Theca

sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
Ke
sava
nandaBha
rat
iv.St
ateofKe
ral
a,AI
R1973SC1461
I
SSUES-
Whet
herthe24thCons
tit
uti
onalAmendmentAct1971isc
onst
it
uti
onal
lyva
li
d?Whet
hert
he25t
h
Cons
ti
tut
iona
lAme ndmentAct1972isc
onsti
tut
iona
ll
yvali
d?Whatist
heexte
ntt
owhi
chthePa
rli
ame
nt
ca
nexerc
iseit
spowertoamendtheConst
it
uti
on?

RATI
ODECI
DENDI
-
(Themajor
it
yviewinKesava
nandaBharat
iCase)Thepowertoamenddoesnotinc
ludethepowert
o
changet
hebasi
cstr
uct
ureoft
heConstit
uti
ontothepoi
ntofalt
eri
ngit
side
nti
ty.Thispr
oposit
ionwi
llbe
usedtodet
ermi
nethel
egit
imacyofaconst
it
uti
onalamendment
.

(
Thema jor
ityvi
ew)t hepowerofame ndmentunde
rArti
cl
e368isple
nary,wit
hnoimpl
ici
torinher
ent
l
imi
ts,andincl
udestheabi
li
tytoint
roduce,cha
nge,orr
epea
lva
riousar
ti
clesoft
heCons
ti
tut
ion,exce
pt
t
hos
er e
lati
ngtofundamentalr
ight
s.

Alt
houghagr
eei
ngwitht
hisvi
ewpoi
nt,J
ust
ic
eKhannahadnotedt
hatt
hepowe
rdoe
snota
ppl
yto
cha
ngingt
hebasi
cst
ruct
ureorf
rame
workoftheCons
ti
tut
ion.

Just
ic
eRa yandJus
ticeMathe
wa gree
dwiththevi
ewofplenaryright
s,butt
heybe li
evet
hatt
hereca
nnot
beac omple
ter
epealoft
heCons t
it
uti
on,r
esul
ti
nginacons
titut
ionalvoi
d.Ac c
or di
ngtot
hem,anyref
orm
shoul
dleaveagove
r nmen
tme cha
nisminplac
efort
hedevelopme nt
,int
erpr
eta
tion,ande
nfor
cementof
laws.

DECI
SION-
Thethi
rte
e n-
judgebenchoft
heSupr
emeCourti
nKe s
hwana
ndBhart
iCase1973byamajor
it
yof7
:6
hel
dthattheParli
amenthast
heaut
hor
it
ytoamendanycl
aus
eofthecons
ti
tut
iona
slonga
sthe
amendmentdoe snotvi
ola
tet
heBasi
cStr
uct
ureoft
heConst
it
uti
on.

Despi
tewr i
ti
ngdiff
erentopi
nions
,theminori
tybe
nchdi
dnotconc
edet
hatt
her
ear
ecert
ainprovi
si
ons
t
hatar
ef undamen
tal.Theywe rea
lsohes
itan
ttogra
ntPa
rli
ame
ntcompl
etea
ndunf
ett
ere
da ut
hori
tyt
o
amendtheConsti
tuti
on.

Theapexc
ourtuphel
dthee
n t
ir
e24thConsti
tut
iona
lAmendmentAct1971butconsi
der
edthef
ir
stpa
rtof
t
he25thCons
tit
uti
onalAmendmentAct1972tobeint
ravi
resa
ndthesecondpa
r tt
obeult
ravi
res
.

Thecour
t,us
ingsoc
iale
nginee
ringandbal
anc
ingtheint
ere
stsofbothl
it
igant
s,det
ermi
nedthatne
it
her
thePa
rli
amentnort
heSupremeCourthast
heaut
horit
ytocorrodet
heBa s
icStruc
tur
eoftheConst
it
uti
on,
norca
nitwithdr
awthemandat
et oc
reat
eawelfa
restat
eandaf ai
rsoci
et
y.TheBa si
cSt
ructur
eDoc t
ri
ne

1
wasthusformulat
edint
heKe s
avanandacasewhi
chimpli
edtha
t,a
lt
houghthePar
lia
me nthasthe
aut
horit
ytoa mendthee
nti
reConsti
tut
ion,t
heymustdosoinawaythatdoe
snotcontr
adictt
hefeat
ure
s
sofundamentalt
otheCons
tit
uti
onthatitwoul
dbespi
rit
le
sswit
houtthe
m

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
S.R.Bomma
iv.Uni
onofI
ndi
a,AI
R1994SC1918
I
SSUES-
The
rewe
re3ma
ini
ssue
sra
ise
dint
hisc
ase
,whi
cha
rea
sfol
lows
-

1.I
sthePr
ocl
ama
ti
oni
ssue
dbyt
hePr
esi
dentunde
rAr
ti
cl
e356
,ame
nabl
etoj
udi
ci
alr
evi
ew?

