GK Notes for JKP Constable (By Iqbal Sir - JKSSB Study Fast)

First In The World

 The first person to reach Mount Everest - Sherpa Tenzing, Edmund Hillary
 The first person to reach North Pole - Robert Peary
 The first person to reach South Pole - Amundsen
 The first Governor General of the United Nations - Trigveli (Norway)
 The first country to prepare a constitution - U.S.A.
 The first person to fly aeroplane - Wright Brothers
 The first person to sail round the world - Magellan
 The first country to send man to the moon - USA
 The first woman President of the U.N. General Assembly - VijayaLakshmiPandit
 The first man to have climbed Mount Everest twice - NawangGombu.
 The first country to launch Artificial satellitein the space -Russia
 The first country to host the modern Olympics- Greece
 The first city on which the atom bomb was dropped – Hiroshima , Japan.
 The first person to land on the moon - Neil Armstrong & Edwin E. Aldrin
 The first shuttle to go in space - Columbia
 The first spacecraft to reach on Mars - Viking-l
 The first woman Prime Minister of a country - Mrs. S. Bandamaike (Sri Lanka)
 The first woman to climb Mount Everest - Mrs. Junko Tabei (Japan)
 The first woman cosmonaut of the world - Velentina Tereshkova (Russia)
 The first man to fly into space - Yuri Gagarin (Russia)
First In India
 The first President of Indian Republic - Dr. Rajendra Prasad
 The first Prime Minister of free India - Pt. JawaharLal Nehru
 The first Indian to win Nobel Prize -
st Rabindranath Tagore
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 The first Muslim President of India - Dr. Zakir Hussain
 The first man who introduced printing press in India - James Hicky
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 India's first man in space - Rakesh Sharma

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 The first Indian member of the Viceroy's executive council - S. P. Sinha

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 The first President of India who died while in office - Dr. Zakir Hussain
 The first Prime Minister of India who did not face the Parliament - Charan Singh
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 The first Indian to get Nobel prize in Physics - C. V. Raman

 The first Indian to receive Bharat Ratna award - Dr. Radhakrishnan
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 The first Vice-President of India - Dr. Radhakrishnan

 The first Indian to cross English channel - MihirSen
 The first person to receive Jnanpith award - Sri ShankarKurup
 The first person to receive Oscar award - BhanuAthaiya
 The first Speaker of the LokSabha - G V Mavalankar
 The first Education Minister - AbulKalam Azad
 The first Home Minister of India - Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
 The first Chief Election Commissioner - Sukumar Sen
 The first Chief Justice of Supreme Court - Justice Hiralal J. Kania
 The first person to receive Magsaysay Award – Acharya Vinoba Bhave.

Popular Names Of Eminent Persons

Nickname. Person
 Father of the Nation - Mahatma Gandhi
 Frontier Gandhi, Badshah Khan - Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
 Grand Old Man of India - Dadabhai Naoroji
 Strong (Iron) Man - Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
 Man of Peace - Lal Bahadur Shastri
 Punjab Kesari - Lala Lajpat Rai
 Deshbandhu - Chittaranjan Das
 Deenbandhu - C.F. Andrews
 Lokmanya - Bal Gangadhar Tilak
 Nightingale of India - Sarojini Naidu
 Lady with the lamp - Florence Nightingale
 Napoleon of India - Samudra Gupta
  Shakespeare of India - Mahakavi Kalidas
 Grandfather of Indian Films - Dhundiraj Govind Phalke
 Magician of Hockey - Dhyanchand
Monument. Place. Built by
 Khajuraho Temples. Madhya Pradesh. Chandellas
 Hawa Mahal. Jaipur (Rajasthan) Maharaja Pratap Singh
 Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra Gupta Rulers
 Ellora Caves, Maharashtra Rashtrakuta rulers
 Elephanta Caves Maharashtra Rashtrakuta rulers
 Konark Sun Temple Odisha. Narsimhadeva I
 Hampi Monuments. Karnataka. Vijayanagara Empire
 Sanchi Stupa Madhya Pradesh. Ashoka
 Fatehpur Sikri Uttar Pradeshv. Akbar
States and Their Nicknames in India
 Kerala - Spice Garden of India
 Gujarat - Land of Legends
 Karnataka - Silk City
 Assam - Tea State of India
 Punjab - Granary of India
 Utter Pradesh - Sugar Bowl of India
 Maharashtra - Sugar Belt of India
 Rajasthan - Land of Kings.
 Andhra Pradesh- Rice Bowl of India
 Himachal Pradesh - Fruit Bowl of India
 Tamil Nadu: Land of temple

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 City of Taj - Agra (Uttar Pradesh)
 Boston/Manchester of India. - Ahmedabad (Gujarat)
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 Sangam City. - Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh)

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 Land of Sunrise in India. - Arunachal Pradesh

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 Temple City of India - Bhubaneswar (Odisha) (In J&K = Jammu)

 Tea City of India - Dibrugarh (Assam)
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 Pink City - Jaipur (Rajasthan).

 Spice Garden of India , God's Own Land of India - Kerala.
JK

 Textile City of India & Manchester of South India - Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu).
 City of Seven Islands, Financial Capital of India - Mumbai (Maharashtra)
 Garden City of India, Silicon Valley of India, Space City of India, Science City of India, IT Capital of India. -
Bengaluru (Karnataka)

Freedom Fighter Books/ News Journals

 M.K. Gandhi. Young India,, Harijan,, Navjivan,, Hindu
 Swarajya, My Experiments With Truth
 Bal Gangadhar Tilak Kesri, The Maratha, Gita Rahasya.
 Annie Besant. Commonweal, New India (daily)
 Jawahar Lal Nehru Discovery of India, Meri Kahani
 M. Abdul Kalam Aazad Al-Hilal (Daily) &Al-Balagh (Weekly)
 Lala Lajpat Rai. Unhappy India
 Dr. Rajendra Prasad India Divided
 Sachin Tendulkar. Playing it my way'
 Dr. B.R Ambedkar. Mooknayak & Bahishkrit Bharat
 Veer Savarkar The Indian War of Independence
 Bhagat Singh Why I am an Atheist
 RavindraNath Tagore. Geetanjali ,The Post Office;
 Keshav Chandra Sen. Indian Mirror,
 Dinbandhu Mitra Neel Darpan
 Muhammad Iqbal Tarane Hind
 Rabindranath Tagore. ‘Gitanjali’
 Dadabhai Naoroji. Rast Goftar & Voice of India
 Pherozeshah Mehta. Bombay Chronicle
  Maulana Mohammad Ali. Comrade
 Motilal Nehru. The Independent (India)

Books. Author
 Ramayana - Valmiki
 Mahabharata - Veda Vyasa
 Bhagwat Gita. - Veda Vyasa
 Ain-i-Akbari. - Abul Fazal
 Anand Math. - BankimChandra
 Arthashastra. - Kautilya
 Geetanjali. - Rabindra Nath Tagore
 Meghdoot. - Kalidas

Languages of India
 Official Languages : According to Article 343 (1), Official Language of India is HINDI.
 Official languages of J&K :-Urdu, Hindi, English, Dogri & Kashmiri.
 8th Schedule of constitution gives a list of
 22 Official Languages . 14 of them were recognized during framing of Constitution.
1)Assamese 8)Marathi
2)Bengali 9)Odiya
3)Gujrati 10)Punjabi
4)Hindi 11)Sanskriti
5)Kannada 12)Tamil
6)Kashmiri 13)Telgu
7)malyalam 14)Urdu
Amendments in Constitution
 21st Amendment in 1967 – Sindhi was added
 71st Amendment in 1992. - Konkani, Manipuri & Nepali added. st
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 92nd Amendment in 2003. - Santhali, Maithli, Bodo & Dogriadded
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(1)Assamese (9)Manipuri (16)Tamil

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(2)Bengali (10)Marathi (17)Telugu

(3)Gujarati (11)Nepali (18)Urdu
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(4)Hindi (12)Oriya (19)Bodo

(5)Kannada (13)Punjabi (20)Santhali
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(6)Kashmiri (14)Sanskrit (21)Maithiliand

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(7)Konkani (15)Sindhi (22)Dogri.

(8)Malayalam
JK

State Official Languages State Official Languages

 Bihar. Hindi  Goa. Konkani
 Chhattisgarh. Hindi  Karnataka. Kannada
 Haryana. Hindi  Kerala. Malayalam
 Himachal Pradesh Hindi.  Sikkim. English, Nepali, Sikkimese
 Madhya Pradesh. Hindi Lepcha
 Jharkhand. Hindi  Tripura. Bengali, English, Kokborok
 Uttar Pradesh Hindi  Mizoram Mizo
 Uttarakhand Hindi  West Bengal. Bengali
 Meghalaya English  Assam Assamese
 Nagaland. English  Punjab Punjabi
 Arunachal Pradesh. English  Odisha Odia
 Andhra Pradesh. Telugu  Manipur Manipuri
 Telangana. Telugu  Gujarat. Gujarati.
 Tamil Nadu. Tamil  Maharashtra Marathi

Classical languages of India : Total = 11 Languages

 Tamil News added in 2024
 Sanskrit  Marathi
 Telugu  Pali (Buddhist)
 Kannada  Prakrit (Jainism )
 Malayalam  Assamese
 Odia  Bengali
 State & Capitals
There are 28 States and 8 Union Territories in India as on 2024
State Capital
 Chhattisgarh. Raipur  West Bengal Kolkata  Assam Dispur
 Jharkhand Ranchi  Odisha Bhubaneswar  Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar
 Goa Panaji  Andhra Pradesh Amaravati  Manipur Imphal
 Himachal Pradesh Shimla  Telangana Hyderabad  Meghalaya Shillong
 Karnataka Bengaluru  Bihar Patna  Mizoram Aizawl
 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal  Gujarat Gandhinagar  Nagaland Kohima
 Rajasthan. Jaipur  Haryana. Chandigarh  Tripura Agartala
 Sikkim Gangtok  Punjab Chandigarh
 Tamil Nadu Chennai  Kerala Thiruvananthapuram
 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow  Maharashtra Mumbai
 Uttarakhand Dehradun
(Winter) Gairsain (Summer)
Union Territories (UTs). Capital
 Andaman & Nicobar Islands Sri Vijaya Puram (Earlier it was Port Blair)
 Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu Daman
 Lakshadweep Kavaratti
 Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar (Summer) Jammu (Winter)
 Ladakh Leh
 Chandigarh Chandigarh
 Puducherry Pondicherry
 Delhi New Delhi
Countries. Capitals. Currencies st
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 India. New Delhi. Rupee  Japan. Tokyo. Yen
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 Nepal. Kathmandu. Rupee  UK. London. Pound Sterling

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 Bangladesh. Dhaka. Taka  France. Paris. Euro

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 Bhutan. Thimphu. Ngultrum  Italy. Rome. Euro

 China. Beijing. Yuan  Germany. Berlin. Euro
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 Sri Lanka. Colombo. Rupee  Spain. Madrid. Euro

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 Afghanistan. Kabul. Afgani  Brazil. Brasília. Real

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 Pakistan. Islamabad. Rupee  South Korea. Seoul. Won

 Myanmar. Naypyitaw. Kyat  Russia. Moscow. Ruble
 United States Washington D.C. Dollar (USD)  Indonesia. Jakarta. Rupiah
 Canada. Ottawa. Dollar  Saudi Arabia. Riyadh. Riyal
 Australia. Canberra. Dollar  Turkey. Ankara. Lira
 Iran. Tehran. Rial

SAARC :- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.

• Established - 8 Dec. 1985.
• Member States - 8 - Maldives, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri-Lanka, Pakistan, Afganistan, India &
Nepal (Trick: MBBS PAIN).
Headquarter - Kathmandu (Nepal)
Objective: To promote the welfare of the peoples of South Asia and to improve their quality of
life.
Secretary General of SAARC 2024 - Golam Sarwar
ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations
 Established - 8 Aug.1967 (Bangkok, Thailand). HQ- Jakarta (Indonesia)
 Total members =10
 Trick : TV CLIP of MBBS
T = Thailand.
V = Vietnam.
C = Cambodia. M= Malaysia.
L = Laos. B- Burma (Myanmar)
I = Indonesia B=Brunei.
P = Philippines, S= Singapore
 The Chairmanship of ASEAN -rotate annually based on the alphabetical order.
 Chairmanship of ASEAN 2023 - Indonesia
 Chairmanship of ASEAN 2024 - Laos
 SECRETARY GENERAL: Kao Kim Hourn
Purpose: To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region
• Motto of the ASEAN is "One Vision, One Identity, One Community
United Nations. :- (UN)
 The term United Nation was coined by - Roosevelt
 UN was formed on 24th October, 1945
 UN declare Year 2024 as - International Year of Camelids
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 H.Q of the UN is situated in New York (USA)
 Flag of the UN: White UN Emblem (two bent olive branches open at the top, and in between
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them in world map)

