a mountain.
Ninhursag is also a goddess of fertility and midwifery.

*** *** *** Ninlil

____________________________________________

Ninlil: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. Name of the

goddess who was worshipped in many religions, including the Assyrian,
Akkadian, Babylonian and Sumerian.
Ninlil means the lady of the air/wind. Her original name is Su. Ninlil is also
identified with the great mother-goddess Ninhursag-Ki. In Assyria, she is
Assur’s (Ashur) wife. As the wife of the Anunnaki god Enlil, Ninlil was
known in Nippur since the Old Babylonian/Sumerian period.
Ninmah-Ninindu
____________________________________________
Ninmah: Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. A mother-goddess.
Ninmena: Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian. Noun. A mother-goddess. Her
name means the lady of the crown.

Ninindu: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

a-An oven.
b-A large cooking pot.
c-A furnace.
d-A commonly and publicly sharted stove, usually located in the center of a
habitat and/or small villages. It is still in use in the small villages of the
Middle East and the Near East, especially in Syria, Lebanon, Kurdistan,
Palestine and Turkey.
The Ninindu is owned by the community, and is known in the Near East as
“Tannur”.
Ninkum-Ninsikil
Ninkum: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.
a-A person in charge of a shrine’s treasury.
b-A state’s treasurer.
c-An accountant at a place of worship.

Ninsikil: Akkadian/Sumerian/Babylonian. Noun. Name of the goddess of

Dilmun (Modern day Bahrain), the Mesopotamain gardens and pure water
ordered by the Anunnaki gods to create in Dilmun.

Ninsu-Nippur

Ninsu: Akkadian/Assyrian/ Sumerian. Noun. Name of one of the most

illustrious figures of the Sumero-Akkadian mythology and epics, simply
because she was the mother of Gilgamesh, and Lugalbanda’s mate.
Ninsu was the wise queen who interpreted Gilgamesh’s dreams.

Ninti: Akkadian/Assyrian/Babylonian/Sumerian. Noun. A mother-goddess,

known as the lady of the rib (Ti). Also called the giver of life.

Ninuetu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A woman from Nineveh.

Ninurta: Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. The war god, and the child of

Ellil and Mami. He was born in his father’s temple in Ekur. After the Tablet
of Destiny was stolen by the bird-man Anzu (Panzu), Belit-ili, following the
advice of god Ea, instructed Ninurta to kill Anzu.
Ninurta was later blessed by Nisaba, who bestowed upon him several honors
and titles, to name a few:
a-Panigara, which means a warrior-god.
b-Lugal Marada, which means the patron god of Marak.
Nippur: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. One of the oldest and most important
ancient cities in Mesopotamia, where god Enlil had his ziggurat, called Ekur.

*** *** ***

Nippur
____________________________________________

South entrance of
Ninurta Temple.
________________________________
____________________________________________

Nir 5: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Adjective.

a-A prisoner.
b-A captive.
c-A refugee.
____________________________________________

Nirgal-Nisaba
____________________________________________

Nirgal: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Adjective. a-A member of the high

society.
b-A man of authority.
c-A high dignitary.
d-A member of the royal family.
e-A nobleman.
“Gal” is a suffix, commonly used in deities’ names, to refer to their divine
and powerful status.
As an adjective, “Gal” means in general:
a-Grand.
b-High.
c-Elevated.
d-Important.

Niri, “Niri 2”: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Adjective. a-A military

formation.
b-Seized by a military troop.
c-Captured.
d-A ransome.
d-A stolen property during war.

Nisaba “Nissaba”: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

Name of the goddess of crops, cereals, grain, writing, knowledge and

wisdom. She occupied a place of honor in the Mesopotamian texts, since she
performed a

394

purification ceremony on Ninurta after he killed Anzu, who stole the Tablet
of Destiny.
Left:Nissaba on an ancient Babylonian slab, almost 4,000 year old.
Nisgal-Nishi
____________________________________________
_______________________________

Nisgal “Nishgal”: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

a-A throne.
b-A high position.
c-A seat of importance, usually reserved to En, Ensi, king’s envoys, and
individuals of great importance.

Nishi: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. People. Nosho in contemporary Assyrian

Western dialect. Nasu and Naas in Arabic.
Nuarmu-Nusku ____________________________________________

______________________________________

Nuarmu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Pomegranate. Romuno in

contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Romun, Remme and Roumaan in
Arabic.

Numunsu: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. A widow.

Nuru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Light.

Nura in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Nur in Arabic.
Nur in Turkish.
Nour in Persian (Farsi).

Nusku: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun.

Name of the god of fire and Ellil's vizir. He corresponds to the Babylonian
Girru.

Pa4-ue -Padugum ____________________________________________

P
Pa4-ue: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. The calendar of month 11 during the Ur
III Period.

A Sumerian months calendar.

______________________________________ Paanum: Akkadian. Noun.
Adverb. Noun. The front.

Padugum: Akkadian. Noun.

a-Revenues.
Padugum-Palil2
____________________________________________

b-Dues.
c-Income.
d-Contribution

Pagru: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. A corpse. Pagra in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Pahal: Akkadian. Noun. a-The leg.

b-The thigh.

Pahal: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. a-To stream.

b-To distribute.
c-To divide.
d-To run.

Pakadu: Akkadian/Sumerian. Verb.

a-To lead.
b-To command.
c-To nominate.
d-To appoint.
Pgada in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Pala 2: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A dress.

b-A uniform.
c-An outfit.
d-A wardrobe.

Palgu: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A water canal.

b-An irrigation ditch.

Palil 2: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-Frontline troop.

b-A commanding officer.
c-First line.

Papah-Patu ____________________________________________

Papah: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A holy site.

b-A shrine.
c-A temple.
d-The center of an altar.
d-The interior of a temple.
 Inside a temple.
_________________________________
Papsukkal: Sumerian/Ancient Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the the
vizir of the great gods.

Parasu: Akkadian/Sumerian. Verb.

a-To divide. b-To separate.

Parzillu: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. Iron

Patu: Akkadian/Sumerian. Verb. To open. Phtah in contemporary Assyrian

Western dialect Phataha in Arabic.

Pazuzu - Pir-naspishtim
____________________________________________

Pazuzu : Sumerian/Ancient Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of demon,

depicted as a bird with a scorpion body with feet and claws like an eagle.
See Anzu.
 Pazuzu
____________________________

Phumo (Fumo): Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. The mouth. Phamou (Famu) in

Arabic.
Pir-napishtim: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Name of the son of Umbara Tutu
who survived the great flood.
He is slso called Utnapishtim, Uta-napishtim, and Utnapishti. Atrahasis in
Babylonian.
Ziusudra in Sumerian.
Pir-napishtim became the Biblical Noah.

Tomb of Shub-ad (Puabi) in Ur. __________________________

Pirru: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. An elephant. Philo (Fiilo) in

contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Philo (Fiilo) and Phil (Fiil) in
Arabic.
Fil in Turkish.
Phiil in Persian (Farsi).

Puabi : Akkadian/Chaldean/Sumerian. Noun.

Name of the Mesopotamian queen who was buried in one of the richest
tombs in Ur of the Chaldees, and which was excavated by Sir Leonard
Woodley, at the Royal Cemetry of the Ur III Period.

Puabi
 is
also

known as Shub-Ad. She was the co-ruler of Ur, circa 2,500 B.C. Her name
appeared with the prefix “Nim”, which means queen on a cylinder seal of
lapis lazuli in the Royal Cemetery of Ur.

Queen Shub-Ad (Puabi).