2.I
fye
s,wha
tist
hes
copeofj
udi
ci
alr
evi
ewi
nthi
sre
spe
ct?

3.Wha ti
sthemeani
ngofthee
xpre
ssi
on“Asi
tua
ti
o nhasa
rise
ninwhichtheGover
nmentoftheSt
at
e
cannotbecar
ri
edoninacc
orda
ncewit
hthepr
ovi
sionsoft
hisCons
ti
tut
ion”us
edinArt
.356(1)?

DECI
SION-
TheCour ts
etasidethejudgme ntoft
heKa rnat
akaHighCourtandre
storedthedis
mi s
sedstat
e
governmentofKa r
na t
akaa ndMe ghal
aya,decl
ari
ngthatt
heprocl
amati
onsi ss
uedinboththesta
tesar
e
unconst
it
uti
onal.Thepr ocl
a mati
onsis
suedforthest
ate
sofMa dhyaPradesh,HimachalPra
deshand
Rajast
hanwe r
enotde clare
dunc onst
it
uti
onal.TheCourta
lsois
suedappropria
tedi
rect
ivesinrel
ati
onto
theprocl
amati
oni ss
uedf ortheStat
eofNa gala
nd.

theverdi
ctconcl
udedthatthepowe roft hePr e
sidenttodismissas t
ategovernme nti
snota bsolut
e.t
he
verdic
tSaidthepre
sidentshouldexe rc
isethepowe ronlya fte
rhisproclamat
ioni mposinghe rrul
eis
approvedbybothhousesofpa rl
ia
me nt.t
hec ourtsai
dthep r
esi
dentcanonlys uspendthelegislat
ive
assemblybythesuspendingtheprovisionsofc onst
itut
ionr e
lat
ingtothelegisl
ativeas
se mbly.incasethe
procla
ma t
iondoesnotgettheapprova lofbotht hehouses,itla
psesattheendofape r
iodoft womont hs
andthedismiss
edgove r
nme ntisrevived.thesus pe
ndedle gis
lat
iveassemblya l
sogetsreacti
va t
ed.the
supremecourtal
sostate
dt hatt
hepr oclamati
onoft heimpos iti
onofa rt
ic
le356i ssubj
ec tt
oj udici
al
revie
w.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360

2
St
ateofWe
stBe
nga
lv.Uni
onofI
ndi
a,AI
R1963SC1241
I
SSUES-
Thema
ini
ssue
stha
tar
osebe
for
eth
eCour
twe
re:

1.Whethe
rtheParl
ia
mentha
sthea
uthor
it
ytoa
cqui
rel
anda
ndot
herpr
ope
rti
esve
ste
dandowne
dbyt
he
Sta
tebyenact
ingalaw?

2.Whe
the
rthes
tat
esi
nIndi
aar
eas
ove
rei
gna
uthor
it
yornot
?

3.Whet
hert
heAc
tora
nypr
ovi
si
onsoft
heAc
tar
eul
tr
avi
rest
hel
egi
sl
at
ivec
ompe
tenc
eoft
he
Par
li
ament
.

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the
rthepl
ai
nti
ffi
sent
it
le
dtoa
nyr
eli
efornot
?

Obs
erva
tionsa
ndJ
udge
ment
:
Itwa sobs ervedthatthedistri
butionofpowe rsbe t
weent heCe ntr eandt heStatesisbasedont he
rel
a t
ionshipbe tweent heCe nt
rea ndt heStatesundertheGove rnme ntofI ndiaAc t
,1935.Hea l
sost
ate
d
thatitisthes upremea uthorit
yoft hec ourt
st ointer
pretacti
onvi ola
tiveoft heIndianConstituti
onandt o
declareanys uchacti
ont hatdos o,a sinval
id.Thea pexc ourthe ldthat,therewa snos e
parateCons t
it
ution
thatgover nsthestate
sa ndtheI ndi a
nCons titut
ionisthes upremel a
woft heland.Itissubjecttobe
alt
e r
ati
onsbyt heUni onPa rli
ame nta loneands t
a t
esdon otholda nypowe rindoingthes a
me .The
Ac quisi
ti
ona ndDe velopme ntAc t,1957wa snothe l
dultravirest hes copeofa uth
orit
yoft hePa rl
ia
me nt
butwa she l
dt obevalid.Aspe r,Ent ry42ofLi stI
IIoftheSe ve nthSc hedule,theConstit
utionofIndia,
thePa rl
iame ntiscompe tenttoma kela wsf
ort hea c
quisi
tionifa nySt ate’spropert
y .