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 At present 193 countries are members of the UN [South Sudan (2011) is the latest 193rd
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countries]
 Languages of the UN: The Six official languages of the UN are English, French, Chinese,
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Russian, Arabic [latest added], Spanish. But the working Languages are English and French
only.
 First Secretary General of United Nations - Trygve Lie.
 Current Secretary General of UN 2024 is Antonio Guterres
 First woman President of UN General Assembly Vijaya Laxmi Pandit
Organs Of UN :- The UN is structured around six principal organs:
1. General Assembly
2. United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
4. International Court of Justice
5. UN Secretariat.
6. The Trusteeship Council.
1. UN General Assembly :-
It is rincipal component of the United Nations.
It meets annually in its headquarters in New York City.
UNGA is headed by its President, who is elected for a term of one year.
It also decides on the admission of new members. Decisions are taken by voting. Generally, a
simple majority is considered but in case of important decisions, a two-thirds majority is
considered. Each member has one vote.
In 1953, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit became the eight President of the UNGA, the only Indian GA
President till date.
The 79th session of the United Nations General Assembly 2024 President - Philemon Yang.
2. United Nations Security Council (UNSC) :- •
It maintains the International Peace and Security as well as accepting new members to the United
Nations and approving any changes to UN Charter.
UNSC Members :: A total of 15 members are there in the Council, out of which 5 are permanent and 10 are
not permanent.
The five permanent members include China, France, the Russia, UK, US
3. ECOSOC :- The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is responsible for coordination, policy dialogue,
policy review and recommendations on social, economic and environmental issues, and also the
implementation of internationally agreed development goals.
4. International Court of Justice (ICJ) :- Its seat is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands).
Notably, it is the only UN principal organ not situated in New York.
The Chief Judicial Organ of the UN, it is also sometimes known as the World Court.
5. The UN Secretariat :- st
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The Secretariat is UN's administrative arm, comprised of civil servants responsible for carrying out the
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day-to-day operations of the organization. Led by the Secretary-General, the Secretariat collects and
analyzes data, conducts research on a wide range of economic and social issues, maintains the facilities
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used by other UN organs, provides interpreter services, and translates documents into the UN's official
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languages..
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6. The Trusteeship Council :- The Council suspended its operations in 1994 when Palau, the last
remaining trust territory, gained its independence. Should the need arise, the Council may resume
operations at the request of the majority of its members, the members of the General Assembly or the
members of the Security Council.
Indian Polity (By JKSSB Study Fast)
Making of Indian Constitution)
 Idea of constitution was given by MN-Rao (1934).
 Constitutional Assembly formed on 6 Dec. 1946 (by-Cabinet Mission Plan)
 First Meeting of Constitutional Assambly held on-9-Dec-1946.
 Sacchinand Sinha first temporary presèdent of C.A.
 First Speech in Constitutional Assambly by Kriplani.
 Archetecture of Constitution (father of Constitution) - Dr. BR Ambedkar.
 Constitutional Advisor BR Roy.
 Constitution India adopted on - 26" Nov-1949 (Election, Parliament & Citizenship).
 Finally came into force on (completely adopted) - 26" Jan 1950.
 Adopted National Flag on- 22-July-1947.
 Adopted National Anthem & N. Song - 24th Jan-1950
 Constitution of India Completed in - 2 years, 11 months a 18 days -
VARIOUS SOURCES OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
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1. Government of India Act of 1935 :- Federal Scheme, Office of the governor, Judiciary, Public Service
Commissions, Emergency provisions and administrative details.
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2. British Constitution :- Parliamentary government, Rule of Law, legislative procedure, single citizenship,
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cabinet system, prerogative writs, parliamentary privileges, and bicameralism.

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3. US Constitution :- Fundamental rights, independence of the judiciary, judicial review, impeachment of

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the president, removal of Supreme Court and high court judges and post of vice-president.

4. Irish Constitution :- Directive Principles of State Policy, the nomination of members to Rajya Sabha
and method of election of the president.

5. Canadian Constitution :- Federation with a strong Centre, vesting of residuary powers in the Centre,
the appointment of state governors by the Centre, and advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

Fundamental Rights : Part -III ( Articles 12 to 35 )

1. Right To Equality : 14-18
2. Right To Freedom : 19-22
3. Right Against Exploitation : 23 24
4. Right To Religious Freedom : 25-28
5. Cultural And Educational Rights : 29-30
6. Right To Constitutional Remedies : 32

Right To Equality : Articles 14-18

Article 14 :- Equality before Law and Equal Protection of Laws.
Article 15 :- Prohibition of Discrimination on Certain Grounds.
Article 16 :- Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment.
Article 17 :- Abolition of Untouchability.
Article 18 :- Abolition of Titles.
TRICK :- Law removes DOUbT
14 - Law - Equality before Law
15 - D - Discrimination .
16 - O - Opportunity
17 - U - Untouchability
18 - T - Title
Right To Freedom : (Article 19 - 22)
Article 19:- 6 Freedom given under Article 19 :
 Speech and Expression
 Assemble peaceably without arms
 Form association, union or cooperative societies
 Movement within Indian territory
 Residence and Settlement
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 Profession, Occupation, Trade and Business
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TRICK :- SAAM Resides in Poonch

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S - Speech and Expression

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A - Assemble peaceably without arms

B
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A - Form Association, union or cooperative societies

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M - Movement within Indian territory

R - Reside and Settlement
P - Profession, Occupation, Trade and Business
Article 20 :- Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offenses in certain ways, including:
No retrospective punishment
Article 20(1) states that no one can be punished for an act that was not a crime when it was committed.
No double jeopardy
Article 20(2) states that no one can be prosecuted and punished more than once for the same offense.
No self-incrimination
Article 20(3) states that no one accused of an offense can be forced to testify against themselves
Article 21 :- Protection of Life and Personal Liberty
Article 21A:- Right To Education (86th AA, 2002 inserted Article 21-A to provide free and compulsory education
of all children in the age group of 6 to 14.

Article 22 :- Protection Against Arrest and Detention

This provision ensures certain protections to persons who are arrested or detained, including the right to be
informed of the grounds of arrest, the right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner, and the right to be
produced before a magistrate within 24 hours of arrest. It prevents arbitrary detention and ensures fair treatment
of individuals in custody.
TRICK :- CLEAR :- (Articles 20-22)
20 - C - Conviction
21 - L - Life & Liberty
21A - E - Education
22 - AR - Arrest
Right Against Exploitation : Articles 23 24
Article 23 :- Prohibition of Traffic in Human Beings and Forced Labour. This provision prohibits human trafficking
and forced labor. It makes such acts punishable offenses.

Article 24 :- Prohibition of Employment of Children in Factories.

This provision prohibits the employment of children under the age of fourteen in any factory, mine, or other
hazardous activities. However, it does not prohibit their employment in any harmless or innocent work.

Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25 to 28) :-

Article25:- Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice, and Propagation of Religion.

Article 26 :- Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs

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Article 27 :- Freedom from Taxation for Promotion of a Religion.
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Article 28 :- Freedom from Attending Religious Instruction.

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Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29 to Article 30)

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Article 29 :- Protection of Interests of Minorities.

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Article 30 :- Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions.

Right to Property Article 31 Deleted by 44 Amendment 1978 and converted it into a Constitutional right (Article
300A).

Right To Constitutional Remedies: Article 32 (Heart and Soul of the Constitution )

In the Indian Constitution, writs are formal legal orders issued by the Supreme Court Artcle 32 or High Courts
article 226 to protect fundamental rights and enforce statutory duties.

Writs : There are five types of writs:

1. Habeas Corpus : (to have the body of)
Issued to produce a person before the court, ensuring they are not illegally detained.
Protects right to liberty (Article 21).
2. Mandamus : (We Command)
Orders a public authority to perform a statutory duty.
Enforces performance of public duties.
3. Prohibition : (to forbid)
Prevents a lower court or tribunal from exceeding its jurisdiction.
Ensures judicial review.
4. Certiorari : (to be certified)
 Transfers a case from a lower court to a higher court.
Corrects errors of law or jurisdiction.
5. Quo Warranto : (by what warrant)
Challenges unauthorized occupation of public office.
Ensures accountability.
Directive Principles of State Policies (DPSP) Part-4 :- Articles 36 to 51
39(a): to provide equal justice and free legal aid
39(d): Equal pay for equal work for men & women
40: Gram Panchayats
43A: to make steps to secure the participation of workers in management of industry
44: Uniform Civil Code46: Reservation In Education & Jobs
48A: to protect the Environment and to safeguard forest and wildlife
49: to protect monument, places and objects of artistic or historic interest which are declared to be of national
importance
50: Separation of Judiciary and Executive
51: International Peace & Security
Fundamental Duties :- Part IV-A - Article 51(A)Concept Taken from Russia (USSR)Incorporated in of the
Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh
Committee st
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Originally 10 in number, one more duty (11th) was added through the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.
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Forms of Governments
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Monarchy :- A monarchy is ruled by a hereditary leader, such as a King.

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1. Absolute Monarch : controls the entire government; an example of this form of government
is Saudi Arabia.

2. Constitutional Monarch : has power and serves as the executive, but the constitution limits
this power; Monaco has a constitutional monarchy.

3. Ceremonial Monarchy : the monarch has very little power and performs ceremonial duties;
Great Britain is an example of a ceremonial monarchy.

Dictatorship

A dictatorship is a form of government, where one person effectively has all the power to run a
country. This person is called a dictator. Eg. Hitler of Germany.

Oligarchy

An oligarchy is ruled by a smaller group. There are many different kinds of oligarchies.

Stratocracy :- In many places, the military holds the power. This type of government is called a
Stratocracy. Eg. Thailand.
Plutocracy :- where the wealthy are in control. During the Renaissance, the city-states on the
Italian peninsula were often plutocracies.

Another kind of oligarchy often practiced is rule by one political party, such as the Communist
Party in China.

Theocracy :- The country of Iran is a theocracy, which means that the country is controlled by a
group of religious leaders.

Democracy :- literally, rule by the people.

Parliamentary Democracy

A parliamentary democracy is a form of democracy in which the people elect a legislative body
called Parliament. The executive, usually called a prime minister, is selected from this group.
Often, parliamentary democracies will have many different political parties, and the parties will
have to cooperate in running the government because no one party has a clear majority in the
body. India has a parliamentary system.

Presidential Democracy

A presidential democracy is where voters select both their representatives in the legislative body
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and the executive. For example, in the United States, voters choose their representative every
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two years, electors who select their president through the Electoral College every four years, and
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their senator every six years.

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Direct democracy: Citizens directly run the government and express the will of the state.
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Indirect Democracy / Representative democracy :- is a type of democratic government in which

voters choose delegates to create the laws of government on their behalf
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Participatory democracy: Citizens have more responsibilities than just voting for representatives.
This could include serving on advisory boards, commenting on policy changes, or proposing
legislation.

India :- The democratic system in India is based on the principles of federalism,

parliamentary democracy, and a multi-party system.

India is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic with a Parliamentary form of

government which is federal in structure with unitary features. There is a Council of
Ministers with the Prime Minster as its head to advice the President who is the
constitutional head of the country.
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National Sports Awards :-
Sports award given by Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
The six categories of the National Sports Awards are:
1. Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award
2. Arjuna Award,
3. Dronacharya Award,
4. Major Dhyan Chand Award,
5. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad rolling Trophy (MAKA Trophy)
6. Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puraskar
Since 2004, the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award has also been given out
along with the six National Sports Awards.
1. Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award :- (Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna).
Considered India's highest sporting honour, the Khel Ratna was established in 1991-92.
The award is given for outstanding performances in sports spanning over a period of four years
In 2021 Rajiv Gandhi khel Ratna award is Renamed as Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award.
Cash prize -25 lakh, medallion and certificate
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Vishwanathan Anand first sportsman chess from the year 1992 to 1993
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Karnam Malleswari 1 sportswoman- weightlifting - 1999

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Cricket: Sachin Tendulkar - 1998, M. S. Dhoni-2008, Virat Kohli - 2018. Rohit Sharma 2020.
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2024 Awardees:- Satwik Sairaj Rankireddy and Chirag Shetty.

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2. Arjuna Award :- Instituted in the year 1961. It is given to sportspersons for

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"consistent outstanding performance" over the period of last four years. The award
comprises "a bronze statuette of Arjuna, certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash
prize of ₹15 lakh
3. Dronacharya Award :- Instituted in the year 1985, it is given to coaches for "producing
medal winners at prestigious international events". The award comprises "a bronze statuette of
Dronacharya, a certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash prize of ₹15 lakh

4. Dhyan Chand Award :- Itroduced in 2002 and given for lifetime achievement in
Sports . Named after Dhyan Chand - hockey legend of India. A shield, a certificate,
and a cash prize.
5. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy :- was instituted in the year 1956–1957. It is
given to the university for "top performance in the inter-university tournaments"
over the period of the last one year.
6. Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar :- was instituted in the year 2009. It is given to
organizations (both private and public) and individuals for "playing a visible role in the area of
sports promotion and development" over the period of last three years.
Literary Awards in India
Jnanpith Award :-
Highest literary award bestowed upon Indian authors who have contributed to
Indian literature in any of the official Indian languages.
Established in 1961 by Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain of the Times of India group,
First recipient of the award was G. Sankara Kurup.
Sahitya Akademi Award :- The Sahitya Akademi Award honours outstanding works
of literature published in any of the twenty-four Indian languages, including English.
The Sahitya Akademi was formally inaugurated by the Government of India in 1954.
Yuva Puraskar :- ( Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar) is a literary honour that the
Sahitya Akademi confers annually on young writers with outstanding work in one of
the twenty-four major Indian languages. Initiated in 2011, the award recognizes
writers under the age of 35 and includes a cash prize of fifty thousand rupees and
an engraved copper plaque.
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JCB Prize for Literature :- Established in 2018, JCB Prize for Literature recognizes
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distinguished works of fiction in English and also translated fiction by an Indian
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author. JCB Prize for Literature consists of a cash prize worth twenty-five lakh.
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Rabindra Puraskar :- Established in the year 1950, the Rabindra Puraskar is the
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highest honorary literary award given in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is named
after Rabindranath Tagore.
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Saraswati Samman: Instituted by the KK Birla Foundation in 1991, awarded for

outstanding literary work in any of the Indian languages. The award consists of a
citation, a plaque, and ₹1.50 lakh.
Vyas Samman: Recognises an outstanding literary work in Hindi published within
the last decade.