________________________________________
Puzur (Puzur5): Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. A secret. Bi’sur “Bisur” in
Arabic.
Sur (Ser) means a secret, and “Bi” means in, with.

*** *** *** Qab - Qabri

Q
Nota Bene: See “K”.

Qab: Aramaic-Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. The left hand. Qaf in Arabic and

Persian (Farsi) means the palm, the hand. Qappa in Aramaic means the palm
of the hand.
Synonym in Aramaic and Arabic: Qafo.
In Assyrian, Qappi means hands.
In Arabic, Qabda, means a fist; a hand.

Qabadu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. The liver.

Kav-da incontemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Qabdo incontemporary
Assyrian Western dialect. Qabd “Kabad”, Qabdu “Kabdo”, and Kebed in
Arabic. Kabd in Persian (Farsi).

Qabaru: Aramaic-Akkadian/Arabic. Verb. To bury.

Qabidu: Aramaic-Akkadian/Arabic. Adjective.

a-Burdened.
b-Loaded.

Qabiti: Aramaic-Akkadian/Arabic. Adverb.

a-A lot.
b-Many.
Qabittu in Assyrian.

Qabri: Aramaic-Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective.

a-Large.
b-Solid.
c-Big.
Qabir in Arabic.

Qabuum - Qalu
____________________________________________
Qabuum: Akkadian. Verb. To speak; to talk.
Qadum: Akkadian. Conjunction. With

Qadum: Akkadian. Adverb. a-Including.

b-Together (Conjunction).

Qakkabu : Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A star. Kokh-wa in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Kawkbo in contemporary Assyrian Western
dialect. Qawkab “Kawkab” and Qawkabou “Kawkabo” in Arabic. Sitara in
Urdu.
Sitara in Persian (Farsi).

Qakkishu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A rat. Kakksha in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Qakkishu in Akkadian.

Qakku: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A weapon. Kacha in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Qalalu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. Adverb. a-Small.

b-A little.
Qalilo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Qalilo in Arabic.

Qalu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adverb. All. Quli in contemporary Assyrian

Eastern dialect. Qulo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Qul in
Arabic.
Quliye in Persian (Farsi).

Qalu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. a-To hold back.

b-To stand.
c-To remain firm.

Qalu - Qarraadum ____________________________________________

Qla in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Qlo in contemporary Assyrian
Western dialect.
Qanu: Aramaic-Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A nest.
Qaqqadum: Akkadian. Noun. The head.

Qapapu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb.

a-To bend.
b-To bow.
Qyapa in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Qyopho in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect.

Q araabu: Aramaic-Akkadian/Ancient Assyrian. Noun and expression

which means "to be near". Qurbu in Arabic.
Qariwa in Aramaic means nearby.
Qariba in Arabic means close to, nearby.

Qarabu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To bless. Qurobo in contemporary

Assyrian Western dialect.

Qarania: Assyrian/Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

Name of an ancient city located near the upper course of the Euphrates
River.

Qarmu: Aramaic-Akkadian/Assyrian/Arabic. Noun. A vineyard.

Qarnu: Aramaic-Akkadian/Assyrian/Arabic. Noun. A horn. Qarno in

contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Qorna in Turkish.
Qarna in Persian (Farsi).

Qarraadum: Akkadian. Adjective. a-A brave man.

b-A hero.
c-Audacious.

Qarraadum - Qupta
____________________________________________

Qaraabu: Akkadian. To be near.

Qirubu in Assyrian means a guardian angel in charge of guarding the main
gate of Assyrian palaces. Qirubu is usually depicted as a huge winged bull
with the face of a man.
Cherub is an ancient name for the angels (Cherubim). Cherubim is the
Hebrew masculine plural.
Kruv in ancient Aramaic

Qarsag “Kharsag”Dilmun: Akkadian/Assyrian/

Sumerian/Old Mesopotamian. Noun.
Also known by the name of Dilmun, or Tilmun, which is the Mesopotamian
name of Bahrain.

Qarsu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A belly.

Qersa in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Qelso in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Qersh and Kersho in Arabic.
Qarsa in Aramaic.

Qasaru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb.

a-To bind.
b-To tie.

Qashtu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To bow.

Geshta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Qeshto in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect.

Qaspu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Silver.

Qispa in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Qespho in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Qosso: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A cup.

Contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Guvva in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Also Aggubbu in Akkadian.

Qupta: Aramaic-Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Cheese.

Contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Gubna in Arabic.

Rae2 -gaba ____________________________________________

R
Ra 2-gaba “Ragaba”, “Rakbu”: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A chariot-
man. Usually a soldier or a warrior.
b-A rider.
c-A horseman.
Rakbu is the most frequently used word.
Rakeb in Arabic.

A chariot-
man; a bas-relief from Ur.
__________________________________
Rae2-gaba - Ra-ah ____________________________________________

The word Markaba is a term for a chariot which was mentioned in the
Babylonian clay tablets, as well as in the Bible and the Quran.
Markaba in Arabic: The Arabic word “Markab” means a boat. (Plural:
Maraakeb.) And the person who rides the Markaba and the Markab is called
“Rakbu” and “Rakeb.” The Verb is “Yarkab.”
Mercavah or Mercabah in Hebrew means a chariot.
Merkava in the Kabalah: The Kabalists claim that the Supreme after he had
established the Ten Sephiroth, he used Markaba as a chariot or throne of
glory to descend the souls of men. Markabta in Aramaic.
Markabah in Arabic.
Merkaba in Sumerian.

Ra-ah: Akkadian/Sumerian. Verb. To print or mark with a cylinder seal.

A Sumero-Akkadian seal.
Ra-ah
____________________________________________
 A
seal’s impression, circa 30 B.C.

Seal for a prayer to Marduk, Babylonia, circa 2,200-1,600

B.C. Ra-ah ____________________________________________

The
impression (Print) made by the seal.

On the left: A cylinder seal, usually made from hard stones. On the right:
The impression (Print) made by the seal when rolled over a wet clay. The
illustrations, letters and images were engraved in reverse, like a modern day
photo negative.

Rabi - Rig5 ____________________________________________

Rabi: Akkadian. Adjective.

a-Tall.
b-big.
c-High.
Rabo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Also Ramu in Akkadian.

Rabu: Aramaic-Akkadian/Assyrian.
a-Large.
b-Awsome.
c-Impressive.
Rabo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Rabuum: Akkadian. Adjective.

a-Tall.
b-big.
Rabo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Rakabu: Aramaic/Akkadian/Arabic. Verb. To ride. Rekaba in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect. Rakobo contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Also Yarkabu in Arabic.

Ramu: Aramaic/Akkadian. Adjective. High. Also Rami, Rabuum, and Rabu

in Akkadian.

Remu: Aramaic/Akkadian. Noun. Mercy. Rahme in contemporary Assyrian

Western dialect. Rahme in Arabic.
Rahmet in Turkish.
Rahmat in Urdu.
Rahmat in Persian (Farsi).
Racham, Rachamin in Hebrew.

Rig 5: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A servant in a temple.

b-A slave.
Ruku
____________________________________________
Servants in a temple. A bas-relief from Ur.
__________________________________
Ruku: Aramaic/Akkadian. Adjective. Far.
*** *** ***
Sabaatum-Saddum ________________________________________
S
Sabaatum: Akkadian. Verb. a-To grab.
b-To seize.
c-To take.
d-To possess.

Sabra: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

a-A person in charge of the internal affairs of a shrine or a temple, usually an
accountant, a treasurer or a priest. b-A temple’s accountant.
c-A temple’s treasurer.
d-An administrator of a worship place, usually a priest or a servant of a
god/goddess cult.