TheI ndia
nConstit
uti
onisunit
aryinspir
ita ndfede r
alinnature,t
herefor
e,wec ansayt
ha titisnot
compl et
elyfe
dera
linchara
cter
.The r
eisaf irmdistribut
ionofpowe rsbe t
we e
ntheUniona ndt heStat
es.
Thus,itwouldnotbecor
recttosaythatallsovereigntyisveste
di ntheStates
.Parl
ia
me ntcannotb ehel
d
incompe t
entt
oacquir
ebylegisl
ati
on,anypr ope
rtyowne dbyt heStatessolel
yonthebasisoft heor
yof
absolutesove
rei
gntyoft
heState.Thi
swa st hema jorit
yopinionont hecase.Als
o,nocompe nsat
ionwas
giventotheStat
eofWe s
tBe ngalandthes uitwasdi smiss
edwi thcosts.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
Ra
iSa
hibRa
mJa
wayaKa
purv.St
ateofPunj
ab
I
SSUES-
Thei
ssue
sbe
for
etheCour
twe
re:

Whe
the
rthe
rewa
savi
ola
ti
onoft
heFRoft
hepe
ti
ti
one
rsi
ncr
eat
ionmonopol
yint
hebus
ine
ssofpr
int
ing

3
a
ndpubl
is
hingt
extbooksf
ors
chool
swa
sul
tr
avi
rest
hei
rpowe
rs?

Evenift
heStat
ecoul
dcrea
teamonopol
yini
tsfa
vor,whe
the
ritc
oul
dha
vebe
endonebya
nye
xec
uti
ve
actordi
ditne
cess
ari
lyr
equir
eas
pecif
icl
egi
sl
at
ion?

DECI
SION-
Inor dertodeter
minet hena t
ureofexecut
ivepower ,t
heCour tref
erre
dt othetwoAus tr
ali
anc ase
s.Int
he
opinionoft heCourt,t
heAus t
rali
anConsti
tuti
onspe ci
fi
call
yde fi
nesexecuti
vepowe rsoast oincl
ude
onlyma int
enanceoftheCons ti
tuti
onandofthelawsoft heCommonwe al
th.Butsincenos uchres
tr
ict
ion
ont hee xte
ntofexecutivepowe risde
fine
di ntheIndianCons t
it
uti
on,theCour thel
dthatthe
unde rs
tandingofexecutivepowe rint
heAus tr
ali
anc onte
xtdoe snotapplytoIndiaandcannotbe
res
trict
e dtome r
eimpl eme nt
ati
onsoflegi
slat
ions.

Whi l
ede al
ingwi ththena t
ureofe xecutivefuncti
on,theCour tr
eli
edonthef eder
alstructureoftheIndia
n
Constit
uti
ont hatisbasedont heBr it
ishPa rl
iamentar
ys yst
em.TheCour tconc l
udedtha tinorderto
enabletheexecutivetofuncti
on ,thereisnone edforas peci
ficlawtobea l
readyinexiste nc
ea ndthe
executi
vefunc t
ionisnotme r
elyr est
rict
e dtoimplementingsuchlaws.Backingofspe cificl
egisl
ati
onsis
onlyrequir
edwhe nthegove r
nme ntrequirecert
ainext
rapowe r
sinaddit
iontowha ttheybyde fa
ult
possesunderordinaryl a
wf orca rr
yingapa r
ti
culart
radeo rbusine
ss.I
nc as
eswe resuc ha ct
ivi
tie
sr e
quir
e
expendit
ureoff unds,theonlyre quir
eme ntisauthori
zati
onoft heParl
ia
me ntregar
dings uchexpendit
ure
eit
herdirec
tlyorunde rtheprovi si
onsofas ta
tut
e.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
I
nreBe
ruba
riUni
on&Exc
hg.ofEnc
lave
sAI
R1960SC845
I
SSUES-
1.Whe
the
rthe
rei
sane
edf
orl
egi
sl
at
ivea
cti
ont
oca
rryouta
nagr
eeme
ntr
ela
ti
ngt
otheBe
ruba
riu
nion?

2.Whethert
hecasewhe r
ethereissuc
hane edf
orac
ti
on,doe
salawofpar
li
amentc
onc e
rningAr
ti
cle3
oft
heCons t
it
uti
onofIndia,1950suff
ici
ent
,ori
sanamendmento
fthec
onst
it
uti
onfol
lowingArt
ic
le368
ofcons
tit
uti
onneces
sary?

3.Whe t
herbyArt
icl
e3oft
heConst
it
uti
onofI
ndiapar
li
amentisempower
edtoimpl
ementt
heagr
eement
rel
ati
ngtoBeruba
riUni
onori
sthe
reaneedf
oramendmentunderArt
ic
le368oft
heConst
it
uti
onf
orsuch
act
ion?

RATI
ODECI
DENDI&DECI
SION:
TheSupremeCourtofIndi
ahel
dthatAr
ti
c l
e3nee
dstobeamende
dfi
rstbythepa
rli
amentunde
rAr
ti
cl
e
368oftheCons
ti
tuti
on,ifi
tde
cidest
ofi
rstpas
sala
wf orma
kingame
ndme nt
sinArt
icl
e3.