Science Awards in India

Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize :- for Science and Technology (SSB) was a science
award in India given annually by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR) for notable and outstanding research, applied or fundamental, in biology,
chemistry, environmental science, engineering, mathematics, medicine, and
physics.
It was first awarded in 1958.
In 2024, the Government of India continued the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for
Science and Technology with the Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar called the Vigyan Yuva
- Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award.
G.D. Birla Award :-
Instituted in 1991 by the K. K. Birla Foundation in honour of the Indian
philanthropist Ghanshyam Das Birla.
The award is given to an outstanding scientific research, mostly during the past 5
years, undertaken by an Indian scientist, who is below the age of 50, living and
working in India.
It carries a cash prize of ₹5 lakhs. The award is given every year and is available for
all branches of science including medical science, basic and applied.
India Science Award :- is one of the highest and the most prestigious national
recognition by the Government of India for outstanding contribution to science. The
primary and essential criterion for the award is demonstrated and widely accepted
excellence in science. The award covers all areas of research in science including
engineering, medicine and agriculture. The prize money is ₹25 lakhs, and it also
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carries a citation and a gold medal. The award is announced and presented every year
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at the Indian Science Congress (ISC

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World Awards
Pulitzer Prize :- The most prestigious award for fiction in the United States hails from Columbia
University. Named after Joseph Pulitzer, a renowned journalist in the 1800s, the prize
recognizes works in print, digital, magazine journalism, musical composition, and literature.

It is run by Columbia University and has 21 categories. Twenty of the categories give a
certificate and a cash prize of $15,000 USD.

In 1918, the Pulitzer unveiled its first award for fiction, naming Ernst Poole as its first recipient
for his book titled, "This Family." Pulitzer Prizes are awarded in many different fields, including
fiction, nonfiction, drama, editorial writing, and criticism.

The Pulitzer Prize is awarded to a select number of novels and short stories each year.

Man Booker PrizeThe Man Booker Prize is the most prestigious award for fiction awarded to
writers who are citizens of the United Kingdom. The monetary reward and the overall
recognition and boost in readership are something coveted by all authors. The winner is
awarded £50,000 as the grand prize. And the remaining six finalists or shortlisted authors
receive £2,500 each. st
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The Man Booker Prize is open to all genres of fiction, but the vast majority of books that are
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selected as finalists and winners focus on the novel form. The prize is awarded every two years,
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and not awarded annually.

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Laureus World Sports Awards :- is an annual award ceremony honouring individuals and teams
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from the world of sports along with sporting achievements throughout the year. It was
established in 1999 by Laureus Sport for Good Foundation founding patrons Daimler and
Richemont.

The first ceremony was held on 25 May 2000 in Monte Carlo, at which South African president
Nelson Mandela gave the keynote speech.

Awards are made annually in eight categories, with a number of discretionary categories
irregularly recognised. The recipient of each award is presented with a Laureus statuette,
created by Cartier, at an annual ceremony held in various locations around the world.

Swiss tennis player Roger Federer holds the record for the most awards with six, Serena
Williams holds the record for most awards held by a female with five.

WINNERS OF LAUREUS SPORTS AWARDS 2024

NOVAK DJOKOVIC, SIMONE BILES, ΑΙΤΑΝΑ BONMATI & JUDE BELLINGHAM

Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards and perhaps the most coveted one. The
will of the Swedish inventor, the man behind dynamite, Alfred Nobel established the prizes in
1895.The prize in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology/ Medicine, Literature and Peace were first
awarded in 1901. Nobel Prize in Economics was established in 1968.

The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway, while the other Nobel Prizes are awarded
in Stockholm, Sweden.

Nobel Prize Winners for 2024 :-

Physics : John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey E. Hinton

Contribution : "for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with
artificial neural networks"

Chemistry : David Baker, Demis Hassabis, and John M. Jumper.

Contribution : for their groundbreaking work on protein design and structure prediction

Medicine :: Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun.

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Contribution: for their discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene
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regulation.
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Literature : : Han Kang (South Korean)

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Contribution : "for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the
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fragility of human life".

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Peace :: Nihon Hidankyo

Contribution: for their efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons

Economic : Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson.

Contribution : for their studies on how institutions are formed and affect prosperity ¹ ². Their
research demonstrated a relationship between institutions and prosperity.

Indian Nobel Prize Winners :

Literature : Rabindranath Tagore : (1913) & V. S. Naipaul (2001)

Physics : C. V. Raman (1930) & Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1983)

Physiology or Medicine : Har Gobind Khorana (1968)

Peace : Mother Teresa (1979) & Kailash Satyarthi (2014)

Economic Sciences : Amartya Sen (1998) & Abhijit Banerjee (2019)

 Chemistry & Venki Ramakrishnan (2009)

Political Divisions of India :-

 Location: India lies b/w Latitude 8°4' N to 37°6'N and from Longitude - 68°7' to
97°25' E.
 82° 30' E Longitude taken as (IST) as it passes middle of India [Mirzapur UP)
which is 5 hour 30 min ahead of (GMT).
 Area :- 32,87,263 sq km (7th Largest Country). • India Stretches- 3214 km (N-S)
& 2933 km (E-W)
 Land Boundary of India (15200 km) • Mainland has Coastline = 6100 km But
Total = 7516 km (including Islands).
 Southern most Point- Indra Point (Great Nicobar Island), while. Kanyakumari
(cape Comorin) is the southernmost point of Indian main land.
 Eastern most point = Kibatu (Auranchal Pradesh)
 Western most Point = Guhar Moti (Katch-Gujarat)
 Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 States :- (TRICK = GRaM JCB MiTr )
• Gujarat , Rajasthan, MP , Jharkhand , Chhatisgarh , WB , Mizoram & Tripura.
Physiography of India:- st
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1. Himalayas. 2. Northern Plame. 3. Peninsular Plateau.
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4. Indian Desert. 5. Coastal Plains. 6. Islands.

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1. Himalayas :- Abode of Snow, Young Folded Mountain Ranger. Longest

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Mountain Ranges of the world.

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A- Great Himalayas [Himadri]

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B. Lesser Himalayas [Middle Himalaya/Himachal].

C. Trans Himalayas [Tibetan Himalayan]
D. Outer Himalayas [Shiwaliks].
1. Great Himalayas (Himadri): Oldest of the three. Core of this composed of
granite. Average elevation extends up to 6000 m & some of world's higest peaks
are there:
• Mt Everest (8848 m) (Nepal), Mt. Kanchanjunga (8598 m) (Sikkim India) and
others. are Mt. Lhotse, MH Makala, Dhaulagri, Mt. Nanga Parbat (8126 m) etc
2. Lesser Himalayas :- (middle Himalayan/Himachal) : Average heigh = 3700-
4500m
• Important Mountain Pir Panjal [longest], Dhauladhar, Nag Tibba, Mussoorie.
• Jawahar tannel connect Srinagar-Jammu lies in Banihal Pass in Pir Panjal range.
•Important Hill Resorts :- Shimla, Ranikhet, mussoorie, Nainital, Almora, Darjeeling.
3. Outer Himalayas :- (Shiwaliks) - Average Range - 900 - 1200m & width - 10-50
km.
• Forms the Foothills & lies between the lessee Himalayas & Plains. It is Newest
Range.
• Longitudinal Range lying b/w L.H & Shiwaliks is called - Duns eg. Dehra Dun.
4. Trans Himalayas :- Lie North of Great Himalayas. Important Ranges includes
Karakoram, Ladakh, Zanskar etc. Highest Peak of T.H. is K2/Godwin Austin (8611)
(in POK).
Aghil Pass - connects Ladakh with China. Mintaka pass - on tri-junction of India-
china-Afganistan. Longest Glacier Slachin (in Nubra Valley) lie in this region.
Peninsular Mountains :-
• Aravalli Mountain: Rajasthan:- Oldest Fold Mountains of India. Guru Shikar -
Highest Peak.
• Vindhya Range: overlooking the Narmada Valley.
• Satpura Range : [b/w Narmada & tapi]
Highest Mountain Peaks
 Western Ghats - Anamundi.
 Eastern Ghats - Jindhagada Peak.
 Nilgiri - Doddabetta
 Satpura Range - Dhupgarh.
 Aravalli - Guru Shikhar
Western Ghats ( Sahyadri) st
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1. The western ghats are continuous chains of mountains and can be crossed
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through passes only.

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2. The height ranges from 900-1600 meters.

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3. Most of the Peninsular rivers originate from western ghats.

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4. The soil is highly fertile.

5. The onset of monsoon is felt by the western Ghats.
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6. Highest Peak - Anamundi

Eastern Ghats
1. The Eastern ghats are not continuous and are cut by rivers falling into the Bay
of Bengal.
2. Their height is lower than the western ghats, height ranges from 600 to 900
meter
3. No major river originates from Eastern ghats.
4. The soil is not so fertile here.
5. The retreating of the monsoon is felt here in October and November.
6. Highest Peak - Jindhagada Peak
Channels. Separates
 Eight Degree :- Minicoy and Maldives.
 Nine Degree :- Minicoy and Lakshadweep.
 Ten Degree :- Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
 Duncan Passage :- South Andaman and Little Andaman.
 Palk Strait :- India and Sri Lanka
 Andaman and Nicobar Islands :- Located in Bay of Bengal and is of Volcanic
origin. Saddle Peak Highest peak in the A & N Islands.
Lakshadweep Islands :- Located in Arabian Sea and is of Coral Origin
Doab: the alluvial land between two converging rivers.
Khadar: The area flooded by rivers almost every year. New Alluvium
Banger: The area never flooded by rivers. Old Alluvium.

Rivers of India
Himalayan Rivers: Indus, Ganga & Brahmputra.
The Indus River System :- (Singi khamban in Tibet).
 Length = 3180 km (709 km in India] • Rises in Tibet Near Mansarovar Lake.
 In J&k it's Himalayan tributaries are Zanskar Dras, shyok, Nubra Gilgit etc.
 Left Bank :- Important tributaries which Join Indus are:
 Jhelum (725 km) - Verinag
 Chenab (1800 km) Bara Lacha Pass (HP).
 Ravi (720 km) Kullu Hills (Near Rohtang pass HP).
 Sutlaj (1050) Mansoravan Rakes lake W. Tibet.
 Beas :- (470 km) (Near a place Rohtang Pass). st
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The Ganga Riva System
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• Length – 2525 Km (Largest River of India) Origin :- Gangotri Glacier

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(Uttrakhand). Two main rivers : Bhagirathi and Alaknanda which joined at

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Devprayag to form Ganga.

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• Before Alaknanda Meets Bhagirathi at Devprayag , Mandakini (Kali Ganga)

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Meets Alakhnanda at Rudraprayag.

Panch Prayag
1. Rudraprayag : Alaknanda and Mandakini River.
2. Vishnuprayag : Alaknanda and Dhauliganga
3. Nandaprayag : Alaknanda meets Nandakini river.
4. Karnaprayag : Alaknanda River meets Pindar river.
5. Devprayag : Alaknanda River joins Bhagirathi
Tributaries:
 Yamuna (1375 km) largest right bank tributary join Ganga at Prayagraj
(Allahbed). Tributaries of Yamuna are: Chambal, Hindon, Sind, Betwa, Ken
( from south side).
 Left Bank Tribularies :- Gomti, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi (Sorrow Bihar).
 Right Bank Tributaries :- Yamuna, Son, Damodar (Sorrow of Bengal)
• When Ganga reaches West Bengal, it gets divided into two distributaries
1. Bhagirathi enters Bangladesh called Padma.
2. Hooghly it is joined by Damodar flows through Kolkata than Falls into Bay of
Bengal.
The Brahmputra River System (Male River of India)
• Length = 2900 km (885 km in India) • Origin = Near Mansarovar Lake.
• Enters in Arunachal Pradesh - under the name Dihang. Other Names: Luit
(Assam), Jamuna Bangladesh. • Takes U-turn at Namcha Barwa.
• Tributaries: Subansiri, Kameng, Dhansiri, Manas, Dibang, Lohit, Teesta.
• Ganga and Brahmputra combined to form the world's biggest delta ''Sunderbans".
• World's Largest River Island ''Majuli'' Iies on Brahmaputra. (Got a Status of
distrist)
Peninsular Rivers
Eart Flowing Rivers (Delta forming Rivers).
1. Mahandi :- (850 km) - Rises in Dhamtari district. (from Sihawa Mt.
Chhattisgarh).
2. Godavari : (1465 km) (Dakshin Ganga Vridha Ganga) (Longest Peninsular River)
Rises in Nasik Hills [Maharashtra]" Tributaries : Indravati, Manjra, Penganga,
Vanganga.
3. Krishna :- (1327 km): - Rises in Western Ghats near Mahableshwar
(Maharashtra).
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Tributaries : Dudhganga, Panchganga, Tungabhadra, Musi etc.
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4. Cavery :- (805 km) Rises from Brahmagir range (Western Ghats)
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Tributaries: Amravati, Bhawani, kabini, Lokpawni ete.

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5. Chambal :- ( Rises from Vindhya M.P.).