Sadadu “Shadaadu”: Akkadian. Verb. a-To pull.

b-To grab.
c-To hold on.

Sabum: Akkadian. Noun. a-Soldiers.

b-Troops.
c-Warriors.

Saddum: Akkadian. Noun.

a-A dam.
b-A high rampart.
c-A fortified wall.
From Saddum, derived the Aramaic and Aramic word Sadd, which means a
dam.

Sadum-Sagsu ________________________________________

Sadum: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-Higher lands.

b-Elevated lands.

Saduum: Akkadian. Noun. Noun. Hunting. From Saduum, derived the

Aramaic word Sedaa. From Sedaa, derived the Arabic words; a-Sayd, which
means hunting.
b-Sayaadu, and Sayaad which means a hunter.

Sagsu “Sagshu”: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A helmet.

b-A hread dressing.
c-A hat.

Sagsu: A Sumerian helmet.

Sargon
________________________________________

Sargon: Akkadian. Noun. Name of the great Akkadian king, also known as
Sargon of Akkad and Sarru-kan “Sharukan”, which means the true king.
Sargon reigned from 2334 to 2279 B.C. After his death, his mighty empire
passed to his son Rimush.
 Sargon
Sagursag
________________________________________

Sagursag: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

a-A person below the rank of a priest, who is in charge of maintenance in a
shrine or a temple.
b-A servant at the temple of goddess Inanna.
c-A religious guard.

A naked priest of a lower echelon presenting goddess Inanna baskets of

fruits, circa 3,300 B.C.
_____________________________
 Sahardultag4
________________________________________

Sahardultag 4: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

a-A burial mound.
b-A cemetery.
c-A graveyard.
d-A tomb’s chamber.
 Stairways leading to a tomb’s chamber at
Ur of the Chaldees.
Saharu-Sakir3 ________________________________________
A 5,000 year old Sumerian cemetery at Umm al-Ajarib.
______________________________________

Saharu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. Small. Sura in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Uro in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Sakir 3 “Sakir”: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A vase.

b-A container.
c-A pitcher.
d-A water jug.
e-A vessel.
Babylonian cylinder seal showing a Sumerian female servant

with a water jug (Šakir3) atop her head, attending two

goddesses.
_____________________________
Sali ________________________________________

Sumerian carved stone offering vessel depicting a bull and a serpent, circa
2,500 B.C.
_______________________________________

Sali: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

a-A lyre.
b-A harp.

Harp from Ur, circa 2,600-2,350 B.C. Restored.

____________________________
Sallatum - Sam
________________________________________
Sallatum: Akkadian. Noun. Adjective. Noun. a-Deportees.
b-Prisoners.

Salmu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. An image.

Salma in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Salmo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Salmum : Akkadian. Noun.

a-A figure.
b-An image.
c-A statue.

Salu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To pray.

Sali in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Sali and Salla in Arabic.
Salaat in Arabic means a prayer.

Sam: Akkadian/Sumerian/Hebrew. Noun.

a-An offering.
b-A present.
c-Spices.
A boy making an offering to the ram.

Samamu - Sarrum ________________________________________

Samamu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Heaven. Also Shamu.

Shmayya in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Shayo in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect. See Shamanu “Samamu”.

Sammu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective.

Smugga in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Sumoqo in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect.

Samsum (Shamshum): Akkadian. Noun. The sun. Shams in Arabic.

Shem in Phoenician.
Shemesh in Hebrew.
See Shamanu “Samamu”.

Samuu (Shamuu): Akkadian. Noun. Heaven. Sama in Arabic.

See Shamashu.
Sanamu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A rival. Sanyana in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect. Sono in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Sanat: Akkadian/Arabic. Noun. A year.

Sana in Persian (Farsi).
Sene in Turkish.

Santag4 “Santag”: Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. A cuneiform wedge.

Saptu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. The edge. Sipta in contemporary
Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Sar: Akkadian. Noun. A king.
Sarri: Akkadian. Noun. A king. Sarrum: Akkadian. Noun. A king. Sattum -
Sebitti ________________________________________

A scribe holding a stylus in his right hand. By pressing the stylus into a wet
clay, the Akkadian scribes created wedged shaped cuneiform signs.
___________________________________________

Sattum: Akkadian. Noun. A year.

Sebitti: Noun. Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.
Sebitti
________________________________________

The Sebiti were the children of the great Anunnaki god/lord Anu.
They were the feared and formidable Anunnaki-Sumerian seven warrior
gods. They were known as:

· a- The Nephilim giants in the Bible.

· b- The “Watchers" in the book of Enoch.
· c-The Anakim.
· d-The Rephaim.
· e-The Gibborim.

The seven warrior gods led by Erra (Irra) were:

· 1- Nergal, the consort of Ereshkigal, lord of the netherworld.

· 2-Namtar.
· 3-Ningishzida.
From left to right: Gudea of Lagash, and Ningishzida appearing before god
Enki.
____________________________________ Sebitti-Shakita
________________________________________

· Ereshkigal, the queen of the netherworld.

· · Gugulana, the Bull of heaven), and the first consort of Ereshkigal.
· · Hubishag.
· 7-Huwawa, “Humbaba”.

Sebu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Number seven. Shavva in contemporary Assyrian

Eastern dialect. Sab’a in Arabic.

Seerum: Akkadian. Noun. Steppe.

Senum: Akkadian. Noun. a-A movement.

b-An action.

Senum: Akkadian. Noun. a-Sandal.

b-Shoes.
c-Military boots.

Šem : Akkadian/Sumerian.Noun. a-A tambourine.

5zabar

b-A drum.

Shakhanu: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Adjective. To be warm.

Chkha-na, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Chahino, in
contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Sukhun in Arabic.
Shakhina in Aramaic.
Shikna in Arabic.
Synonym in Aramaic and Arabic: Hamino in Aramaic. Hami in Arabic.

Shakita: Akkadian/Aramaic/Assyrian. Noun. A creek. Shakita-Shalamu

________________________________________
Saqiya in Arabic.

This seal depicts the

celebration of a Sacred Marriage by playing a tambourine.

________________________________

Shalamu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a-Peace.
b-Salutation (greeting).
Shlama in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Shlomo in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Shlomo in Hebrew.
Shalom in Hebrew.
Salam in Arabic.
Salamu in Arabic.
Shalamu: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian.The end of. Shulama, in
contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Shalatu-Shamash ________________________________________

Shalatu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb.

a-To govern.
b-To rule.
c-To impose.
Shultana in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Shalito in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect. The Arabic words Sulta and Sultan (Noun) means
power, authority.
The Arabic word Sultan (Verb) means ruler, similar to a king.

Shalmish: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Adverb. In peace. Shlamei, in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Ba’Shlomo, in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect. Bi’Salama in Arabic.

Shaluhu: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Verb. To strip off.

Chalukhi, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Chloho, in
contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Chalho in Arabic slang.

Shamanu “Samamu”: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. a-Heaven.

b-Sky.
Shmayya in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Shayo in contemporary Assyrian western Dialect.
Sama in Arabic.
Shama and Sham in Phoenician.
Sham and Shamu in Ugaritic.
Cennet in Turkish.
Sema in Turkish.

Shamash, “Sin”, “Utu”: Akkadian/Sumerian/Assyrian/ Babylonian. Noun.

The sun.
Also Samsum (Samshun) in Akkadian.
In the Sumerian mythology, Shamash is associated with god Utu. (d ama, in
Akkadian) Shamash is the sun god, and the son of Sin and Ningal, created by
the Anunnaki. Shamash is the Babylonian version of the Sumerian Utu.
Shamash
________________________________________

Shemsho in Aramaic.
Sham and Shem in Phoenician.
Shem in Ugaritic.
Shem and Shema are used as a symbol for the heavens. From Shamash,
derived the:

· a-Arabic word Shams “Chams”, which means the sun.