4
I
ns uc
hac as
e,thepar
lia
mentwouldfi
rstr
equi
repas
singalawinconc
erntot
heArti
cl
e368oft
he
Const
it
uti
on,onlyaf
terwhi
chitc
ouldformula
tel
awsf ort
heamendmenti
nArti
cl
e3.

Thec ourtpronouncedt
hatt
hought hePreambl eisanint egr
alpartoft
hec onst
it
utionwhicha ct
edaskey
tothedrafti
ngc ommitt
eeoftheconsti
tut
iona ndt al
ksa boutthecount
rybe i
ngsove r
eign,i
tc a
nnot
depri
vethel egisl
at
ionf
rompe rf
ormingitsfunc t
ions,andne i
thercanbeut i
li
sedfordeclar
inganyparto
f
theconstit
utionasequi
vocal
.Thisisbecausethepr eambl edoesnotactasanoriginconfer
ringpowerst
o
theparli
ame ntunderpr
ovis
ionsgivenlai
ddowni ntheCons tit
uti
onofIndia.

The
ref
ore,t
hepre
ambl
eofthec
onst
it
uti
ondoesnotshowors
upportanysor
tofassumpti
onsre
gar
ding
t
hefi
rstpar
toft
hepr
eambl
edecl
ari
ngser
iousbounda
rie
sonaness
e nt
ia
landcruc
ialfa
ctorofs
ove
reignt
y.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
U.N.R.Ra
ov.I
ndi
raGa
ndhi(
1971)2SCC63
I
SSUES-
CanCounci
lofMi
nis
ter
scont
inuet
ofunc
ti
ona
fte
rthedi
ssol
uti
onofLe
gis
lat
urer
esi
gna
ti
ono
faCounc
il
ofMini
st
ers
?

DECI
SION-
Supre
meCour treje
ctedt
hea r
gume ntofpe t
it
ionera
ndhe l
dthattheconvent
ionandconceptofColl
ecti
ve
re
sponsi
bili
tyha sbeenadopte
df r
omt heEnglis
hlaw.InEnglandtheconventi
onist
hateventhoughthe
Parl
ia
me ntisdissol
ved,thePri
meMi nist
erandhiscabi
netconti
nuestoexis
tas"car
etaker".I
tfur
ther
hel
dthattheCa binet
'sColl
ect
iveRe sponsi
bil
itytot
heHous eexist
edonlywhe nt
heHousewa snot
di
ssolve
dorpr orogued.

"Artic
le74(
1)i smandatory.Wea reunabl
etoa greewit
ht hea ppe
llantt
hatinthecont
exttheword'shal
l'
shouldberead'asmay'.Ar t
icl
e52ismandatory."Art
icl
e74( 1)isma ndat
oryand,t
he r
efore
,thePre
sident
cannotexer
cisetheexecutiv
epowe rwit
houttheaidandadvic eoftheCounc i
lofMi ni
ster
s.Wemus t
harmoniset
hePr ovi
sionsofAr t
ic
le75(3)withArticl
e74(1)a nd75(2).Art
icl
e75 (
3)bringsint
oexis
tence
wha ti
susual
lyc al
le
dRe s
ponsibl
eGovernme nt.

Articl
e75(3)whi c henvisagesthedoct
rineofminist
erialr
espons ibilit
yha stobec onst
ruedwit hthe
provisi
onsofAr ticles74(1)and75 (
2).Arti
cle75(
3)e nvis
ages" r
es ponsibl
egove rnment"andt heCouncil
ofMi nis
ter
smus tenjoyt heconfi
denceoftheHous eofthePe ople .Whi letheHous eofthePe opleisnot
dissol
ved,Ar t
ic
l e75 (3)hasful
loperat
ion.Butwhe nitisdis
sol ved ,theCounc i
lofMi nist
ersca nnot
natura
llyenjoythec onf i
denceofHous eofthePeople.Inthi
sc ont ext,ther
e f
ore,Arti
cl
e75 (3)s houl
dbe
readasme aningt hattheprinci
pleofcolle
cti
veresponsibi
li
tya pplie sonlywhe ntheHous eoft hePeople
isinexist
encea ndnotwhe nitisdis
solvedorpror
ogue d.

5
Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
S.
P.Ana
ndv.H.
D.De
veGowda
I
SSUES-
Canaper
sons
wor
nina
sPr
imeMi
nis
terofI
ndi
awhoi
snotame
mbe
rofe
it
herHou
seofPa
rli
ame
ntbe
swor
nin?

DECI
SION-
TheSupre
meCourtuphe
ldtheappoint
ment
.TheCourta
lsorepe
ll
edtheargumentt
hatifanon-membe
r
i
sappoint
edast
hePri
meMi nis
ter
,itwoul
dbeagai
nstnat
iona
linte
res
t.Onceappoi
ntedasthePri
me
Mini
ste
r,hebec
omesres
ponsi
bleandanswer
abl
etotheHouse.

