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41 views4 pages

Report

Uploaded by

Gurlal Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Overview: The analysis is performed on a dataset containing

information about various car models. The data is stored in a CSV


le named 'data.csv' and loaded into a pandas DataFrame.
Key Observations:
1. Dataset Structure:
• The dataset contains 11,914 entries with 16 columns.
• Columns include information such as Make, Model, Year,
Engine speci cations, Transmission Type, Vehicle Size,
MPG ratings, and MSRP.
2. Data Types:
• The dataset includes a mix of numerical (int64, oat64)
and categorical (object) data types.
3. Missing Values:
• Several columns have missing values, with 'Market
Category' having the most (3,742 missing entries).
• 'Engine HP' and 'Engine Cylinders' also have some
missing values.
4. Exploratory Data Analysis:
• Bar plots were created to visualize the distribution of
various categorical variables: a. Make: Shows the
frequency of different car manufacturers in the dataset. b.
Engine Fuel Type: Illustrates the distribution of different
fuel types. c. Driven Wheels: Displays the frequency of
different drive types (e.g., front-wheel, rear-wheel, all-
wheel drive).
5. Data Preprocessing:
• The analysis includes basic data loading and visualization
steps.
• No signi cant data cleaning or preprocessing steps are
shown in the provided code.
Recommendations for Further Analysis:
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1. Handle missing values appropriately (e.g., imputation or
removal) before proceeding with more advanced analyses.
2. Explore relationships between numerical variables (e.g.,
Engine HP vs. MPG).
3. Conduct more in-depth analyses on speci c makes or models
of interest.
4. Investigate the correlation between various features and the
car's price (MSRP).
5. Consider creating derived features or encoding categorical
variables for machine learning tasks.

Models Used and Typical Applications:


1. Linear Regression
• Basic regression model assuming linear relationship between
features and target (MSRP)
• Good baseline model for price prediction
• Provides interpretable coef cients showing feature importance
2. Ridge Regression (L2 Regularization)
• Helps prevent over tting by penalizing large coef cients
• Particularly useful when dealing with multicollinearity
• Alpha parameter controls regularization strength
3. Lasso Regression (L1 Regularization)
• Performs feature selection by reducing some coef cients to
zero
• Good for high-dimensional data with many features
• Also helps prevent over tting
4. Decision Tree
• Non-linear model that can capture complex relationships
• Provides feature importance scores
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• Easily interpretable but prone to over tting
5. K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)
• Instance-based learning algorithm
• Makes predictions based on similar vehicles
• Requires feature scaling for best results
6. Random Forest
• Ensemble method combining multiple decision trees
• Generally provides better performance than single decision
tree
• More robust to over tting
Typical Preprocessing Steps:
1. Handle missing values
2. Encode categorical variables (One-Hot Encoding for Make,
Model, etc.)
3. Feature scaling (especially for KNN)
4. Split data into training and test sets
Common Evaluation Metrics for Price Prediction:
1. R-squared (R²)
2. Mean Squared Error (MSE)
3. Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)
4. Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
Recommendations:
1. Feature Engineering:
• Create interaction terms between related features
• Extract year-related features
• Group rare categories
2. Model Improvement:
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• Perform hyperparameter tuning using GridSearchCV or
RandomizedSearchCV
• Try feature selection techniques
• Consider ensemble methods or stacking
3. Validation:
• Use cross-validation for more robust performance
estimates
• Check for model assumptions (especially for linear
models)
• Analyze residuals
4. Additional Considerations:
• Handle outliers in price data
• Consider log transformation of price
• Balance between model complexity and interpretability

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