· b-Hebrew word Shemesh, which means the sun. The Hebraic city of Beit
Shemesh (Beit means house, but here, it means temple. Shemesh (means
sun) was named after the Canaanite sun goddess Shemesh.
· c- Aramaic word sheh’mesh, which also means the sun.

See Shamashu.
In the Akkadian/Sumerian clay tablets, Shamash is depicted as “the supreme
judge of heaven and earth”, and “the lord of all living creatures.”

Wearing the horned crown of divinity, God Shamash rises from

Mount Mashu.
Shamash ________________________________________

Shamash “Sin” is also called Su.En, Nanna and Nannar. Contrary to many
statements and translations given by modern scholars, the worship of Sîn
was not a worship of the moon. For we know from historical records and
lists of deities, that the Mesopotamian gods were no longer associated with
nature’s phenomena.
He was worshiped in Sumer/Babylonia/Sumer, and Turkey, as well as in a
large part of Anatolia. He resides in a large temple called Ekishnugal.

Ekishnugal is composed of three words:

· a-É, which means a house ;a temple;
· b-Andgishnu, which means moonlight;
· c-Gal, which means many things including great,

majestic, to be, to exist, etc.

Thus, the full meaning becomes: The house or temple where the moonlight
exists.
Sîn was the son of Enlil, the great Anunnaki god and lord. His wife was the
powerful Anunnaki goddess Nin.gal, known as “The Great Lady”.

Shamash had three children:

· 1- Amash.
· 2-The goddess Ishtar (Itar), who was worshiped almost

everywhere, including Syria, Phoenicia, Ugarit, Carthage, Anatolia, Turkey

(Asia Minor), Armenia, Mesopotamia, Sumer, Assyria, Cyprus, Egypt, so
on.

· 3-Adad, who was the weather god.

*** *** ***
Shamash
________________________________________
Moon-god, Sin, (In Turkey) also called Shammas in various Near Eastern
and Middle Eastern cultures and religions. Sin, dominated the Eastern
pantheon for centuries in Turkey (Anatolia) and neighboring countries.

_______________________________
Shamash ________________________________________

Chaldean/Babylonian Nanar, “God Sin”, the

moon god. ________________________________

In Ur of the Chaldees, the moon-god was a supreme deity, and rules over all
the other gods. At one time in history, Ur was called Nannar, as documented
on clay tablets of the era. Harran was likewise noted for its devotion to the
moon-god.
The Anunnaki symbol of Sin was a moon crescent. Early Ulema stated that
Sin’s symbol developed into relevant symbols in religions and ancient
cultures, such as Islam, Persian literature, and Assyrian mythology.
Shamash ________________________________________

Hammurabi receives the blessing of the sun

god Shamash (Sin).
________________________________
________________________________________

Enki and Shamash.

God Enki depicted with two streams of water erupting from his shoulders.
On the left, we notice the Sumerian sun god Utu, holding his saw sword. Utu
was also known as Shamash in Akkadian and Sin in the early periods of the
Hittites.

_________________________________
________________________________________
Ea “Enki” stepping on a dry land, a gesture symbolizing his supreme
authority over Earth.

A scene from a Babylonian cylinder seal showing Enki with two streams of
water emerging from his shoulders, and the Sumerian sun-god Utu (Shamash
in Akkadian, Shemesh in Phoenician).

In the center, goddess Inanna (Ishtar in Akkadian, Ashtaroot in Phoenician.)

This scene shows Ea “Enki” stepping on a dry land, a gesture symbolizing
his supreme authority over Earth. The dry-land as depicted in this cylinder
refers also to ramparts protecting the cities of his kingdom. From the
ramparts emerge a stream of fishes, symbol of all life-forms in the seas.
Thus, his authority extends to dry lands and seas of the Earth.

____________________________
Shamashnapiashtim-Shamashu
________________________________________

Shamashnapishtim: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

Shamashnapishtim, also called Sitnapishtim, means "the saved," and
Pirnapishtim, the person who was saved from the Great Flood, by the
Anunnaki god Ea.
Shamashnapishtim shut inside the ark.
Drawn by Faucher-Gudin.
________________________________

Shamashu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. The sun.

Shimsha in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Shimsho in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Shemsho in Aramaic.
Shams in Arabic.
Shamsu in Arabic.
Shemesh in Hebrew.
Shamash in Sumerian.
Sham and Shem in Phoenician.

Shamashu-Shapaarum ________________________________________

Shem in Ugaritic.
Shams in Babylonian-Assyrian.
"Ultu zit shamsi adi erib shamsi"- Esar Haddon. Translation: "From the
rising of the sun to the setting of the sun." See Shamash, “Sin”, “Utu”.

Shamatu: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. a-A brand.

b-A category.
Chameta in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Chamo in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect.
Shamatu: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. A birth mark.

Shamau: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. The sky. Shmaya

(Shmava) in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Shayo (Shmavo) in
contemporary Assyrian Western dialect. Sama in Arabic.
Sham and Shama in Phoenician.
Sham and Shamu in Ugaritic.
Shamu in ancient Assyrian.
S’hmu and Sha’mu in Ugaritic.

Shamnu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Fat used for cooking. Shamna in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Samnu, Samna, Samneh and Samn
in Arabic.

Shamu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. a-Heaven.

b-Sky.
See Samamu.

Shanati: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. Years. Chato in

contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Siniin and Sanati in Arabic. Sana in the singular form in Arabic.
Shapaarum: Akkadian. Verb.
Shapaarum-Shedu
________________________________________

a-To send a letter or a message. b-To write

Shara: Noun. Sumerian/Assyrian/Akkadian.

Name of one of the Anunnaki’s goddess Inanna's two sons. Shara was a
minor god of war, associated with the Umma or Ummmu, located north-east
of Uruk, where he lived in his majestic E.mah Temple.
E means temple or house.
Mah means exalted.
E.mah was also called E.bursasa.
Bursasa means beautiful jars.
Not to confound it with the Aramaic verb Sharra, which means to block the
effects and results of an evil writing and spell. In Arabic, Sharr and Sharra
mean evil. Charrir is an evil person.
Shatu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To drink. Shta in contemporary Assyrian
Eastern dialect. Shto in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.

Shebabi: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Neighbors. Shbobe in contemporary

Assyrian Western dialect. Shbabbi, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern
dialect.

Shebar: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian/Chaldean. Noun. Name of a canal

near Nippur.

Shebu “Sebu”: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. Seven. Chavva in

contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
Chabio in contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Sab’a in Arabic.

Shedu: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. a-The devil.

b-Bad spirit.
c-Demon.
Shedda in in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Shido in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect.

Shedu-Sherub ________________________________________
Shitan, Shaytan, in Arabic. Shaytan in Aramaic.

Shekinu: Akkadian. Noun. A retreat.

From Shekina derived the Aramaic (Mandaic and Nazorene) word Shekinah
which means a monastery.
Synonym in Aramaic and Arabic. Dayra and Dayro in Aramaic. Dayr, Dayro
and Deir in Arabic.
Originally and historically, a convent for Aramaic, Syriac and Maronite
monks and priests in the Near and Middle East. From Dayra, derived the
Arabic Pre-Islamic word Dayr “Deir” (A monastery) which means the same
thing in ancient and modern Arabic.
The Aramaic word Dayra derived from the ancient Phoenician words Dar,
Fidar, and Dir which mean a house.
In Arabic, the word Dar means house, and more precisely the large reception
area of a house, or the living room, commonly called “Salon”.
Shemie: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Term. Hear me out. Sma’i or
“Isma’”, in Arabic.