TheCourtobs
erved,unde
rAr t
ic
le75(5),i
tiscle
arthatt
heConst
it
uti
onma ke
rsdesi
redtoper
mi ta
pers
onwhowa snotme mberofei
therHouseofParl
iamentt
obeappoint
edaMi ni
st
erforaperi
odof6
consec
uti
vemonthsandifduri
ngthesai
dpe r
iodheisnotel
ect
edtoei
therHousehewillce
asetobea
Minist
er.

TheCourtfur
therhe
ldtha
ttheEngli
shconventi
onthatt
hePr imeMi ni
st
ershoul
dbeame mberofeit
her
Housepref
era
blyHouseofCommons ,isnotourConsti
tuti
onalschemes i
nceourConstit
uti
onclear
ly
permi
tsanon-membertobeappoint
edasaChi e
fMi ni
sterorPM f orashor
tdurat
ionof6mont hs.Thati
s
whyinsuchcaseswhenther
eisanydoubtinthemindoft hePres
ide nt
,henormal
lya s
ksthepers
on
appoi
nte
dtose e
kavoteofconfi
denceoftheLokSabhawi t
hinafe wdaysofhisappoi
ntment.
"

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
Sa
mshe
rSi
nghv.St
ateofPunj
abAI
R1974SC2192
I
SSUES-
whet
herame mbe roft
hes ubor
dina
tej
udic
iar
ycanbedismis
sedbytheGovernorwhoseposi
tionis
si
mila
rtothatofthePre
sidentorcani
tonl
ybedoneinaccor
dancewit
htherulesf
ortheconductof
gove
rnmentbusinessmadewi t
htheai
dandadvi
ceoftheCounci
lofMinis
ter
s.

DECI
SION-
Itwashel
dthatappointmentanddismis
salorre
movalofpers
onsbelongingt
othesubordi
natej
udi
ci
al
s
ervi
ceisnotapersonalfunct
ionbutisanexec
uti
vefunct
ionoftheGovernort
obee xerc
ise
dontheai
d
a
ndadviceoftheCounc i
lofMi ni
ste
rsinaccor
dancewit
hprovis
ionsoftheConst
it
ution.

6
TheCour
tla
iddownt
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
inc
ipl
es:

(
1)ThePr
esi
dentofI
ndi
aandt
heGove
rnorofSt
at
esa
reCons
ti
tut
iona
lhe
ads
.

(2)Whene
vertheConst
it
uti
onrequire
sthesat
is
fac
tionoft
hePreside
ntoroft
heGove rnorf
ort
he
exer
cis
eofanypowerorfunc
ti
on,i ti
snottheper
sonals
ati
sfa
cti
onofthePre
sidentorofth
eGover
nor
,
butt
hesat
is
fact
ioni
ntheConsti
tuti
onalsens
eundertheCabi
netsyst
emofGove r
nme nt.

(
3)Thef
undament
alpr
inci
pleofEngl
is
hla
wtha
tMi
nis
termus
tac
ceptr
espons
ibi
li
tyf
ore
ver
yac
tis
i
ncor
por
ate
dinourConst
it
uti
on.

(4)Thedecis
ionofa nyMinist
erorOf fic
erunderr
ulesofbusinessmadeunderArt
icle
s77( 3)and166 (
3)
isthedeci
si
onoft hePres
identoroftheGove r
norres
pecti
vely.TheGove r
norexer
ciseshisdis
c r
etioni
n
harmonywi t
htheCounc i
lofMi ni
sters.Butt
herear
eaf eware a
swhe r
ethePres
identortheGove rnor
willhavet
oa ctnotnece
ssar
yi naccordancewit
htheadviceoftheirMini
st
ers
.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
M.P.Spe
cia
lPol
iceEs
tabl
is
hme
ntv.St
ateofM.
P.(
2004)8
SCC788
I
SSUES-
Whethe
rtheGover
norca
nactinhisdi
s c
ret
ionandaga
ins
ttheai
dandadvi
ceoftheCounci
lofMi
nis
ter
s
i
nthema t
te
rofgra
ntofs
anct
ionforprosec
uti
onofMinis
ter
sforof
fenc
esunde
rthePreve
nti
onof
Cor
rupt
ionAct
,Indi
anPena
lCodea ndCr i
minalPr
oce
dureCode?

DECI
SION-
AfiveJ udgeBe nchofSupr emeCour theldt hatunde rArti
c l
e163 (1)theGove rnor,unde rhis
dis
cretiona r
ypowe rc angr ants ancti
onf orpr osec
utionofMi nistersforof fencesunde rthePr eventi
onof
CorruptionAc tandt heI ndianPe nalCode .Nor mally,theGove rnora ctsont hea dviceoft heCounc i
lof
Ministers,howe ve r,ane xceptionma ya ri
sewhi lecons ide
ringt hegr antofs an c
tiontopr osecuteaChief
MinisteroraMi niste
r,whe rea sama tterofpr opri
etyt heGove rnorma yha v etoa ctinhisdi s
creti
on.
Similarwoul dbet hesituationi fthec ouncilofMi nisterdisablesitsel
fordi s enti
tlesit
self.Artic
le163(2)
post
ulatest hattherec anbema tt
e rswhe r
et heGove rnorc ana ctinhi sdi s
cretione venthought he
Constit
ut ionha snote xpr e
ss l
ys opr ovided.Cour tfurtherobs e
rve dtha tinthisc ase,Loka yuktama dea
det
ailedi nquiryintoac ompl ainta ndfoundpr i
maf aciec as
ef orpr osecution.So ,thede ci
s i
onoft he
Counc i
lofMi nis t
ersrefusingt ogr antsanc t
ionwa sc learl
yirrationala ndba sedonnon -considerat
ionof
rel
evantf a c
tors.