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6. Periyar :- Rises from Cardamon hill kerala)

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West Flowing Rivers (Make Estuaries)

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1. Narmada :- (1057 km) (Rises in Amarkantak (MP). Flows through Rift Valley
b/w Satpura & Vindhya Range. • Dhua Dhar Fall on Narmade & is famous for
Marbles Rocks.
2. Tapti :- (724 km) (Rises from Satpura range in Betul Distt. M.P.). Also called
Twin or handmaid of Narmada. Flow through Rift Valley.
3. Sabarmati :- (Rises from Aravalli Rajasthan).
4. Mahi :- (Rises from Vindhyas in MP) It cuts tropic of Cancer twice.
5. Luni :- (Rises from Aravalli) Also called Salt River. It finally lost in the mashy
grounds at Rann of Kuchh.
6. Ghaggar :- ( Constituted as Inland drainage)
Lake of India
1. Chilka Lake :- (Odisha) (Between Mahanadi & Godavari). Largest Brackish Water
lakes. • Largest Wintering ground for migratory birds. (Coastal Lagoon). In 1981, it
got status of India's First Wetland (under Ramsar Convention).
2. Wular Lake :- (J&K) - Largest Fresh Water lake of India. Formed as of Tectonic
Activities and is fed by Jhelum river. Tulbul Project at the Mouth of the lake.
3. Vemband Lake :- (2033 sq km) -Longest lake of India. Located in Kerala.
 4. Loktak lake :- (Manipur) - Keibul Lamjao (Only Floating N.Park of the world is on
Loktak lake).
5. Sambhar Lake :- (Rajasthan) India's Largest Inland salt water Lake.
6. Pulicat Lake :- (Andhra Pradesh) Brakish W.L.)(Lagoon)
7. Koller Lake :- (Andhra Pradesh) located between Godavari & Krishana Delte.
8. Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar (UP) - Largest Artificial lake of India [Rihand Dam's
Reservoir].
9. Lonar Lake :- (Maharashtra) created by Meteor impact.
10. Pushkar Lake :- (Ajmer-Rajasthan) - Sacred lake of Hindu.
11. Sasthamcuta lake (Kerala's Largest F.L lake).
12. Periyar lake (Kerala)
13. Rupkund Lake :- (Skeleton Lake) Famous for Human Skeleton.

Crops in India
Cropping Seasons in India
1. Kharif Crop: Sown in- June-July & Harvested: Sep-Oct
Examples- Rice, maize, jowar, bajra, cotton, jute, groundnut, soybean, etc.
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2. Rabi Crop:- Sown in-Oct-Dec & Harvested: April-June.
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Examples - Wheat, barley, peas, gram, mustard, etc.
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3. Zaid Crop: Sown and harvested: Mar-July (Between Rabi and Kharif)
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Examples - Seasonal fruits (Watermelon, Muskmelon, Cucumber), Vegetables,

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Fodder Crops etc.

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Top Producer States Top Producer States

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 Rice(Paddy)-WestBengal  Jute-WestBengall
 Wheat-UttarPradesh  Cotton.-Gujarat
 Maize-Karnataka  Tobacco-Gujarat
 Pulses.-Rajasthan  Bananas-AndhraPradesh
 Sugarcane-UttarPradesh  Onion-Maharashtra
 Potato-UttarPradesh  Cashewnuts-Maharashtra
 Groundnut.-Gujarat  Bamboos-Assam
 Tea-Assam  Rubber.-Kerala
 Coffee-Karnataka  Spices.-Madhya Pradesh
 Saffron-J&K  Milk - Utter Pradesh

Revolution. Field Revolution. Field

 Black Revolution - Petroleum  Green Revolution. - Agriculture
 Blue Revolution - Fish Production  Grey Revolution - Fertilizers.
 White Revolution. - Dairy, Milk.  Pink Revolution. - Meat and
 Yellow Revolution. - Oil Seed Poultry..
 Brown Revolution. - Cocoa, Leather,  Silver Revolution. - Egg Production
 Golden Revolution. - Overall  Silver fibre Revolution - Cotton
 Horticulture, Honey.  Purple Revolution - Lavender
GREEN REVOLUTION:- Great increase in production of food grains (especially
wheat and rice) by introduction of high-yielding varieties. (HYVs).
• Norman Borlaug - 'Father of Green Revolution' in world.
• Term green revolution was first used by William Gaud.
• Father of the Green Revolution in India. Mr. Swaminathan -
JHUM CULTIVATION :-(Slash and Burn Agriculture)/ (Shifting cultivation)
• Predominantly practiced in the northeastern states of India.
WHITE REVOLUTION: (Operation Flood) :-
• To increase in milk production in the country.
• Dr Varghese Kurian - Father of White revolution in india.

Climate of India
MONSOON : • The word Monsoon has been derived from an Arabic word
"Mausim", which means seasonal reversal in the wind direction.
• During the winter season, the winds generally blow from northeast to
southwest (land to sea)
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• While in summer season the winds blow from southwest to northeast
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(sea to land).
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Southwest Monsoon Season :- (June to September) :- The southwest monsoon,

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which is the main monsoon, comes in from the sea and starts making its way up
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India's west coast in early June. By mid-July, most of the country is covered in rain.
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• Mawsynram receives highest rain fall in India & World. This is World's Wettest
place.
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• Southwest Monsoon first hits the Western Ghats of the coastal state of Kerala.
Northeast Monsoon Season :- (Retreating Monsoon)-(Oct-Nov)
• The northeast monsoon affects India's east coast during November and
December. It's a short but intense monsoon.
• The states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala receive most of their rainfall
from the northeast monsoon, while the rest of the country receives most of its
rainfall from the southwest monsoon.

Pre-Monsoon Showers :-
1. Mango Showers: • The pre-monsoon showers in Karnataka and Kerala
that help in the ripening of mangoes are known as April rains or Summer
showers or Mango Showers.
2. Cherry Blossom: • In Karnataka and associated region, the local
thunderstorms are called as cherry blossoms. Caused due to the meeting
of humid sea winds and hot dry local wind in the month of April & May.
These showers help in the ripening of coffee plants and occurs during
cherry blossom.
3. Kal Baishakhi: • Pre monsoon Showers are known as Kal Baisakhi at
West Bengal & Assam.
Norwesters: • The shallow cyclonic disturbances that travel to India
from Mediterranean sea and Persian gulf. Cause rainfall in the East India
viz. Assam, West Bengal, & Orissa during winter season.
Western Disturbances :- A western disturbance is an extratropical storm
originating in the Mediterranean region that brings sudden winter rain to the
northern parts of the Indian (J&K).
• Western disturbances are important for the development of the Rabi crop, which
includes the locally important staple wheat.
Loo :- Hot, dry, and oppressing winds blowing especially in Northern plains of India
UP, Bihar, Rajasthan,Delhi.

World of Sports
Sports Events :-
 Olympics 2024 – Paris (France)
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 Olympics 2028 -- Los Angeles (USA)
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 FIFA World Cup 2022 - Qatar

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 FIFA World Cup 2026. - Canada, US & Mexico.

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 ICC Cricket World Cup 2023 –INDIA (Winner -Australia & Runner-up India)
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 ICC Cricket World Cup 2027:- South Africa, Zimbabwe & Namibia.
 ASIAN GAMES 2026 - Aichai & Nagoya (JAPAN)
 Commonwealth Games 2026 : held at Glasgow, Scotland
🔍 Abhinav Bindra in men’s 10m air rifle shooting - Beijing 2008. He won First
individual Gold Medel in Olympics.

🔍 Karnam Malleswari created history and became the first Indian woman to win
a medal at the Olympics. During the 2000 Sydney Games, Karnam Malleswari
lifted 110kg in the snatch and 130kg in the clean and jerk categories for a total
of 240kg and finished the competition with a bronze medal.

🔍 Sakshi Malik is an Indian freestyle wrestler. At the 2016 Summer Olympics,

she won the bronze medal in the 58 kg category, becoming the first Indian
female wrestler to win a medal at the Olympics
NATIONAL GAME
USA. Baseball Srilanka. Volley ball
Spain. Bulls Fighting Russia. Football and Chess
Canada. Ice Hockey China. Table Tennis
New Zealand. Rugby Union Brazil. Football
India. Hockey France. Football
Pakisthan. Field Hockey England. Cricket
Bangladesh. Kabaddi Australia. Cricket
Japan. Judo

Sports Grounds. NUMBER OF PLAYERS IN VARIOUS GAMES

Games. Grounds Game. Number of Players
Athletics.- Track Polo. st 4
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Badminton.- Court Basketball. 5
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Table Tennis. Court Volleyball. 6

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Baseball.- Diamond Kabaddi. 7

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Boxing.- Ring Water polo. 7

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Cricket.- Pitch (Field) Baseball. 9

Football.- Field Hockey. 11
Golf.- Course Cricket. 11
Football. 11
Rugby. 15
YALE. 19

 Major Dhyan Chand. "The Wizard" or the "Magician of hockey

 P.T. Usha. "Payyoli Express" & the "Golden Girl
 Milkha Singh. Flying Sikh
 Harbajan Singh The Turbanator
 Sachin Tendulkar God of Cricket or Master Blaster
 Rohit Sharma Hitman
 M S Dhoni, "Captain Cool":
 Modern History of India (By JKSSB Study Fast- Iqbal Sir)
Advent of European
Portuguese (1498-1961) Capital – Cochin (Later on –Goa)
Vasco da Gama : Reached Calicut in 1498.
English (1600-1947) : English East India Company was Formed in 1599.
 William Hawkins :- Stayed in Jahangir's court (1607-11) but failed to get permission for
trade.
 Sir Thomas Roe - Got permission from Jahangir to trade in India.
 E.E.I.C. opened a factory at Surat (1613).
Governor Generals/Viceroys of India
Governor of Bengal (1767-78) : First Governor of Bengal: Robert Clive.
Governor General of Bengal (1773-1833) : First: Warren Hastings.
Governor General of India (1833-58) : First: William Bentinck.
Viceroy of India (1858-1947) : First Viceroy of India Lord Canning.
Revolt of 1857 (First War of Independence / Sepoy Mutiny)
Outbreak of Revolt
 On 29th March 1857, Mangal Pandey (a sepoy in the 34th Bengal Native Infantry
st
Regiment) killed two British officers, Hugeson and Baughi (at Barrackpore, Bengal). He
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was hanged on April 8, 1857.
 On May 10, 1857, the Sepoy Mutiny at Meerut started and spread throughout the country.
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Indian National Congress (INC)

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Formed by A.O. Hume in 1885 (during Lord Dufferin's rule). W.C. Banerjee - First President of
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INC.
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Important Sessions of INC

 1885 – Bombay : W.C. Banerjee (72 delegates)
 1886 – Calcutta : Dadabhai Naoroji (436 delegates)
 1887 – Madras : Badruddin Tyabji (First Muslim President)
 1889 – Allahabad : George Yule (First English President)
 1907 – Surat : Ras Bihari Ghosh (Surat Split)
 1917 – Calcutta : Annie Besant (First Woman President)
 1920 –Nagpur : C Vijayaranghavacharia
 1924 – Belgaum : M.K. Gandhi (Only time he presided)
 1925 – Kanpur : Sarojini Naidu (First Indian Woman President)
 1929 – Lahore : Jawaharlal Nehru (Purna Swaraj Declaration)
 1938 – Haripura : Subhas Chandra Bose
 1947 – Meerut : J.B. Kripalani

Partition of Bengal (1905) by Lord Curzon

Swadeshi Movement (1905) : Anti-partition movement in Bengal.
Muslim League (1906) : Founded by Aga Khan and others who supported the partition of Bengal
and opposed the Swadeshi Movement.
Surat Split (1907) : Split in INC during the Surat Session (1907)
Moderate Leaders : Dadabhai Naoroji, Ferozeshah Mehta, G.K. Gokhale, M.M. Malviya, Badruddin Tyabji,
Tej Bahadur Sapru, W.C. Banerjee, Ras Bihari Ghosh, etc.
Extremist Leaders : Lal, Bal, Pal (Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal) & Aurobindo
Ghosh.
Indian Councils Act (Morley-Minto Reform) (1909) : Introduced Separate Electorate for
Muslims.
Events in the Yaer 1911 :
 Delhi Durbar (1911) Held for King George V and Queen Mary.
 Capital of India shifted from Calcutta to Delhi (1911).
 Partition of Bengal was revoked (1911).
 National Anthem - Jana Gana Mana by Rabindranath Tagore (1911).
Ghadar Party (1913) : Founded by Lala Hardayal
Mahatma Gandhi's Entry to India
Birth : October 2, 1869, at Porbandar, Gujarat & Death : January 30, 1948, by Nathuram Godse.
Went to South Africa in 1893 (at 24 years of age). Founded Natal Indian Congress in Africa (1894).
Returned to India on January 9, 1915 (at 46 years of age). Wrote autobiography My Experiments with
Truth.
Home Rule Movement (1916) : Two Home Rule Leagues were established:
1. All India Home Rule League by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
2. Home Rule League by Annie Besant.
Objective: Self-government for India within the British Empire.
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 Bal Gangadhar Tilak : Slogan: "Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it." Newspapers:
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*Kesari (Written in marathi) & Maratha (Written in English).
 New India and Commonweal by Annie Besant.
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 In 1921, Indian Home Rule League changed its name to "Swarajya Sabha".
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Lucknow Pact (1916) : Reunited extremists and moderates of INC & Muslim League and INC
joined forces.
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Champaran Satyagraha (1917) : First Civil Disobedience movement.

Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918) : Dispute between mill owners and workers over "Plague Bonus".
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Kheda Satyagraha (1918) :

August Declaration (1917) : British policy announced after the Lucknow Pact aimed at
increasing Indian participation in every branch of administration, affirming India as an integral
part of the British Empire.
Rowlatt Act (1919) : Officially known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act.
Rowlatt Commission, headed by Judge Sidney Rowlatt. Critically opposed by Mahatma Gandhi,
dubbing it the "Black Act". Gave the government powers to arrest and imprison suspects
without trial for up to two years.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919) : General Dyer opened fire on a crowd gathered at
Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, killing 379 people. Hunter Commission was appointed to
investigate the massacre. Sardar Udham Singh assassinated Michael O'Dwyer in 1940 in
retaliation. General Dyer died in 1927. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood in protest.
Khilafat Movement (1920) : Led by Ali Brothers, Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Protested
British mistreatment of Turkey after World War I, a major cause being the Treaty of Sèvres.
Mohammad Ali started the English weekly "The Comrade" and the Urdu daily "Hamdard".
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) : First mass-based political movement under Gandhi.
Formally launched on August 1, 1920.
Chauri Chaura Incident (1922) : A mob in Chauri Chaura, Gorakhpur (UP), clashed with police,
resulting in the burning of 29 policemen on February 5, 1922. This led to the suspension of the
Non-Cooperation Movement.
Swaraj Party (1923) : CR Dass & Motilal Nehru.
Simon Commission (1927) : "Statutory Commission" consisting of 7 British members; no
Indians appointed. Indian National Congress decided to boycott the Simon Commission during
the Madras Session (1927). Protests included the slogan "Simon Go Back". Government
responded with brutal repression and police attacks. Lala Lajpat Rai ("Punjab Kesari") was
severely beaten in a lathi charge in Lahore, leading to his death in 1928.
Nehru Report (1928) : All Parties Conference (Bombay - 1928) Lord Birkenhead challenged
Congress to draft a Constitution for India. All Parties Conference convened after this challenge
to draft a proposed constitution (Nehru Committee draft).
Lahore Session (1929) : Date: 19th December 1929. President: Jawaharlal Nehru . Declaration:
"Purna Swaraj" (complete independence) adopted as the ultimate goal.
Event: Unfurling of the newly adopted Tricolour Flag on the banks of the Ravi River. Significance:
26th January 1930 fixed as the first Independence Day.
Dandi March (1930) : (Salt Satyagraha) : Purpose: To break the salt laws imposed by the British
(Salt Act).
Start Date: 12th March 1930 from Sabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad. Arrival: Reached the coastal
village of Dandi on 6th April 1930. Action: Mahatma Gandhi picked up a handful of salt,
breaking the law, marking the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
First Round Table Conference : (12th November 1930) in London. Purpose: To discuss the
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Simon Commission and Indian constitutional reforms. Participants: Attended by the Muslim
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League, Hindu Mahasabha, and Liberal parties; boycotted by the INC. Representative: Col. Kailas
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Narain Haksar attended the conference.

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Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) : Outcome: Ended the Civil Disobedience Movement as INC agreed to
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participate in the Second Round Table Conference. British Concessions: Released political
B

prisoners and allowed villages to produce salt for local consumption.

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Karachi Session of INC (1931) : Resolution: Passed resolutions on fundamental rights and
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national economic policy.

Second Round Table Conference (1931) : Gandhi's Role: Represented INC and traveled to
London to meet with British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.
Gandhiji's Trip to London (1931) on Ship SS Rajputana along with followings
 Companion: Mirabehn (representing Indian Women)
 Delegate: Sarojini Naidu (representing Indian Women)
 Business Community Representative: G.D. Birla
 Issues at the Second Round Table Conference (1931)
Deadlock: Mainly on the issue of minority representation
Demand: Separate electorates for Muslims, Depressed Classes, Christians, and Anglo-Indians
Communal Award (16th August 1932) : Announcement: Made by Ramsay MacDonald
Recognition: Declared Depressed Classes as minorities with entitlement to separate
electorates
Gandhiji's Protest : Action: Started a fast unto death in Yeravda Jail (Poona) against the
Communal Award.
Poona Pact : (25th September 1932) : Signed by: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (on behalf of Depressed
Classes) and M.K. Gandhi (on behalf of Congress).
Third Round Table Conference (1932) : Outcome: Inconclusive due to the absence of most
national leaders in prison. Result: Led to the passing of the Government of India Act 1935
Attendance at RT Conferences : Representatives: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru
attended all three Round Table Conferences.
Government of India Act 1935
August Offer (8th May 1940) :
 British Initiative: Aimed to secure Congress support in World War II
 Response: INC Session in Ramgarh, Bihar (under Abul Kalam Azad), passed a resolution
supporting the offer
 Proposal: Provisional National Government setup promise by Lord Linlithgow, termed the August
Offer
Cripps Mission (1942) : Purpose: British government sent Sir Stafford Cripps to negotiate
terms with Indian leaders
Quit India Movement (1942) : Launched by Mahatma Gandhi at Mumbai's Gowalia Tank Maidan
on August 8, 1942. Slogan: "Do or Die".

Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) : First INA: Formed by Mohan Singh. Second INA:
Created by Subhas Chandra Bose. Organizations: Bose also formed the All India Forward
Bloc and the Rani of Jhansi Regiment
Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) :
- Announcement: British Prime Minister Lord Attlee declared the Cabinet Mission would visit India
- Members: Included Lord Pethick Lawrence (Head), Sir Stafford Cripps, and A.V. Alexander
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Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947) : Announcement: Lord Mountbatten presented his plan on
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June 3, 1947. Division: India to be partitioned into India and Pakistan, effective from August 15,
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1947
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Partition and Independence (1947) - British PM Atlee

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B
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HISTORY – IMPORTANT DATES

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1526 -- First Battle of Panipat between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi (Delhi Sultanate)
1556 -- Second Battle of Panipat (1556), between Hemu & Akbar (Hemchandra
Vikramaditya (Sur Empire) and the Mughals under Akbar)
1761 -- Third Battle of Panipat (1761), fought between the Maratha Empire and
the Durrani Empire under the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali
1757 -- Battle of Plassey :- East India Company and Nawab of Bengal (Siraj-ud-
Daulah) in 1757 East India Company victory - British Rule started in India .

1770 -- Battle of Wandiwash (3rd Carnatic war) English and French forces in 1760
- EIC victory
1764 -- Battle of Buxar -- East India Company and the Joint forces of Mir Qasim
(administrator of Bengal), Shuja-ud-Daulah (Nawab of Oudh) and Shah Alam II
(Mughal emperor) in 1764 - EIC victory.
1857 – First War of Independence; Revolt of the Sepoys
10th May 1857 – Revolt of the sepoys at Meerut
8th April 1857 – Mangal Pande was arrested and hanged
1858 – Government of India Act passed by British; Rule of East India Company
came to an end and Queen Victoria’s Proclamation
1885 – Indian National Congress was founded by AO Hume

1905 – Partition of Bengal announced by Lord Curzon

1905 – Anti-partition Movement was started st
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1906 – All-India Muslim League was formed at Dacca by Nawab Khwaja

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Salimullah & Aga Khan.

B
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1907 – Surat Split , Splitting up of INC into Extremist and Moderates

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1909 - Minto-Morley Reforms (Separate Electorate for Muslims)

1911 – Partition of Bengal was cancelled, Capital of India shifted from Calcutta to
Delhi (1911)., National Anthem - Jana Gana Mana by Rabindranath Tagore (1911).
1913 -- Ghadar Party Founded by Lala Hardaya & other at San Francisco USA.
1916 – Lucknow Pact : Reunion of extremists and moderates of INC & Muslim
League and INC.
1916 – Home Rule Leagues launched by BG Tilak and Annie Besant
1917 -- Champaran Satyagraha :- First Civil Disobedience movement.
1918 -- Ahmedabad Mill Striken: Dispute between mill owners and workers over
"Plague Bonus".
1918 -- Kheda Satyagraha
1917 -- August Declaration announced by British aimed at increasing Indian
participation in every branch of administration, affirming India as an integral part
of the British Empire.
1919 – Government of India Act was passed
1919 – Rowlatt Act (also known as the Black Act) was passed
1919 – Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy (13 April 1919)
1920 – Non-cooperation Movement was started
1923 – Swaraj Party was organized by CR Dass & Motilal Nehru
1927 – Simon Commission :"Statutory Commission" consisting of 7 British
members; no Indians appointed. Indian National Congress decided to boycott the
Simon Commission during the Madras Session (1927). Protests included the
slogan "Simon Go Back". Lala Lajpat Rai died of lathi charges while demonstrating
against the Simon Commission st
Fa
y

1928 – Nehru Report was submitted

ud
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1929 – Lahore session and Poorna Swaraj Resolution (Complete Independence)

B
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1930 – Dandi March - Civil Disobedient Movement was launched

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1930 -- First Round Table Conference : (12th November 1930) in London.

Purpose: To discuss the Simon Commission and Indian constitutional reforms.
1931 -- Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) : Outcome: Ended the Civil Disobedience
Movement as INC agreed to participate in the Second Round Table Conference.
British Concessions: Released political prisoners and allowed villages to produce
salt for local consumption.
1931 -- Second Round Table Conference (1931) : Gandhi's Role: Represented INC
and traveled to London to meet with British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.
1932 -- Communal Award (16th August 1932) : Announcement: Made by Ramsay
MacDonald - Declared Depressed Classes as minorities with entitlement to
separate electorates
1932 -- Poona Pact : (25th September 1932) : Signed by: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (on
behalf of Depressed Classes) and M.K. Gandhi (on behalf of Congress).
1932 -- Third Round Table Conference (1932) : Outcome: Inconclusive due to the
absence of most national leaders in prison. Result: Led to the passing of the
1939 – Forward Bloc was founded by Subhas Chandra Bose
1940 – August Offer was made by Lord Linlithgow - British Initiative: Aimed to
secure Congress support in World War II
1942 – Cripps Mission - Purpose: British government sent Sir Stafford Cripps to
negotiate terms with Indian leaders
1942 -- Quit India Movement (1942) : Launched by Mahatma Gandhi at Mumbai's
Gowalia Tank Maidan on August 8, 1942. Slogan: "Do or Die".
1945 – Lord Wavell’s Plan
1945-46 – Cabinet Mission Plan st
Fa
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26th October 1946 – Interim Government was formed

ud
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20th February 1947 – Announced that British Government would leave Indian by
B
SS

June 1948
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1947 – Mountbatten Plan

1947 – Indian Independence Act
 Science (by JKSSB Study Fast)
Biology
Vitamins. Scientific Name DeficiencyDiseases
VITAMINS :- Discovered by Fun Vitamin A (Retinol). - Night blindness
Fat soluble - K, E, D, A Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) - Beri-beri
Water soluble - B, C Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) - Scurvy
 In the Sunlight - Vitamin D Vitamin D (Calciferol). - Rickets
Vitamin K (Phylloquinone) - Excessive bleeding due to injury
Vitamin E (Tocopherol). - Sterility (Infertility)
Important Facts About Human Body:
Total No. Of Bones in Human body - 206 Normal body temperature: 37 degree Celsius
Largest Bone in the body: Femur (thigh bon Normal Heart Beat (Pul;se Rate) : 72 beats per minute
Smallest Bone in the body: Stapes in ear Largest Muscle in the body: Gluteus Maximus or Buttock
Largest Part in the Body. - Skin Muscle
Largest Gland: Liver Smallest Muscle in the body: Stapedius
Largest Endocrine Gland: Thyroid gland Largest Artery: Aorta
Hardest part in human Body - Enamel of Teet Largest Vein: Inferior Vena Cava
Normal Blood Pressure (B.P.): 120/80 mm H Longest Cell: Neurons (nerve cells)
Universal blood donor: O Minimum distance for proper vision: 25 cm
Universal blood recipient: AB
Father's of Subjects st
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 Genetics. - G J Mendel  English. - Geoffrey Chaucer
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 Evolution. - Charles Darwin Mathematics - Archimedes

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
 Biology (Zoology) - Aristotle  History. - Herodotus
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 Chemistry. - Antoine Lavoisier  Geography. - Eratosthenes

B

 Botany. - Theophrastus  Economics. - Adam Smith

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 Physics. - Albert Einstein

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Nutrition: - The process of taking in and utilizing food for producing energy for growth and
development is known as nutrition. Modes of Nutrition: - There are mainly two modes of
Nutrition.
1. Autotrophic Nutrition.
2. Heterotrophic Nutrition.
1. Autotrophic Nutrition: - In this mode of nutrition organisms prepare their own food from the
simple inorganic material like carbon dioxide and water with the help of sunlight.
Example: All green plants, some bacteria.
Photosynthesis: The process of preparing food from simple inorganic materials like CO2 and
H2O with the help of sunlight is known as photosynthesis. Food generally prepared in the green
parts of plant because green parts of plant have chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight.
Equation which express photosynthesis is: -
6CO2 + 6H20 - Sunlight Chlorophyll - C6H12O6 + 602
2 Heterotrophic Nutrition: In this mode of nutrition organisms cannot prepare their own food.
They depend on other organisms for food.
Example: - All animals, fungi etc.
Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition: - It is of three types: -
Saprophytic Nutrition: In Saprophytic organisms obtain their food from decaying organic matter
of dead plants, dead animals etc. E.g. Fungi, Bacteria.
Parasitic Nutrition: - In parasitic nutrition organisms derives its food from the body of other
living organisms. E.g. Plasmodium, Louse etc.
Holozoic Nutrition: - In this type organisms intake whole food and then digest that food. E.g.
Human beings and many other
Human Circulatory system: -
Comprise of Heart, Blood. & Blood vessels.
Heart: Human Heart has 4 Chambers ( 2 auricles &2 ventricles). It is a muscular, pumping
organ. It is located almost middle of thoracic cavity. Somewhat titled towards left lung.
Size:-12x9x6 cm in dimension.
Weight: -300 gm (Male) & 250 gm (female)
Shape & Color: - Conical in form looks reddish brown in color.
Blood: Study of blood is known as hematology. PH of blood is 7.5. Blood consists of watery
fluid called Plasma & have 3 types of cells.
Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC, s) or Erythrocytes It transport gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide)
White Blood Corpuscles (WBC, s) or Leucocytes. Help in immune system.
Blood Platelets or thrombocytes. Helps in blood clotting.
Blood Vessels: - generally three blood vessels are found.
Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart for distribution to the body. All arteries contain
oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery. Largest artery - Aorta.
Veins: Bring blood from the body back to heart. All veins carry deoxygenated blood except
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pulmonary veins. Largest Vein - Vena Cava.
Capillaries: These are smallest blood vessels which carry blood from different parts of the body
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and drains into the veins.