Shemie Tasliti: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Expression. Hear my

prayer.
Shmie Sluti, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Sma’i or “Isma’”
salati, in Arabic.
Chemie means hear me out.
Tasliti, means my prayer.

Shersho: Akkadian/ Aramaic/Arabic. Noun. A root. Also Shersh and

Shersho in Arabic.
Synonyms in Aramaic and Arabic: Wareedo (Vein, artery). Also Wareed in
Arabic. Sheryono in Aramaic. Sheriyen and Sheriyeno in Arabic.

Sherub, “Kruv”, “Kirubu”, “Shirubu” (Chirubu):

Akkadian/Aramaic/Sumerian/Assyrian. Noun. Sherub-Shuda-d
________________________________________

Kirubu and Karaabu in Assyrian mean "to be near". Cherub is an ancient

name for the angels (Cherubim). Cherubim is the Hebrew masculine plural.
In Assyrian literature, Kirubu was a Guardian Angel in charge of protecting
and guarding the main gate of Assyrian palaces, usually depicted as a huge
winged bull with the face of a man.
Shuha-d: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

A fisherman.
_____________________________
Shullat-Sin ________________________________________
Shullat: Sumerian/Ancient Assyrian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of Shamash's
servant.

Shuptu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a-A habitat.
b-A residence.
c-A place.
d-A dwelling.
Shopa, in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect. Shawtho, in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect.

Shumu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A name. Shmo in contemporary

Assyrian Western dialect. Ismu in Arabic.

Shutapu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. a-An associate.

b-A partner.

Siaqu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Adjective. Narrow.

Siduri: Akkadian/Sumerian/Hurrian. Noun.

The name of a woman who was considered the manifestation of Ishtar. In the
Akkadian/Sumerian clay tablets, Suduri is always depicted as a maid
wearing a veil.
In the Old Babylonian version of Gilgamesh epic, she appeared as a wise
and pragmatic deity, trying to convince Gilgamesh, to renounce his quest for
immortality.
Although she appeared briefly in the epic, her presence refers to a wisdom,
much needed by the legendary king.

Simmiltu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A ladder.

Sin “Nannar”: Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the moon

deity Sin. He was the son of Mulil or Mul-lil, and Enlil. His seat at Nippur
was called the Temple of the Chaldean magic. Nannak in Chaldean.
Sin-Suumum
________________________________________

Sin: Akkadian/Aramaic/ Assyrian/Sumerian. Noun. The moon.

Siru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Meat.
Sisu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A horse.
Sisum: Akkadian. Noun. A horse.

Sublugal: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-An Ensi envoy.

b-A subject of a ruler.
c-An appointee by the royal house. d-An official on an important mission. e-
A royal delegate.

Sumelu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. Adverb. The left. Shmelo in Arabic.

Sumuqan: God of cattle. He resides in the underworld.
Suumum: Akkadian. Noun. A name. Not to confound it with the Arabic
word Sumuum, which means poisons.
*** *** *** Taaru-Tammuz
________________________________________
T
Taaru: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb.
a-To come back to.
b-To return.
Dyarra in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Tabalu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To take away.

Tahmu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a-A border.
b-A boundry.

Tammuz “Tamuz”, “Tamouz”: Noun. Sumerian/Akkadian. See Dumuzi.

Sumerian god of agriculture, who was worshipped by the Habiru
(Hebrews/early Israelites) as well as by Syrians and Phoenicians. In
Mesopotamian and Babylonian mythologies, Dumuzi is the consort of
Inanna who has been identified and/or associated with the Phoenician
goddess Ishtar (Ashtaroot), the lover of Adon in the Phoenician mythology.
Many historians believe that Dumuzi was a Mesopotamian god of growth
and fertility, associated with the Phoenician god Adonis who also was god of
vegetation, growth and fertility in Phoenicia. He was known to the Hebrew
as Tammuz, and was identified with the Greek god Adonis.

Dumuzi is the Sumerian form of Tammuz, who was the god of vegetation
and fertility, and also of the Kurnugi, the land of no return, the underworld.
In the Sumerian poem “Descent of Inanna to the Underworld” he is depicted
as the husband of the goddess Inanna, the Sumerian counterpart of Ishtar.
According to the Sumerian King-List, Gilgamesh was a descendant of
Dumuzi.
Tammuz
________________________________________

In Hebrew and Aramaic, Dumuzi is called Tammuz.

Later on in history, his name "Tammuz" became the Akkadian, Babylonian,
Jewish, Phoenician and Arabic name for a month; A period between June
and July.
In the Bible, however, the month is referred to as the fourth month,
(Chodesh Tammuz), with reference to Nisan, as the first month. “And He
brought me to the entrance at the Gate of the House of the Lord which was
at the north; and there were there women sitting, bewailing the Tammuz.”
(Yechezkel 8:14). Like the Phoenician god, Adon “Adoon” (Adonis in
Greek), Tammuz died in midsummer. But he was brought back to life by the
striking Sumerian/Phoenician goddess Ishtar (Ashtaroot). Inhabitants of the
“Fertile Crescent”, Syria, Palestine, Phoenicia, Babylonia and the lands of
Akkad worshiped him also as the sun god. The Greeks called him “Adonis”;
a name derived from the Phoenician “Adon”.
The Habiru (Hebrews) transformed Adon into Adonai (My Lord).
The women of Israel held annual lamentations over Adonis. The feast held
in his honor began with the new moon, in the month of Tammuz (July),
taking place in Byblos (Jbeil) in Phœnicia (Modern Lebanon); but it was also
celebrated as late as the fourth century of our era in Bethlehem, as we find
St. Jerome writing (Epistles p. 9) his lamentations in these words: “Over
Bethlehem, the grove of Tammuz,
that is of Adonis, was casting its shadow!
And in the grotto where formerly
the infant Jesus cried,
the lover of Venus was being mourned.”

Worth mentioning here that many Anunnaki names of days and months were
copied and used verbatim in the calendar of many civilizations of the ancient
world.
Some are still in use today in Hebrew and Arabic.
For example:
· a-The Anunnaki’s name of the month/spring (March–

April) “Niy-San” is “Nissan” in both Hebrew and Arabic;

Tammuz ________________________________________

· b-The Anunnaki’s word “Tish-rin” became “Tishrei” in Hebrew, and

“Tishrin” in Arabic (The tenth and eleventh months of the Gregorian
calendar.)
· c-The Anunnaki “Adahr” became the name of the month of March “Adar”
in Hebrew, and “Adar” in spoken Arabic and “Azar” in literary (Written
language) Arabic.
· d-The Anunnaki’s word “Tammuz” is:
· 1- “Tammuz” in Tiberian;
· 2-“Tammuz” in Hebrew;
· 3-“Temmouz” (Tammouz) in Arabic;
· 4-“Tamuz” in Gregorian;
· 5-“Temmouzz” in Levantine Arabic;
· 6-“Dummuz-id” in Sumerian;
· 7-“Tamuz” in Babylonian. It became the 10th month of the Hebrew
calendar.

This scene shows Dumuzi being captured at his sheepfold in the Sumerian
Edin and bound by the serpent-like Ugalla demons who carry him off to the
underworld.
_________________________________

Tammuz
________________________________________
 Dumuzi and Inanna
bringing gifts to Uruk.
___________________________________
________________________________________

Anunnaki goddess Inanna and Dumuzi watching over the tree of life.
A drawing after a Sumerian cylinder seal found at Nippur,

during Ur III period (circa 2150 B.C.)