7
Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
St
ate(
NCTofDe
lhi
)v.Uni
onofI
ndi
a(2018)8SCC501
I
SSUES-
Whet
herpost
ingorder
sofpubli
cser
vic
esa
ret
obepas
sedbythePres
ide
ntofIndi
a(orf
ort
hatmat
te
rth
e
Li
eut
enantGover
nor)oriti
stheGover
nme
ntofNCTDwhichiscompet
entt
oe xe
rci
ses
uchpowe
ronce
t
hemanpowerisassi
gnedtoit
?

DECI
SION-
Thes upremec ourtrul
edt hataccordingt otheAr t
icl
e239AAoft heI ndianconsti
tution,althoughthe
governme nthadtoke ephi morhe rinf ormedofi t
sdecisi
ons,De lhi
'slie
utenantgov ernorha dno
independentd e
cisi
on-ma kingpowe r
sa ndhadtofoll
owt hea i
da nda dviceofthec hief-
mi nist
er-l
ed
counc i
lofmi ni
stersoftheGove r
nme ntofDe l
hionma tterst
heDe l
hiLe gis
lat
iveAs semblyc ould
legi
slateon,viz.
,a l
lit
emsont heSt ateLi s
t(it
emsonwhi chonlys t
atelegis
laturescanl e
g isl
ate)andt
he
Conc urre
ntLi s
t(i
te msonwhi chbotht hePa r
liamentofIndiaandt hestatele
gi s
laturescanl egi
slat
e)
barr
ingpol i
ce,publicorde randland.Thec ourtaddedthatonma tter
sr ef
erre
dt ohi m/her,theLGwa s
boundt ofoll
owt heorde r
soft hepr e
s ident
.

Althoughthec ourtr
u l
edthatthelieutenantgovernorstil
lhadther i
ghttos
eekthepres
ident'
sopinionin
caseofadi sagre
eme ntbet
we enhim/ herandt hegovernme nt
,thepresi
dent
—whoi sboundb ythea i
da nd
adviceofthepr i
memi nist
er-headedUni onCounc ilofMi nis
ters
—woul dbethefi
nalauthori
tyinca s
eofa
conflic
t,withhisorheropinionbe i
n gbindingonbot htheLGa ndtheDe l
higove
rnment,itcauti
onedt he
LGt ous ethispoweron l
yine xceptionalcir
cums t
ancesa ndnotina" r
outi
neorme c
hanicalma nner"
.The
court,howeve r
,didnotdefi
newha t" t
ri
vial"dif
ferenc
e sinopinionme a
nt.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
B.R.Ka
purv.St
ateofTa
milNa
duAI
R2001SC3435
I
SSUES-
Whe
theraper
sonwhoisnote
li
gibl
etobe
comeaMe
mbe
rofLe
gis
lat
urec
anbea
ppoi
nte
dasChi
ef
Mi
nis
terbyGover
nor
?

DECI
SION-
TheSupr
emeCour
the
ldt
hatape
rsonc
onvi
ct
edofc
rimi
nalof
fenc
eands
ent
enc
edt
omor
etha
ntwo

8
ye
arsofi
mpr
isonme
ntc
annotbea
ppoi
nte
dasChi
efMi
nis
ter
.

TheCourtre
ject
edthec ont
enti
onthatt
he'ma ndat
e'issupremeandthewillofthepeopl
emu s
tbe
res
pect
ed.Thecour
the l
dt h
a ti
tcanberespecte
donlyi fiti
sinaccor
dancewiththeprovi
sionsofthe
Const
it
uti
on.TheCons t
itut
ionshal
lpre
vailoverthe'ma ndat
e'
.Supremac
yi nIndial
ieswithConstit
uti
on
andnotwit
htheParlia
me nt
.TheCons t
it
utionissupremal e
x,thepar
amountlawofthel a
nda ndtherei
s
nodepar
tmentorbr
a nchofgovernmentaboveorbe yond.