Transportation in Plants: There are two main conducting tissues in a plant.
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(a) Xylem :- Carries water & minerals from the roots to other part of the plant.
B
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(b) Phloem :- Carries product of photosynthesis from leaves to the other part of the plant.
Excretion in human beings: The process of the removal of the harmful metabolic wastes from
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the body is called excretion. Excretory system includes :-

1. Kidneys ( Nephron: Each kidney has a large number of filtration units called nephrons.
Nephron is the structural and functional unit of Kidney).
2. Urinary Bladder 3. Ureter 4. Urethra
Ecosystem: Ecosystem is defined as interaction of living organisms with their non living
environment. Term Ecosystem was coined by Tansley 1935.
Components of Eco-System:-
1. Abiotic components: - Abiotic components of an eco-system consist of non living
substances and factors like - temperature, wind, soil type, humidity, precipitation, light,
Carbon, Nitrogen, topography, pH of the soil, etc.
2. Biotic components: These constitute all the living members of an eco-system. Eg. Plants,
animals and micro organisms. These are of three types:
A. Producers
B. Consumers
C. Decomposers
A. Producers :- Producers are organisms that can make their food eg. Green plants and
some bacteria. All of these are green in color because they contain chlorophyll that absorbs
the energy from the sun and uses it to produce its food. This is known as photosynthesis.
B. Consumers :- Organism that cannot produce its own food and must eat other plants
and/or animals to get energy. Consumers are also known as heterotrophs. They are
classified as :
PRIMARY CONSUMERS. These are herbivores and feed directly on producers i.e. green
plants. Primary consumers vary with the type of an ecosystem. For example, in a forest
ecosystem, deer or giraffe is a primary consumer whereas in a grassland ecosystem, cow
or goat is a primary consumer.
SECONDARY CONSUMERS: These are carnivores and feed on primary consumers and
producers. For example, dogs, cats, birds etc.
TERTIARY CONSUMERS: These are top carnivores that feed on primary and secondary
consumers and producers. For example, lion, vulture etc.
a. Herbivores- they feed on plant species (primary producers) eg- rabbit, insects
b. Carnivores- they food on herbivores and other carnivores eg- frog, snake
c. Omnivores- they feed on both plants and animals. Eg- humans
d. Detritivores- they feed on parts of dead organisms, waste of living organisms etc. Eg-
earthworms, ants.
3. Decomposers - they derive their food by breaking down the complex organic molecules
to simple organic compounds and finally to inorganic nutrients. Eg- bacteria, fungi.

Food chain: The transfer of food, energy from producers through a series of organisms
with repeated eating and being eaten is known as a food chain.
Grass - Grasshopper - Frog - Snake - Hawk
Types of food chains: There are 2 types of food chains:
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a. Grazing food chain: This type of food chain starts from the living green plants. Depends
directly on solar energy.
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Grass - Rabbit - Lion

b. Detroiter's food chain: This type of food chain goes from dead organic matter into micro
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organisms and then to organisms which feed on detritivors (decomposers) and predators.
B
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Such eco-systems are not dependent on direct solar energy.

Ex: bacteria and fungi feeding on dead organic matter and are eaten by small fish which act
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as prey to large fish or birds.

• Dead and Decay micro-organisms - small fish - big fish.
Food webs : A complex network of interconnected food chains of different tropic levels in
a Biotic community is termed as a food web.
Ozone Layer depletion :-
The ozone layer present in Stratosphere which protects the earth from the sun's ultraviolet
(UV) radiation.
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) released into the atmosphere react chemically with ozone
molecules and are depleting the layer.
Dobson Unit used to Measure ozone layer thickness.
Biodegradable waste. :- Substances that are broken-down by biological processes are
said to be biodegradable.
Example: Dead animals and plants, sewage, paper, wood, eels of vegetables and fruits etc
Non-biodegradable waste :- Substances that are not broken-down by biological
processes are said to be non-biodegradable.
Example: Plastic bags, glass, bottles, empty tin cans, DDT, insecticides, pesticides etc.
Biomagnification: The increase in the concentration of the harmful chemicals in the body of
an organism per unit its mass at each successive trophic level in a food chain is known as
biomagnification.
3 R's :- Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

Communicable Diseases :- are caused by the organism (insect, virus, or

bacterium). They are contagious and can be transmitted from one person to another. In
Human's Infectious disease are further of four types:-

1) Viral disease. 2) Bacterial disease. 3) Protozoan disease. 4) Fungal disease

Bacterial Diseases
Disease. Pathogen
 T - Typhoid - Salmonella typhi
 T - Tetanus. - Clostridium tetani
 T - Tuberculosis - Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
 P - Pneumonia. - Streptococcus pnomonia
 P - Plague. - Yersinia pestis
 P - Pertussis. - Hemophilea pertussis.
 C - Cholera. - Vibro cholera
 L - Leprosy. - Mycobacterium leprea.
Viral Diseases
Disease. Pathogen
 Smallpox. Variola Virus st
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 Chicken pox. Varicella zoster
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 Common cold. Rhino virus or corona virus

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 Influenza/Flu. Orthomixovirus
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 Mumps. Paramyxovirus
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 Encephalitis. Arbo virus (encephalitis virus)

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 AIDS. HIV virus or Retro virus

 Dengue fever. Dengue virus (arbovirus)
 Rabies (Hydrophobia). - Rhabdovirus or Rabies virus
 Hepatitis. Hepatitis A, B, C virus

Non-communicable Diseases :- Including heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and

chronic lung disease, are collectively responsible for 74% of all deaths worldwide.
Physics
Important Si Units
Unit Name. SI Unit Unit Name. SI Unit
 Length. metre  Luminous intensity. Candela
 Mass. kilogram  Force. Newton
 Time. second  Energy, Work, Heat. Joule
 Electric current. Ampere  Power. Watt
 Electric charge Coulomb  Frequency. Hertz
 Electric potential. Volt  Resistance. Ohm.
 Temperature. kelvin  Radioactivity. Becquerel
 Amount of substance mole

Important Instruments with Function Inventions. Inventor

 Ammeter - Measures Current. 1. Air conditioner. Willis Carrier
 Anemometer. - Measures velocity of the win 2. Electricity. Benjamin Franklin.
 Barometer - Atmospheric pressure. 3. Watch. Peter Henlein
 Fathometer - Measures the depth of the ocean.
4. Radio. Guglielmo Marcon
 Galvanometer - Electric current of low magnitude
5. Electric bulb. Thomas Edison
 Hygrometer. - Humidity in the air.
 Pyrometer - Measures ery high 6. Ball Point Pen. John Loud
7. Telescope. Hans
temperature
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Lippershey
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 Seismograph. - Intensity of earthquake
shocks 8. Television. John Logie Baird
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 Sphygmomanometer - Measures blood pressure. 9. Mobile phone. Martin Cooper

 Stethoscope. - Analyse heart and lung soun 10. Type writer. Christopher Sholes
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Human Eye :-
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 Iris :- The colored part of the eye that helps regulate the amount of light that enters is the
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iris.
 Pupil: the hole in the center of the iris that regulates how much light is let into the eye.
 Cornea: the transparent, protective front part of the eye that refracts (or bends) light and
helps you focus
 Lens: a transparent, biconvex (curved outward on both sides) that helps light focus onto
the retina
 Retina: a nerve layer at the back of the eye that is light-sensitive, taking light and converting
it into signals that are sent to the brain via the optic nerve.
 Macula: a small area in the center of the retina that helps us see fine detail
 Optic nerve: located in the back of the eye, this nerve transmits electrical signals from the
retina to the brain
 Vitreous: a transparent gel that fills the interior of the eye, helping it keep its shape.
Human Eye :- Least distance of distinct vision is 25 cm. Primary Colours- Blue, Red, Green.
1. Myopia or short sightedness- far objects cannot see clear.
Correction : By using concave lens is used.
2. Hypermetropia or Long-sightedness - Near objects cannot see clear.
Correction : By using convex lens.
3. Presbyopia - in elder person, both far and near cannot see clear.
Correction : By using bifocal lens.
4. Astigmatism :- A common imperfection in the eye's curvature.
With astigmatism, the front surface of the eye or the lens inside the eye is curved differently in
 one direction than the other.
Correction : By using Cylinderical lens.
5. CATARACT: The image can not be seen distinctly because eye lens become milky and cloudy.
Correction by Surgery.
Spherical Mirror :- Spherical mirrors are of two types.
1. Concave mirror. 2. Convex mirror
• Image formed by a convex mirror is always virtual, erect and diminished.
• Image formed by a concave mirror is generally real and inverted.
Uses of Concave Mirror (i) As a shaving mirror. (ii) As a reflector for the head lights of a
vehicle, search light. (iii) In ophthalmoscope to examine eye, ear, nose by doctors. (iv) In
solar cookers.
Uses of Convex Mirror. (i) As a rear-view mirror in vehicle because it provides the maximum
rear field of view and image formed is always erect. (ii) In sodium reflector lamp.
 Total Internal Reflection :- Sparkling of diamond, mirage and looming, shinning of air
bubble in water and optical Fiber are examples of total internal reflection.
 SI Unit of Power of lens is Diopter
 Twinkling of Star is due to atmospheric Refraction.

Chemistry
IMPORTANT 100 ONE-LINERS ON METALS AND NON METALS
 First used by man - Copper
 Most abundant metal in the earth crust. - Aluminium
 Most abundant metal in human body. - Calcium st
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 Best conductor of electricity. - Silver
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 Most malleable metal. - Gold

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 Metalused in filament of Bulb - Tungsten (highest melting point)

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 Metal which is liquid at room temperature - Mercury

B

 Non-metal which is liquid at room temperature - Bromine

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 Alloy used to make heating coils (Heaters) - Nichrome

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 Metal found in haemoglobin of Blood - Iron

 Metal found in Chlorophyll. - Magnesium
 Most reactive metal - Potassium
 Metal kept in kerosene oil - Sodium and Potassium
 Compound is known as Fool's gold - Iron pyrites
 Strongest/Hardest Substance on earth - Diamond
 Poorest conductor of heat among Metal - Lead
 Purest form of commercial iron - Wrought iron
Common Names. Chemical Name Elements with Symbols
 Baking Soda. Sodium  Iron (Fe)
Bicarbonate/ Sodium hydrogen carbonate  Sodium (Na)
 Washing Soda. Sodium Carbonate  Silver (Ag)
 Tin (Sn)
 Bleaching Powder. Calcium oxychlorite
 Antimony (Sb)
 Table Salt. Sodium chloride
 Tungsten (W)
 POP (Plaster of Paris) Calcium Sulphate  Gold (Au)
Hemihydrate  Mercury (Hg)
 Marsh gas. Methane (CH4)  Lead (Pb)
 Muriatic Acid. Hydrochloric Acid  Potassium (K)
(Hcl)  Copper (Cu)
 Aspirin. Acetyl Salicylic Elements. Ores
 Acid  Aluminium. - Bauxite
 Quick lime. Calcium oxide  Mercury. - Cinnabar
(CaO)  Iron. - Haemetite
 Dry Ice. Solid  Lead. - Galena
Carbondioxide
 Chalk (marble). Calcium Carbonate
 Vinegar Acetic Acid

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Political & Physical Division of World (By JKSSB Study Fast)

7 Continents of the World Major Oceans

1. Asia There are five major oceans in the world-
2. Africa 1. Pacific Ocean,
3. North America 2. Atlantic Ocean,
4. South America 3. Indian Ocean
5. Antarctica 4. Arctic Ocean
6. Europe
7. Australia.
ASIA
 World's Highest Mountain Peak - Mount Everest (8,848 mts)
 World's lowest point i.e. Dead Sea.
 World largest country areawise (RUSSIA) and most populated (CHINA).
 World's largest Archipelago and Island Country - INDONESIA.
 World's largest Cold Desert - GOBI DESERT.
 World's Largest Peninsula - ARABIAN PENINSULA.
 Asia is Separated from Africa by RED SEA and SUEZ CANAL.
 Asia is Separated from North America by BERLING STRAIT.
 World's most populous city - TOKYO.
 World's Largest Salt water Lake - CASPIAN SEA.
South America st
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 World's largest tropical rainforest - AMAZON RAIN FOREST.
y
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 World's highest waterfalls - ANGEL FALLS VENEZUALA

 World's largest river by volume - AMAZON RIVER
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 World's longest Mountain Range - ANDES

B

 World's driest place - ATCAMA DESERT

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 WORLDS highest navigable lake - LAKE TITICACA

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 Separated from North America by PANAMA CANAL and CARRABEAN SEA

 Highest Peak in South America - Mount Aconcagua.
North America
 World's hottest place - DEATH VALLEY, CALIFORNIA
 World's largest freshwater lake - LAKE SUPERIOR
 World's largest Gulf - GULF OF MEXICO
 World's largest Island - GREENLAND (DENMARK)
 Home to Rockies Mountain Range
 Highest Peak in North America - Mount McKinley.
Africa
 World's largest desert - SAHARA
 World's longest river - NILE
 Most Countries - 54
 SECOND LARGEST continent of the world
 Called as CRADLE OF HUMANITY and DARK CONTINENT
 ATLAS Mountain Range
 Highest Peak in Africa - MOUNT KILIMANJARO.
Europe
 World's smallest country - VATICAN CITY (under ITALY).
 Europe's highest mountain - MOUNT ELBRUS (Caucasus Range).
 Home to the ALPS Mountain Range.
  Separated from Asia by Ural mountains and the Caspian Sea.
 Norway, Sweden, Iceland and Denmark - 'SCANDINAVIA'.
 Spain and Portugal 'IBERIA'.
 Yugoslavia, Greece, Romania and Albania - 'BALKAN STATES'.
 Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia - 'BALTIC STATES
 Largest Country - UKRAINE (Russia in Eurasia)
 Smallest Coastline - MONACO
Trans-Continental Countries
 Russia - Europe and Asia
 Turkey - Europe and Asia
 Egypt - Asia and Africa
 France - Europe and Africa
 Indonesia - Asia and Australia
 Armenia - Europe and Asi
 Cyprus - Europe and Asia
 Kazakhstan - Asia and Europe.
Australia
 The 'ISLAND CONTINENT' is the world's smallest continent.
 The continent has only three countries.
 World's Largest Coral Reef long - GREAT BARRIER REEF.
 The highest peak in Australia proper is MOUNT KOSCIUSZKO
st
 World's Smallest Democracy - NAURU lies in Ocenia.
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Antarctica
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 World's Largest POLAR Desert

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 India's Research Centre - DAKSHIN GANGA

St

Major Oceans in the Worls

B

Pacific Ocean
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 It is the largest and deepest ocean on the planet.