Akkadian cylinder seal dhowing Anunnaki godess Nissaba and Tammuz
(Dumuzi).

________________________________
Tammuz, “Dumuzi”, “Adon” and Ishtar (Sumerian Inanna).
________________________

Tammuz ________________________________________

The Sumerian King List mentioned two Dumuzis, one as the shepherd, who
eventually became a king, and the other as a fisher, who reigned over Uruk.
Because of the paramount importance of agriculture in the Near East/Middle
East (Mesopotamia, Syria and Phoenicia), especially in the 4th Millennium
B.C., Tammuz, Tummuz, Adon, Adonis, and Dumuzi were considered the
same deity.

Ruins of the temple of Adonis, at Afka, Lebanon (Ancient Phoenicia).

_______________________________________
________________________________________
 Inanna Tamtu-Tanuro
________________________________________

Tamtu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. The sea. Yamata in contemporary

Assyrian Eastern dialect. Yama and Yamu in Arabic.
Also Taamtum in Akkadian.

Tamtuu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

a-A promise.
b-An oath.
Mamita in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Tanuro: Akkadian/Assyrian/Arabic. Noun. An oven. Also Tannour in

Arabic.
 Tannour

Tannour
Tannour is also called Saj.
Taradu-Tiamat ________________________________________
Taradu: Akkadian/Assyrian/Arabic. Verb. To expel.

Tarbitu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To educate.

The Arabic word Tarbiya means education.
Terbiyeh in Turkish.

Targamanu: Akkadian/Assyrian/Arabic. Noun. A translator. Also

Moutargem and Tourjman in Arabic.
Moutargem and Tourjaman in Persian (Farsi).
Moutarjem in Irdu.
Tercüman in Turkish.
Targama means translation in Arabic, Persian (Farsi), and Urdu. Tercüm in
Turkish.
Taslu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A prayer.
Sluta in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.

Temum (Tehmum): Akkadian. Noun.

a-An order.
b-Information.

Tiamat : Noun. Sumerian/Akkadian/Assyrian/Old Babylonian. In the

Enuma Elish, Tiamat is depicted as a gigantic dragon symbolizing the
primeval chaos.
The word Tiamat derived from the Akkadian word Tamtu, which means the
sea. And Tamtu derived from the word Ti’amtum. Tiamat is the name of the
Babylonian queen of the salty water, the mother of the Anunnaki Lahmu,
Lahamu, Anshar, and Kishar, and the gigantic dragon symbolizing the
primeval chaos, and the bearer of the skies and Earth.
Tiamat was known to the Greeks as Thalatte (Greek word for sea), as
recorded by Berossus in his first volume of “Universal History”.

Tiamat is composed from three words:

· a- Ti, which means many things, including life; rib, etc.
Tiamat
________________________________________

· b- Ama, which means mother (Ima in Hebrew, Ama in ancient Syriac,

Ummum in Akkadian, Oum in Arabic, Anna in Hittite.)
· c- T, a feminine terminal marker.

Marduck attacks and kills Tiamat.

_________________________
Tillu-Turu ________________________________________

Tillu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A hill. Tello in contemporary Assyrian

Western dialect. Tallo in Arabic.
Tal in Persian (Farsi).
Tepe in Turkish.
Turu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun. A bull. Tawro in contemporary Assyrian
Western dialect. Tawro (Thawro) in Arabic.

*** *** ***

U-Udug ________________________________________
U
U “Oo”: Akkadian/Assyrian. Conjunction. And. U in Babylonian- Assyrian.
Ve in Turkish.
Wa in Arabic.
Wa in Aramaic.
Wu in Babylonian.
Wu in Sumerian.
Wa in Sumerian.
See W.

U-u: Akkadian/Sumerian. Preposition.

a -Either this or that,

b-Or.
Aw in Arabic.

Uban: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun.

a-The top of.
c-The summit.
“Kirhu sunu kima uban sade sakin.”- Sardanapalus. Translation: “Its fort like
the summit (top) of a mountain was standing.”

Ubanu: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. a-Heights.

b-Elevation.

Udug: Noun. Akkadian/Sumerian/Babylonian. Noun. a-A demon.

b-A bad spirit.
Udug - Udun-mah
________________________________________
c-A malevolent entity. d-A demonic creature.

A kneeling subject being attacked by demonic creatures, circa 2000-1600

B.C. Isin-Larsa.
____________________________________

Udun-mah: Akkadian/Sumerian/Babylonian. Noun.

a-A community cooking oven, usually used by villagers (Women bakers) in
a place located around the main plaza of the village. The oven is made from
baked clay, and fired bricks.
b-A public stove.
c-A baking furnace.

Ugaarum-Umah ________________________________________
Ugaarum: Akkadian. Noun. A campaign.

Ul: Akkadian. Negation "not".

Ulyo: Akkadian. Adjective.
a-High.
b-Elevated.
Contemporary Assyrian Western dialect.
Elu in Akkadian.
Elul in contemporary Assyrian Eastern dialect.
‘Ali in Arabic, and the Arabic ‘Ulu’ means elevation; height.

Umah: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A swamp.

b-A marsh.
c-Stagnant water.

A Sumerian
swamp.

An Iraqi
marsh with reed houses, the Sumerian old-fashion way.

A Sumerian reed house in a swamp/marsh area of

Mesopotamia.

_______________________________

Iraqi marshes.

______________________________
Iraqi marshes with reed and mud houses, quite similar to the

ancient Sumerian homes, built thousands of years ago.

_______________________________________________________

Umma: Akkadian. Preposition

a-Therefore.
b-Thus.

Ummanu: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. An artisan.

Ummi-a: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

a-A scribe.
b-A teacher.
c-A writer.
d-A scholar.
*** *** *** Statue of a Sumerian
scribe, circa 2,500 B.C. Ummu-Unu2
________________________________________

Sumerian/Mesopotamian scribes, who also served as teachers and scholars.

________________________________
Ummu: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian/Arabic. Noun. A mother.
Um and Ummou in Arabic.
Um in Sumerian.
Emmo in Arabic.
Emmo in contemporary Assyrian; Western dialect.

Umu: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. Day.

Yawmo in contemporary Assyrian; Western dialect.
Yawmo in Arabic.
Yawmo in Aramaic.
Yom in Hebrew.
Yom in Babylonian-Assyrian.
Yom in Arabic.

Unu2: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

a-A fortress.
b-A castle.
c-A dwelling.

A Sumero-Assyrian citadel.
__________________________________

d-A settlement.
e-A habitat.
f-A citadel.

*** *** ***

Unu2 ________________________________________

Stone carved staircase

leading to the entrance of a citadel.

A Babylonian-Sumerian citadel.
Unu6 Ùnug
____________________________________________

Unu6: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-An elevated shrine.

b-A temple.
c-A sanctuary.
A Sumerian seal depicting a leader in front of a temple’s façade.
__________________________________

Unug 2: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

a-A habitat.
b-A settlement.
c-A fort.
d-A dwelling.

Ùnug : Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

a-An elevated shrine.
b-A temple.
c-A sanctuary.
____________________________________________

Ur: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A warrior.

b-A soldier.
c-An infantry-soldier.
Ur, the city of: Old Babylonian/Sumerian/Akkadian/Chaldean. Noun. The
city of Ur. The homeland of Abraham and his father Tara.
____________________________________________

Ur is located near the town of Nasiriya, about 365 km south of Baghdad,

Iraq. It was at Ur, that Abraham learned about the Anunnaki gods, Enlil, Ea,
Enki, and developed his idea of one god governing the entire universe.
Hur (Hoor) in Arabic.
Ruins of the city of Ur in Iraq.
________________________________________
____________________________________________

Above and below: Ruins of

Ur.