Itwouldbeunreasonabl
eanda nomaloustoconcludethataMi ni
ste
rwhoisame mberoftheLegi
sl
ature
isre
quiredtome e
ttheConsti
tuti
onalstandar
dsofqua l
ifi
cati
onanddisqua
lif
ica
ti
onbuttha
taMi ni
st
e r
whoi snotame mberoftheLegisl
at
u reneednot.Logical
ly,t
hes t
andar
dsexpect
edofaMinist
erwhois
notame mbe rs
houldbethesamea s,ifnotgre
atertha
n ,t
hoserequi
redofame mber
.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
Li
lyThoma
sv.Uni
onofI
ndi
a(2013)7SCC653
I
SSUES-
Twopeti
ti
onswe ref
il
edbeforet
heSupremeCourt
,onebyAdvocat
eLilyThomasandt
hes e
condbyLok
Pr
aha
ri,t
hroughitsGene
ralSecr
eta
ryS.N.Shukl
a,bothofwhi
chper
tai
nedtot
hequest
ionofwhet
her
MLAsorMPss houl
dbedisqual
if
ieda
ftert
heyar
ec onvi
cte
dinacr
iminalc
ase
.

theCour
thadtodete
rmi
newhet
herSe
cti
on8(
4)oft
heRe
pre
sent
at
ionoft
hePe
opl
eAc
t,1951i
sul
tr
a
vir
estocons
ti
tut
iona
lpr
ovi
si
ons
.

DECI
SION-
Thea
pexc
our
tini
tsj
udge
men
the
ldt
hatSe
cti
on8(
4)i
sinde
edul
tr
avi
rest
othec
ons
ti
tut
iona
lpr
ovi
si
ons
.

I
tal
soacc
ept
edt
hec
ontent
ionoft
hepet
it
ioner
sthatt
hegroundsfordi
squal
if
ica
ti
onofacan
dida
tea
nda
membe
raret
hes
ame.Thus
,Parl
ia
menthasexcee
deditspowersbybri
ngingi
nSe c
ti
on8(
4).

TheCour tf
urt
herobs
ervedthatthesi
tt
ingmemb e
rswhohaveal
readybenefi
tt
edfr
omSe ct
ion8(4)wo ul
d
notbeaffec
tedbythi
sjudgeme nt
.Howe ve
r,i
fanysit
ti
ngmemberofPar
l i
amentorst
atel
egis
lat
ureis
convi
cte
db yvirt
ueofsubse
c t
ions1,2and3ofSe c
ti
on8,he/
sheshal
lst
anddisqual
if
iedbyvir
tueofthis
judge
me nt.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
I
nReSpe
cia
lRe
fer
enc
eNo.1of2002

9
I
SSUES-
(
i)I
sArti
cl
e174s ubj
ecttot
hedec
isi
onoft
heEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
onofI
ndi
aunde
rAr
ti
cl
e324a
stot
he
s
chedul
eofel
ect
ionsoftheAss
embly?

(ii
)Cant
heElect
ionCommis
sionofIndi
afr
ameaschedul
efort
hee
lec
ti
onst
oanAsse
mblyonthe
premi
set
hatanyinf
rac
ti
onoft
hema ndat
eofArt
ic
le174wouldber
emedi
edbyar
esor
ttoAr
ti
cl
e356of
thePr
esi
dent
?

(
ii
i)I
st heElec
ti
onCommis
sionofIndi
aunderadutytoca
rryoutt
hemandat
eofArt
ic
le174ofthe
Cons
tit
ution
,bydra
wingup
ona l
lthere
quis
it
eresourc
esoftheUni
onandtheSt
at
etoens
urefr
eeandf
air
el
ect
ions?

DECI
SION-
1.Theprovis
ionsofArti
cl
e174a remandat
oryinc har
acte
rsof arast
heti
mepe r
iodbetweentwos es
sions
isconcer
nedinrespe
ctofli
veAssembli
esandnotdi ss
olvedAs s
e mbl
ie
s.Art
icl
e174a ndAr t
icl
e324
operat
eindif
fere
ntfie
lds
.Arti
cl
e174doe snotdealwithelec
tionswhichi
stheprimaryfunct
ionofthe
Elect
ionCommi ss
ionunderArt
ic
le324.Theref
ore,thequest
ionofoneyiel
dingtotheotherdoesnot
ari
se.Therei
sscopeofharmoni
zingbot
hinama nnerindi
cat
ed .

2.Art
ic
le174isnotrela
tabl
etoadiss
olvedAssembl
y.Simil
aristheposi
ti
onunde
rArt
icl
e85vis-
a-vi
s
HouseofPeopl
e.Me re
lybecaus
etheti
mes c
hedulef
ixedunderArti
cle174ca
nnotbea
dhere
dto,t
hatper
seca
nnotbethegroundforbri
ngi
ngintooper
ati
onunderArti
cle356.