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 Deepest point is Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench (10,928 metres or 35,853 feet).
 International Date line passes through This.
Atlantic Ocean
 It is the world's second-largest ocean and 3 deepest (3,646 metres).
 It is S shaped ocean
 Puerto Rico Trench is the deepest trench in the Atlantic Ocean (8,376 m).
 Greenland, the largest island, is found in the Atlantic Ocean.
Indian Ocean
 It is 3rd largest and 2nd deepest ocean.
 It is the world's hottest ocean and is enclosed by land in the northern hemisphere.
 Madagascar is the biggest island in the Indian Ocean (the fourth largest island in the
world).
Arctic Ocean
 In comparison to the other four oceans, the Arctic Ocean is shallower and smaller.
 "
Government Schemes (CSS)
Scheme Launch Date Aim
Swacch Bharat Abhiyan 2 Oct 2014 The campaign aims to achieve the vision of a
'Clean India' by 2nd October 2019.
Pradhanmantri Jan Dhan Yojna 28 Aug 2014 Motto: Mera khaata Bhagya Vidhata (Zero
(PMJDY) Balance)
Aim: Financial Inclusion. Opening a bank
account of every citizen of India.
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao 22 Jan 2015 Empowerment of girls, improvement in sex
(Panipat, Hariyana) ratio through societal change.
Sukanya Samriddhi Bachat 22 Jan 2015 The Sukanya Samriddhi Account scheme
Yojna is a long-term saving scheme for a girl
child and aims to encourage parents to
build a fund for future education and
marriage expenses of their daughters.
PM Aawas Yojna (PMAY) 25 June 2015 offering sustainable and Affordable
Housing for the Poor and low-income
groups. The scheme will also favour
minorities, including the transgender
community and widows from low-income
groups.
HRIDAY (Heritage City 21 Jan 2015 st
to preserve character of the soul of
Fa
Development and Heritage City.
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Augmentation Yojana)
Ujala Yojna 1 May 2015 Distribution of Free LED bulbs
St
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PM Pahal Yojna 1 Jan 2015 LPG cylinders Subsidy directly into their
SS

bank accounts.
JK

SAHAJ Scheme 30 Aug 2015 Online booking of LPG cylinders.

Atal Pension Scheme 9 May 2015 18-40) yr - 42 rs/month. providing a
steady stream of income after the age of
60 to all citizens of India.
AMRUT Plan (Atal Mission 25 June 2015 To ensure a proper supply of water and a
for sewage connection in every household.
Rejuvenation and Urban
Transformation)
PM Ujjwala Yojna 1 May 2016 LPG Gas connection to BPL Women
UDAAN Yojna 21 Oct 201 Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik (for regional
airport development and regional
connectivity enhancement)
Aayushman Bharat Scheme 23 September 2018 AB-PMJAY and Ayushman card, offers
(JAN Aarogya Yojna) PM - comprehensive coverage of up to Rs. 5
JAY lakh per family annually for secondary and
tertiary hospitalization care
 Agriculture in Economic Development; Industrialization and
Economic development
Sectors in Economy :- There are 3 main Sectors in Indian Economy

1. Primary Sector – Deals with Agriculture, Mining like extraction, cultivation, domestication
rearing of animals, etc., • GDP Contribution : 20% (But more 65% population Indian population
depends on agriculture for their livelihood).

2. Secondary Sector – deals with the production and conversion of raw material, manufacturing
and industry. • GDP Contribution : 26%

3. Tertiary Sectors – Provide support to primary and secondary sector provide Services like
telephone, transport, banks, warehousing, telecommunication, internet etc., • GDP Contribution :
54%

Economic Reforms :- (1991) Introduction of LPG ( Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation ) .

The Narasimha Rao Government, in 1991 , Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh) started the
economic reforms in order to rebuild internal and external faith in the Indian economy.

The essential features of the economic reforms are – Liberalisation, Privatisation, and
Globalisation, commonly known as LPG.
st
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Top Producer States Top Producer States
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Rice (Paddy)- Telengana Jute- West Bengall

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Wheat- Uttar Pradesh Cotton. - Gujarat

B
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Maize- Karnataka Tobacco - Gujarat

JK

Pulses.- Rajasthan Bananas. -AndhraPradesh

Sugarcane- UttarPradesh Onion- Maharashtra
Potato- UttarPradesh Cashewnuts-Maharashtra
Groundnut.- Gujarat Bamboos. -Assam
Tea- Assam Rubber.- Kerala
Coffee- Karnataka Spices.- Madhya Pradesh
Saffron. -J&K Milk - Utter Pradesh

Revolution. Field Revolution. Field

Black Revolution - Petroleum Green Revolution. - Agriculture

Blue Revolution - Fish Production Grey Revolution - Fertilizers.

White Revolution. - Dairy, Milk. Pink Revolution. - Meat and Poultry..

Yellow Revolution. - Oil Seed Silver Revolution. - Egg Production

Brown Revolution. - Cocoa, Leather, Silver fibre Revolution - Cotton

Golden Revolution. - Overall Horticulture, Purple Revolution - Lavender
Honey.

GREEN REVOLUTION:- Great increase in production of food grains (especially wheat and rice) by
introduction of high-yielding varieties. (HYVs). • Norman Borlaug - 'Father of Green Revolution' in
world. • Term green revolution was first used by William Gaud. • Father of the Green Revolution in
India. Mr. Swaminathan -

WHITE REVOLUTION: (Operation Flood) :-• To increase in milk production in the country.

• Dr Varghese Kurian - Father of White revolution in india.

JHUM CULTIVATION :-(Slash and Burn Agriculture)/ (Shifting cultivation) • Predominantly

practiced in the northeastern states of India.

Indian Foreign Trade

Trade :- refers to the exchange of goods, services, or both between businesses, organizations, or
countries. It involves buying and selling goods and services across geographical boundaries.
Types of Trade:
Based on Geography :
1. Internal Trade (Domestic Trade) :- Trade within a country's borders.

st
2. International Trade (Foreign Trade) :- Trade between countries.
Fa
Based on Goods and Services :
y

1. Visible Trade: Trade in tangible goods (e.g., textiles, electronics).

ud

2. Invisible Trade: Trade in intangible services (e.g., tourism, finance).

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Export : means when goods and services are Produced in Domestic Country and Sold /exported
B

to foreign/other country.
SS
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Import :- means goods and services are imported /brought from foreign/other country.
Some Important Points :-
India is 5th Largest economy in the world (Nominal GDP =$ 3.94 trillion)
On per capita income basis india (136).
India's Largest trading Partner = China, US, UAE
Top Export Commodities Petroleum Products, Pharmaceuticals.
Foreign Trade Policy / EXIM Policy- :- Foreign Trade Policy/EXIM Policy: means the policy adopted
by the Govt to import and export of goods and services under Ministry of Commerce

Regulate:- Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation Act 1992)

India's Foreign Trade Policy 2023 :- Aims to increase exports to $2 trillion by 2030, with a
focus on four key pillars:
1. Incentive to Remission
2. Export Promotion through Collaboration
3. Ease of Doing Business
4. Emerging Areas
 Current Affairs 2024 by Iqbal Sir
(JKSSB Study Fast)
GI Tag (Geographical Indication tag)
A GI tag is a sign used on locally produced products that have a specific geographical
origin and possess qualities that are due to that origin.
 The Geographical Indication is governed and directed by the WIPO and WTO
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).
 GI tags are issued as per the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and
Protection) Act,1999.
 This tag is issued by theGeographical Indication RegistryChennai, under the
Department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce
and Industry.
 This tag is valid for a period of 10 yearsfollowing which it can be renewed.
 The first GI Tag in India - Darjeeling Tea (2004)
 As of 2024, there are 643registered geographical indications in India
J&K got 9 new GI Tags:-
1. Basohli paintings (Kathua), 6. Chikri wood craft (Rajouri).
2. Basholi pashmina (Kathua) 7. Bhaderwah Rajmash (Doda)
3. Sulai Honey (Ramban). 8. Mushkbudji rice (Anantnag)
4. Anardana (Ramban). 9. Kishtwar Saffron
5. Kaladi (Udhampur).
EarlierGITagforJ&K st
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1.Pashmina 4.Kanishawl 7.PaperMachie
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2.Saffron 5.Khatamband 8.Sozanicraft

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3.Handknittedcarpet 6.Walnutwoodcarving
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Products. State/UT Products.State/UT

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 Ladakh Sea Buckthorn Ladakh  BodoGongarDunjia. - Assam

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 Similipal Kai Chutney Odisha  BodoKham. - Assam

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 DhenkanalMagji Odisha  BodoSerja. - Assam

 KhajuriGuda Odisha.  BodoSifung. - Assam
 NayagarhKanteimundiBrinjalOdisha.  BodoKhardwi. - Assam
 KendraparaRasabali. - Odisha  BodoGongona. - Assam
 KoraputKalajeera Rice - Odisha  BodoJotha. - Assam.
 LanjiaSaura Painting - Odisha  Majuli Mask - Assam
 Cuttack's ChandiTarakasi - Odisha  Majuli Manuscript Painting - Assam
 KapedagandaShawl - ` Odisha  Asharikandi Terracotta CraftAssam
 Tangailsaree - West Bengal  Assam Mishing - Assam
 Garadsaree. - West Bengal  BihuDhol - Assam
 Korialsaree. - West Bengal  PaniMeteka - Assam
 Kalonunia Rice. - West Bengal  Sarthebari Metal - Assam
 Sundarban Honey. - West Bengal  Pilkhuwa Hand Block Print - Uttar Pradesh
 Banglar muslin. - West Bengal  Tharu Embroidery. - Uttar Pradesh
 BodoDokhona. - Assam  Bareilly ZariZardoji. - Uttar Pradesh
 BodoEri Silk. - Assam  Banaras TirangiBarfi. - Uttar Pradesh
 BodoJwmgra. - Assam  Banaras Metal Casting Craft - Uttar Pradesh
 BodoGamsa. - Assam  Bareilly Cane and Bamboo - Uttar Pradesh
 BodoKeradapini. - Assam  Banaras Mural Painting - Uttar Pradesh
 BodoThorkha. - Assam  Banaras Thandai. - Uttar Pradesh
 Banaras Lal Peda - Uttar Pradesh.  Sitar &Tanpuras of Miraj - Maharashtra
 Banaras Table - Uttar Pradesh  Narsapur Crochet Lace products -Andhra
 Banaras Lal Bharwamirch - Uttar Pradesh Pradesh
 Banaras Shehnai - Uttar Pradesh  Garo Textile. - Meghalaya
 KachchhiKharek. - Gujarat  Lyrnai Pottery - Meghalaya
 Ambaji White Marble - Gujarat  Chubitchi. - Meghalaya
 Kutch Ajrakh. - Gujarat  Pachra-Rignai. - Tripura
 Hyderabad Lac Bangles - Telangana  MatabariPeda - Tripura

Ramsar Sites in India

RamsarSites :- A 'Ramsar site' is a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar
Convention, also known as the Convention on Wetlands, an intergovernmental environmental
treaty established by UNESCO on 2 February 1971 and named after the city of Ramsar in Iran. In
India, it came into force on 1 February 1982.
 The highest number of Ramsar sites in India is in Tamilnadu (18),followed by Uttar Pradesh
(10 sites)
 Chilika Lake (Odisha) and Keoladeo National Park(Rajasthan) were recognised as India's first
Ramsar sites.
 World Wetlands Day 2 February 2024.
 Theme : ''Wetlands and Human Wellbeing''
 India has 85 Ramsar sites (by August 2024)
10 Newly added Ramsar Sites in 2024
st
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Joined in August 2024
1. Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu (83rd) / 2024
y
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2. Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu (84th) / 2024

3. Tawa Reservoir, Madhya Pradesh(85th) / 2024
St

Joined in June 2024.