\
Panel One: Days of assaults and war.

Two scenes (Panel One and Panel Two) from the life in Ur (The Royal
Standards of Ur, circa 2,600-2,400 B.C.)

Panel Two: Days of prosperity and peace.

In panel one, the king depicted in the center leads his soldiers and chariots to
war. In panel two, we see the prosperity days of Ur. In the top row, third
from left, the king of Ur is a peaceful man; he is celebrating his military
triumph, and enjoying music, while drinking with his subjects. In the lower
rows, we see his subjects bringing gifts and offerings.

Ur-Nammu ____________________________________________

Ur-Nammu, King: Akkadian/Babylonian/Sumerian. Noun. (Third Dynasty

of Ur (2044 to 2007 B.C.) Ur-Nammu's empire lasted about 105 years.
According to Babylonian legends and inscriptions, Ur-Nammu received
orders from his god and goddess to build the ziggurat, interpreted by some
Biblical scholars as the Tower of Babel. This story was recorded on a stele
known to historians and archeologists as “A tower unto the heavens.”
King Ur-Nammu rebuilt and enlarged one of the most important temples in
ancient Mesopotamia - the E-kur of Enlil, the chief god of the pantheon.
 Enlil leads Ur-
Nammu and a worker to begin work on a new temple.

Ur-Nammu and the

god Enlil, with the Tree of Life between them. Detail from the "Ur-Namma
Stele".

A limestone fragment of the stele of Ur-Namma Stele, (Ur III Period) circa
2097-2080 B.C.
The stele of Ur-Namma is the only surviving monumental artwork from that
period. Originally, the stele was more than ten feet in height, and depicted
various scenes and aspects of Ur kingship. On the right, we see a god
holding a staff and coil.
____________________________________________
 Ur-Nammu, a king, a law-giver, and builder of the
Ziggurat of Ur.
____________________________________________

Ur-Nammu Ziggurat Dedication.

“For his lady Inanna, Ur-Nammu, the mighty man, the king of Ur, the king
of Sumer and Akkad, built her temple.”
______________________

In Ur, the Stela of Ur-Nammu (Above) has the crescent symbol placed at the
top of the register of gods because the moon god was the head of the gods.
Even bread was baked in the form of

a crescent as an act of devotion to the moon-god.

_________________________

Urhu-Uruk ____________________________________________

Urhu: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. a-A street.

b-A road.
c-A path.
d-A way.
Uru: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Adjective. Tall.

Uru 2ki: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A town.

b-A city.
c-A dwelling.
d-A neighborhood.
e-A village.
f-A district.

Urudu: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A large pot.

b-A large metal container.
c-Copper.
d-Metal.

Uruk “Erech”: Ancient Assyrian/Sumerian/Akkadian. Noun. Name of the

city built by the legendary Gilgamesh. It is called “Orchoe” in Greek, and
Tall Al Warka in Arabic.
Erech is located northwest of Ur, now called Tall Al Muqayyar. Erech was a
magnificent Mesopotamian city adjacent to the Biblical city of Ur where
Abraham came from. Inanna, the queen and goddess of the sky “Heaven”,
and Anu were worshipped in Erech. The city was famed for its Anu
Ziggurat, associated with the “White Temple”.
The ancient city of Uruk “Erech” was one of the first cities established after
the Biblical account of the Great Flood. Nimrod, a third generation
descendant of Noah established Erech as one of the major centers of the
Babylonian kingdom.
Uruk was first excavated by the British explorer, William Loftus, in the
1853-55.

Uruzag - Usu
____________________________________________

Uruzag: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

a-Lands.
b-Territory.
c-Kingdom.
d-A field.
e-A country.
In Hungarian the words “Orszag” and “Ursag” mean lands.

Us (Ush): Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-Foundation of an edifice.

b-The base.
c-Perimeter of a construction.
d-A construction site.

Ushgíd-da: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A barn.

b-A storehouse.
c-A storage area for grain and cereals. d-A granary.

Usu (Ushu) : Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A dragon.

b-A sea serpent.
c-A snake.
d-A demon.

Sumerian winged dragon.

As depicted on the ritual Libation Cup of King Gudea of Lagash, circa 2100
B.C. The bas-relief depicts Tiamat as a dragon (Serpent-Dragon in the
Akkadian-Sumerian clay tablets epics).

__________________________
dUtu-Uzurat

dUtu: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. The sun god.

Rarely used in Akkadian.

The sun god Utu risin from beneath the earth, from the seal of Adda, circa
2,350-2,100 B.C.

Uzula: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun.

The name of an ancient province of Nairi, captured and destroyed by Tiglath
Pileser.

Uzumi: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Adverb. Coming out.

Uzurat Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun.

a-Pavements.
b-Basements.

Wabalu-Wu ________________________________________
W
Wabalu: Akkadian/Assyrian. Verb. To take.
Wardum: Akkadian. Noun. Adjective. A slave.

Wu: Akkadian/Assyrian/Sumerian.. Conjunction. And. Also U “Oo” in

Akkadian and Assyrian.
U in Babylonian- Assyrian.
Wa in Arabic.
Wa in Aramaic.
Ve in Turkish.
See V.

Ya’u-Yarabu ________________________________________
Y
Ya’u: Akkadian/Phoenician/Assyrian/Sumerian. Noun. A variation of the
Assyrian, Sumerian, Akkadian and Babylonian Aa, an ancient Semitic deity.
It Hebrew Au, Awe, Jah or Yah. In Babylonian it is pronounced Ya. Ya’u
derived from the Anunnaki’s words Yaw and Wawh. Ya’u was worshipped
by many civilizations in the Near/Middle East, including the Hittites,
Assyrians, Sumerians, Babylonians and Habiru (Ancient Israelites). Ya’u as
Ae or Ea occupied a major place in the Babylonian pantheon. The son of
Ae/Ea was the legendary Merodach, known as the king of all gods. He
assumes this place of honor after the death of his father. corresponds to the
ancient

Yamo: Akkadian/Aramaic. Noun. The shore.

Yamo and Yam in Arabic.
Not to confound it with the word Yawmo which means day in Aramic, Yom
in Hebrew and Arabic.

Note on Umu:
Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. Day. Yawmo in contemporary
Assyrian Western dialect. Yawmo in Arabic.
Yawmo in Aramaic.
Yom in Hebrew.
Yom in Babylonian-Assyrian.
Yom in Arabic.

Zabiti-Zadim ________________________________________
Z
Zabiti: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Adjective. a-Firm.
b-Strong.

Zab-mada: Akkadian/Assyrian-Babylonian. Noun. Army. More precisely,

too many soldiers.
Zaddu: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Adjective. Noun. Fullness.
Zadim: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A jewelery designer.

Sumero-Akkadian/Mesopotamian jewelry. Zadim-Zammeru

________________________________________

b-Bracelets and rings maker. c-A precious gem artisan. d-A mason.
e-A stone cutter.
Headdress, made from lapis lazuli, gold, and carnelian. Early Dynastic II,
circa 2,600 B.C.
______________________________

Zaltu : Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Adjective. Noun. Akkadian and

Babylonian goddess of strife. She was created by Ea, the King of the Gods,
to personify the destructive side of the Goddess Ishtar.

Zammeru: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. A singer. Zag-Zagsus

________________________________________

Zag: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

a-A frontier, usually determined by a Kudurru (Boundary stone). b-A border.
c-A boundary.
d-A limit.
e-An outskirt.
f-Outer-limit.
g-A perimeter.
 Kudurru (A boundary stone).

Zagsus (Zashush): Akkadian/Sumerian. Verb. a-To engrave.

b-To cause a seal.
c-To mark or document a property using a stamp-seal. Zagsus-Zaltu
________________________________________
Sumero-Akkadian stamp-seals.
___________________________________

Zairi: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Adjective. Noun.

The enemies.

Zakkur: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. A building.

Zaltu: Akkadian/ Assyrian/Sumerian/ Noun. Name of the

goddess created by Ea to complement Ishtar.
Zasu-Ziggurat ________________________________________

Zasu: (Zaashu): Akkadian/Sumerian. Verb.

a-To leave a mark.

b-To cause a seal.
c-To engrave the name of an owner, a brand, a label, or to mark an
ownership’s right.
Zekru: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. A male Zekr , Zakar, and
Zikr in Arabic.

Zerpanitum: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun.

Zerpanitum (Zer-banitum) was Marduk’s consort. She was also called Aru’a
in an inscription of Antiochus Soter (280-260 B.C.) She was identified with
Aruru, the Anunnaki goddess who created mankind.
She was also called “the lady of the abyss”. Zerpanitum was one of the most
important goddesses in the Babylonian pantheon.

Zeru: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. Seed. Bizer in Arabic.

Bizr in Farsi (Persian).

Zibi: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. Wild birds of the desert.

Zida: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. Rights. Zedke in Aramaic.

Ziggurat: Sumerian/Akkadian/Assyrian. Noun.

Ziggurat derived from the Old Babylonian word "Zaquru", which means:

· a- To be high;
· b- Elevated;
· c- Raised up.

The Akkadian/Sumerian word Ziggurat means:

· 1- The top of a mountain;
________________________________________

· 2- A staged tower.
The ziggurat symbolized the link between heaven and Earth. For example:
· a-The ziggurat of Sippar was called the “Temple of the

Stairway to Pure Heaven.”

· b- The ziggurat of Nippur was called the “House binding
Heaven and Earth.”
· c- The ziggurat of Larsa was called the “Temple linking
Heaven and Earth.”
· d- The ziggurat of Babylon was called the “Temple of the
Foundation Platform of Heaven and Earth.” So on.
Ziggurat of Nanna in Ur.
Ziggurat ________________________________________

One of the most famous and biggest ziggurats was in Babylon; it was
dedicated to Marduk, and was called Etemenanki, which means “House
platform of Heaven and Earth.”

Enlil Ziggurat.
________________________________
________________________________________

A
mud brick ziggurat at Ur, erected by King Ur-nammu.
_________________________
________________________________________

The ziggurat of Enlil in

Nippur, Iraq.
_____________________
________________________________________

Close up of the baked bricks and bitumen mortar of the ziggurat at Ur

“They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar” for the Tower of Bible
(Gn 11:3).

_______________________________
________________________________________
 Ziggurat
of Ur.

Remains of the Ziggurat of Eanna.

Zikri-Zu
________________________________________

Zikri: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. Fame. An event or a name to

remember.
Zikra in Arabic means remembrance, in his/her memory.

Zilugal: Akkadian/Sumerian. Noun. a-A pledge.

b-An oath.
c-A promise.

Zit shamsi: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Noun. Term. Rising of the sun.

Zu: Akkadian/Sumerian/Old Babylonian. Noun. Also known as “Anzu”,
and“Pazuzu”.
Gilgamesh killing the bird Anzu.

From left to right: 1-Ishtar, 2-Gilgamesh killing the bird Anzu who stole the
Tablet of Destiny, 3-Enkidu with his right foot pushing down Anzu to the
ground.

_________________________________ Zu
________________________________________
A scene from the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Enkidu on the left with a spear, and on the right Gilgamesh killing the bird-
man Anzu, with a dagger.
__________________________________

In Sumero-Akkadian mythology, Zu is a divine demon-bird (half man and

half bird), also referred to as Imdugud or Anzu.
Zu-Zuhuzu
________________________________________

Zu stole the "Tablet of Destiny" from the Anunnaki god Enlil and hid them
on the top of a mountain.
According to one passage in the Akkadian/Sumerian tablets, Marduk killed
the bird, but in another passage, the Anunnaki goddess Ninurta killed him.
Yet, in an older version of the Babylonian story, Ea/Enki, father of Marduk
destroyed Zu.

Zuhuzu: Akkadian/Babylonian-Assyrian. Adjective. Strong.

*** *** ***
Books, dictionaries, lexicons, encyclopedias, and journals used in the
preparation of volume one of this thesaurus:
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND REFERENCES

1 -Babylonisch-Assyrische Lesestücke, Rylke Borger, Berlin, Rome, Biblical

Institute Press, 1979
2-Die Personennamen den Keilschrifturkunden aus der Zeit der Konige von
Ur and Nisin, Ranke, Leipzig, 1907
3-Neu-Babylonisches Namenbuch, Tallqvist, Helsingfors. Bonn, Vienna,
1905
4-Bibliographie Linguistique de L’Année 1997, Paris, 1997
5-Handbuch der Orientalistik, Leiden, E.J. Brill. Berlin, Editions: 1953,
1954, 1995

6 -Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti Libros, Ludwig Koehler, Walter

Baumgartner, Berlin, New York, 1958
7-Cursus Scrip. Sac., Hummelauer, London, 1895
8-Naissance de L’Ecriture Cuneiformes et Hieroglyphes. Editions de la
504urant504 des musées nationaux, Paris, 1982.
9-Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of
London, Volumes 59, 60, No. 2 , London, 1997.
10-Shams Al Maaref Al Koubra, Damascus, 1300

11 - Helden en goden van Sumer: Een keuze uit de heroische en

mythologische dichtkunst van her Oude Mesopotamie. Marc Van De
Mieroop. American Oriental Society, 2001
12-Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction
by Vladimir E. Orel; Olga V. Stolbova, Moscow, 1953
1953
Die Keilschriftzeichen der Wirtschaftsurkunden von Ur III nebst ihren
charakteristischsten Schreibvarianten, KeilschriftPaläographie; Heft 2,
Nikolaus Schneider, Rom: Päpstliches Bibelinstitut.1935
14-Dirasat Kitab Rama-Dosh, Dmascus, 1932
15-Legends of the Old Testament Characters Baring-Gould, 1871.

16 -Sinai and Palestine; Stanley.

-Sinai and Palestine; Stanley.
Hethitisches Keilschrift-Lesebuch. J. Friedrich. Heidelberg,
1960
18-Testi lessicali monolingui della biblitheca L. 2769. Materiali Epigrafici di
Ebla 3. Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, Giovanni Pettinato.
Napoli, 1981
19-Recherches Sur L’origine de L’écriture Cunéiforme. Thureau Dangin.
Paris, 1898
20-Répertoire Commenté des Signes Présargoniques Sumériens de Lagash.
Y. Rosengarten, Paris, 1967

21 -The Sumerian Dictionary of the University of Pennsylvania Sjöberg,

Åke, Editor. With the collaboration of Hermann Behrens, Antoine
Cavigneaux , Barry L. Eichler, Margaret W. Green, Erle Leichty, Darlene M.
Loding, Steve Tinney. Philadelphia: The Babylonian Section of the
University Museum; 1995.
22-Sources in the History of Mathematics and the Physical Sciences
Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin, 1983.
23-Mathematical Cuneform Texts. American Oriental Series. Neugebauer,
Otto, and A. J. Sachs, American Oriental Society, New Haven, 1946.
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