B

1. Nagi Bird Sanctuary, Bihar (81st) / 2024

SS

2. Nakti Bird Sanctuary, Bihar (82nd) / 2024

JK

Joined in February 2024

1. Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve (Karnataka)
2. Aghanashini Estuary (Karnataka)
3. MagadiKere Conservation Reserve (Karnataka)
4. Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)
5. Longwood Shola Reserve Forest (Tamil Nadu)
Ramsar Sites (Wetlands) in J&K:-
Total 5 Ramsar Sites in J&K as on 2024
1) Wular Lake (1990) - Bandipur
2) Hokera Wetland (2005) - Srinagar
3) Surinsar and Mansar Lakes (2005) - Jammu (Udhampur)
4) Hygam. (2022) - Baramulla
5) Shallabuga (2022) - Ganderbal
World Heritage Sites In India :-
There are 43 World Heritage Sites in India.
The first sites to be listed were the Ajanta Caves, Ellora Caves, Agra Fort, and Taj Mahal (1983)
The most recent sites listed in 2023 & 2024 were:-
41-Santiniketan- West Bengal
42-Hoysalas Temple- Karnataka
rd
43- India's 43 UNESCO World Heritage Site = Moidams of the Ahom Dynasty in Assam.
During UNESCO's 46th World Heritage Committee session in New Delhi from 21 to 31 July 2024.

Paris Olympics 2024

2020-Tokyo, Japan
2024-Paris, France
2028 - Los Angeles, USA
Olympics Games 2024 (Summer Olympics 2024)
 Edition - 33rd Olympiad
 Host City - Paris, France (3rd Time-1900 & 1924)
Indian Flagbearer
 Opening Ceremony - PV Sindhu (Badminton) and Sharath Kamal (Table Tennis
 Closing Ceremony - Sreejesh & Manu Bhaker
 Indian Olympic Torch - Abhinav Bindra (Also got Olympic Order Awarded)
 Gagan Narang - Chef-de- Mission for Paris 2024 Olympics.
 Total Athletes - Around 10,500
 Total Athletes from India - 117
 Events - 329 in 32 sports
 Date : 26 July to 11 August 2024
 India Ranking – 71th (6 Medal)
Gold : 0, Silver: 1 , Bronze: 5
Silver - Neeraj Chopra - Athlete - Men's Javelin Throw
Bronze - Manu Bhaker - Shooting - Women's 10m Air Pistol
Bronze - Manu Bhaker & Sarabjot Singh - Shooting - Mixed 10m Air Pistol
Bronze - Swapnil Kusale Shooting men's 50 m rifle
Bronze - Indian team - Hockey - Men's event
Bronze - Aman Sehrawat - Wrestling. st Men's Freestyle 57kg-
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New Games in Paris 2024 Olympic Games.
1) Breaking 2) Sport climbin 3) Surfing 4) Skateboarding
y
ud

Theme 2024 is 'Let's Move and Celebrate.'

Paralympics 2024 (Athletes with disabilities)
St

 Edition - 17th. Location - Paris, France from 28 August to 8 September 2024.

B

 India Ranking - 18th

SS

 Total Medals = 29 ( Gold - 7, Silver - 9 , Bronze - 13)

JK

 Flag Bearer - Harvinder & Preeti Pal

India's Rank in Indices 2023-24
🔍 Global Gender Gap - 129th
🔍 Global Hunger Index - 111th
🔍 World Happiness Index - 126th
🔍 World Press Freedom Index - 159
🔍 Henley Passport Index - 85
🔍 Global Terrorism Index - 13
🔍 Global Peace Index - 126
🔍 Bharat Ratna Awardees 2024
1. M. S. Swaminathan - Father of the Green Revolution in India
2. P. V. Narasimha Rao - 9th Prime Minister of India
3. Shri L. K. Advani - Senior Leader
4. Karpoori Thakur - Former CM of Bihar
5. Charan Singh - 5th Prime Minister of India
st
Fa
Appointments
🔍 President of India. - Smt. Droupadi Murmu
y

🔍 Vice-President of India. - Shri Jagdeep Dhankhar

ud
St

🔍 CEO, NITI Aayog -

B

Shri Subrahmanyam
🔍 Chief Election Commissioner - Rajiv Kumar
SS
JK

🔍 Chief Justice of India - D Y Chandrachud.

🔍 RBI Governor - Shaktikanta Das
🔍 UPSC chairperson. - Preeti Sudan
🔍 Chief of Defence Staff(CDS) - Anil Chouhan
🔍 Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) - Amar Preet Singh
🔍 DGP of J&K. - Nalin Prabhat
🔍 CEO of YouTube. - Neal Mohan (Indian origin)
🔍 Chief Justice of J&K High Court. - Tashi Rabstan
Other Current Affairs
🔍Iran's President Ebrahim Raisi and Foreign Minister on May 19th, 2024 in a helicopter
crash.
G-20 :-
🔍 Established in 1999.
🔍 G20 group of 19 countries and the EU.
🔍 African Union became new member of G-20 on 11 September 2023.
🔍 First G-20 summit 2008 in Washington (USA).
🔍 G-20 Summits :
• 2022-Indonesia,
• 2023-India
• 2024-Brazil (Upcoming)
🔍 18th Edition of G20 summit 2023 held in India :-
🔍 Theme of G20 Summit 2023 :
Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (One Earth One Family One Future).
🔍 India took over the G20 presidency from December 1, 2022,
till November 30, 2023.
🔍 Headquarters of G20 = No Permanent headquarter of G20.
🔍 3rd G20 Tourism Working Group Summit: Srinagar (J&K).
st
Fa
Science & Technology (JKSSB Study Fast)
y
ud

Aditya-L1 Mission :-
St

Is India’s first solar mission planned by ISRO.

B
SS

Aditya L1 mission is to study Sun’s Corona, Chromosphere and Photosphere.

JK

The Aditya-L1 spacecraft was launched by PSLV-C57 on September 2, 2023.

India became the 4th country in the world to install Aditya L1 at Lagrange Point L1
by ISRO - (USA, ESA, China)
Gaganyaan Mission :-
Gaganyaan is a mission by the ISRO to demonstrate human space flight capability by
sending a Manned mission to an orbit of 400 km for three days and bringing them
safely back to Earth.
Four Indian Air Force pilots for ISRO's first manned Gaganyaan mission.
1. Group Captain Prashanth Balakrishnan Nair
2. Group Captain Ajit Krishnan
3. Group Captain Angad Pratap
4. Wing Commander Subhanshu Shukla
Vyommitra a robotic female designed by ISRO for the mission.
Chandrayaan-3
 Chairman of ISRO 2023 - S. Somanath
 Chandrayaan 3 launch date and time - 14th July 2023 at 2:30 PM IST.
 Time & date of Chandrayaan 3 land on the moon's surface- 23th August, 2023
(6:04 PM)
 Name of the lander of Chandrayaan 3 - Vikram & Rover is called Pragyaan
 Landing point of Rover on Moon is named as - Shiv Shakti
 Where wasl Chandrayaan 3 landed on the moon - Near the South Pole
 August 23 will be celebrated as National Space Day.

 Other Current Affairs

 PM Narendra Modi unveiled India's first manned passenger drone 'Varuna' in

Delhi.
 TSAT (Tata Satellite)-1A :- successfully deployed into space. It is India's first
Privetely built sub- meter resolution optical Satellite.

st
 Digi Kavach' - a program started by Google to avoid online scams.
Fa
 India's first pure hydrogen pilot plant started Assam.
y
ud

 X-ray Polarimeter Satellite :- launched on 1 January 2024. The X-ray Polarimeter

St

Satellite (XPoSat) is a ISRO space observatory to study polarization of cosmic X-

rays. Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C58).
B
SS

 Google introduces Al chatbot ‘Bard' to compete with Microsoft's ChatGPT.

JK

 ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) from the Microsoft-backed

firm OpenIA.
 North India's First Government Homeopathic College to be established at Kathua,
J&K @Cost: 80 Cr. Announced by: Jitendra Singh (MoS Sci & Tech)
 AIRAWAT: Al Supercomputer Installed At Pune. AIRAWAT Rank-90th in Top 500
Super Computers in World. World's Fastest Supercomputer Frontier → USA
 Aryabhatta : India's First satellite. (India's first indigenously-built satellite)

🔍 Jaya Verma Sinha :- Jaya Verma Sinha 1st Woman Chairperson to Head the Railway
Board.
🔍 Ajay Banga :- who is of Indian origin, has been officially selected as the new President
of the World Bank.
 Days and Themes 2024

Date Celebrated as Theme

World Environment ‘Land restoration, desertification

5th June 2024
Day and drought resilience’

"Food safety: prepare for the

7th June 2024 World Food Safety Day
unexpected”

21st June 2024 International Yoga Day "Yoga for Self and Society,"

International Labour “Empowering Workers: Building

1st May 2024
Day Resilient and Inclusive Workplaces”.

"A Press for the Planet: Journalism

3rd May 2024 Press Freedom Day in the face of the Environmental
st
Crisis".
Fa
y

"Celebrating Motherhood: A
ud

12th May 2024 Mother’s Day

Timeless Bond”
St
B
SS

"Protecting children from tobacco

31st May 2024 World No Tobacco Day
industry interference".
JK

7th April 2024 World Health Day 'My Health, My Right’.

22nd March 2024 World Water Day “Leveraging Water for Peace”.

23rd March 2024 Martyr’s Day -

1st February 2024 World Wetlands Day 'Wetlands and Human Wellbeing’.

10th February 'Pulses: Nourishing Soils and

World Pulses Day
2024 People’.

Pravasi Bharatiya
9th January 2024
Divas NRI Day

10th January 2024 World Hindi Day Bridging Traditional Knowledge

 and Artificial Intelligence’.

11th to 17th National Road Safety

"Be a road safety hero"
January 2024 Week

“MYBharat-Viksit Bharat@2047- By
12th January 2024 National Youth Day
the Youth, For the Youth”.

15th January 2024 Indian Army Day “In Service of the Nation”

'Sustainable Journeys, Timeless

25th January 2024 National Tourism Day
Memories’.

25th January 2024 National Voters' Day "Nothing like voting, I vote for sure"

1st December,
World AIDS Day "Let Communities Lead"
2023

10th December st ''Freedom, Equality, and Justice for

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Human Rights Day
2023 All’'.
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September 1st-7th, National Nutrition Healthy Diet Gawing Affordable for

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2023 Week All

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September 27th,
World Tourism Day "Tourism and Green Investments".
2023

J&K Current Affairs :-

 Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Bill, 2024 was passed by the Parliament,
to include 'Pahari Ethnic Group, Paddari Tribe, Koli and Gadda Brahmin'
communities in the list of STs of UT of Jammu and Kashmir.

 JK Lieutenant Governor Inaugurates Bangus Valley Festival at Kupwara.

 Jammu and Kashmir Becomes the First UT to Implement PM Vishwakarma

Yojana

 Gyanodaya Express - College on wheel Train has been Launched by LG in Reasi

District of Jammu and Kashmir UT.
  Alia Mir - J&K's first women to recieve Wildlife Conservation Award .

 Bilquis Mir - was the only Indian Woman and first from J&K appointed as Judge
in Asian Games.

 Rehman Rahi Kashmiri Novelist | Kashmir's First Jnanpith Awardee, Passes

Away.

 Jitendra Singh inaugurates 'Lavender Festival' in J&K's Bhaderwah

 Recently, First Ever Levander Farm has been inauguarted in Kathua.

 Srinagar's Tulip Garden Enters world book of Record in London with 1.5 Million
Flowers

 Amazon has started first ever floating store on Dal lake.

 Lithium Reserves of 5.9 mm tonnes found in Reasi (J&K)

 Girish Chandra Murmu :- First Lt. Governor of J&K

 Sheetal Devi (Para Archery) from Kishtwar district got Arjuna Award 2023.
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 Blue Pansy :- Blue Pansy declared as 'Butterfly of J&K'.
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J&K Current Affairs 2024

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 Litchi Festival - Jammu

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 Jhiri Mela. - Jammu

JK

 Bangus Valley Festival - Kupwara.

 Lavender Festival - Bhaderwah
 Mela Kheer Bhawani. - Ganderbal
 Gole Mela. - Udhampur
 Moungri Mela - Udhampur
 Baba Siddh Goriya Mela - Samba
 Purmandal Mela. - Samba
Ratle hydroelectric power project will supply electricity to Rajasthan for a period of 40
years .

Recently, it has been reported that Kargil (Ladakh) has been successful in cultivating
Saffron.

Chenab Rail Bridge stands at 359 meters (1,178 feet) above the Chenab River, making it
the world's highest railway bridge
Two Padmi Shri awardees from J&K for the year 2024

1. Ghulam Nabi Dar (Craft person renowned for wood carving)

2. Romalo Ram (Dogri folk singer and dancer)

Operation Sarvashakti :- Indian Army has recently initiated Operation Sarvashakti in the
Rajouri-Poonch sector of Pir Panjal range of J&K. It aims to target terrorists responsible
for recent attacks on security forces.

Operation Kamdhenu :- launched in March 2024, by J&K Police to Curb Cattle Smuggling.

 Recently, Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh has launched the "Aarogya-Doctors
on Wheels" (Artificial Intelligence (AI) supported Telemedicine Mobile Clinic) at
the Ramnagar tehsil Udhampur.

 4th Edition of Khelo India Winter Games 2024 was held at J&K & Ladakh

 2nd edition of the SARAS Aajeevika Mela 2024 has been inaugurated at Jammu.

 Amir Ahmad Bhat, a para shooter has been selected to represent India in the
Paralympic games to be held in Paris. st
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 Srinagar gets tag of ‘World Craft City’, fourth from country after Jaipur,
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Malappuram, Mysore
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 Recently, 10th International Yoga Day 21 June 2024 has been celebrated with
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the theme of ‘Yoga for Self and Society’. Prime Minister of India led the main
JK

International Yoga Day celebrations this year at Srinagar.

J&K Assembly Election Result : 👇