3.AsAr ticl
e174d oesnotdealwit
he lec
ti
on,theque st
ionofElect
ionCommi ssi
onertakingthea i
d,
assi
stanceorco-oper
ati
onoft heCenterort
heSt ateGovernmentsortodrawupont heirres
ourcestohold
theelect
iondoesnota r
ise
.Ont hecontra
ryfore f
fect
iveopera
tionofAr t
icl
e324,theEl e
ction
Commi s
sioncandos otoensureholdi
ngoffreea ndf a
irel
ect
ion.Theque s
ti
onwhe therfre
ea ndfai
r
elec
ti
oni sposs
ibletobehe l
dornotha stobeobj ect
ivel
yasse
s se
dbyt heElec
ti
onCommi ssi
onbyt a
king
int
oc onside
rat
ionallrel
evantaspe
cts.Eff
ort
ss houldbetoholdtheelect
ionandnott odeferholdi
ngof
elec
ti
on .

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
Ra
jaRa
mPa
lv.Hon'
bl
eSpe
ake
r,LokSa
bhaa
ndOr
s.
,(2007)
I
SSUES-
Thepet
it
ione
rcont
ent
edthatt
hePa r
li
ame ntofI
ndi
adoe
snotpos
ses
sthepowe
rofs
elf
-compos
it
iona
nd
t
here
for
edoesnoti
nher
itther
ightofexpulsi
on.

Whe
the
runde
rAr
ti
cl
e105t
hePa
rli
ame
ntha
sri
ghtofe
xpul
si
on

10
Whe
the
rsuc
hexpul
si
onbes
ubj
ectt
ojudi
ci
alr
evi
ew.

DECI
SION-
Iti
sbeyonddoubtt
hatt
heSupremeCourtposs
esst
hej
uri
sdi
ct
iont
oexa
minema
tt
err
ela
ti
ngt
opa
rti
cul
ar
powerandpri
vil
egeasas
ser
tedbythel
egisl
at
ure.

Hon’bleobse r
vedthatAr ti
cl
e101a nd102dos pea
kofqua l
if
icat
ionandc onti
nuat
ionofmembershi
pof
Me mbe rofParli
ame ntbutcannotbereadwithArt
icle105 (
3).HenceAr t
icl
e10 1and102arenot
exhausti
ve.Ar t
ic
le83( 2)and106doe snotconf
erconst
ituti
onalri
ghtsinstri
ctsens
eandneit
herqual
if
y
forfundame nt
alri
ght sandhencewe r
enotinfri
ngedduet oexpul
sion.Ther i
ghttovot
eisastat
utor
yri
ght
andnotf undamentalorc onst
it
uti
onalri
ghts
.Theref
orepowe rofexpulsi
oni snotcont
rar
ytodemocrat
ic
pri
nc i
ple.

Thec our
theldthat“
Onpe r
usaloft
heInquiryrepor
ts,wef i
ndtha tt
hereisnoviol
ati
onofa nyofthe
fundamenta
lright
singener
alandAr t
icl
es14,20or21i npa rt
icul
a r
.Properoppor
tunit
ytoe xpl
ai
na nd
defendhavi
ngbe engive
ntoeachofthepetit
ioner
s,t
hepr ocedureadoptedbythetwoHous esof
Parli
amentcannotbeheldt
obes uf
fer
ingfroma nyil
legal
ity,ir
ratio
nali
ty,uncons
ti
tuti
onal
ity,vi
ola
tionof
rule
sofna t
uralj
usti
ceorper
versi
ty.I
tcannotbeheldthatthepe t
iti
onerswerenotgive
naf airde
al.
”

ButJus
ti
ceR.V.Ra ve
endr
anhe
ldanopposi
ngvi
ewt
hatt
her
eisnopowe
rofe
xpul
si
oni
nthePa
rli
ame
nt,
ei
the
rinhe
rentort
race
abl
etoAr
tic
le105(
3).

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
D.
C.Wa
dhwav.St
ateofBi
har(
1987)
I
SSUES-
Whet
herthere
-promul
gat
ionofordi
nanc
esbytheGove
rnoroft
heSt
ateofBi
hara
mount
edt
omi
sus
eof
t
hepowerconfe
rredt
othegover
norbyart
ic
le213oft
heIndi
anCons
ti
tuti
on?

DECI
SION-
TheApe
xCour
theldtha
t,t
hedet
ermi
nati
onofthi
sques
ti
ondepe
ndsonthet
ruei
nte
rpr
eta
ti
onofAr
ti
cl
e
213whi
chc
onf
erspowerontheGove
rnorofaSta
tet
opromul
gat
eordi
nance
s.

1.Thepowerconf
err
edontheGovernortois
sueOrdi
nancesi
sinthenat
ureofaneme
rge
ncypowe
r
whichi
svest
edintheGovernorf
ort
a ki
ngimme di
at
eacti
onwheresuchact
ionbec
omenece
ssa
rya
ta
ti
mewhe nt
helegi
sla
tur
eisnotinse
ss i
on.

2.Everyor
dinanc
epromulga
tedbytheGovernormustbepl
acedbeforethel
egis
latureandi
twouldceas
e
tooper
ateatt
heexpi
rat
ionofsi
xwe eksf
romt here
asse
mblyofthelegis
lat
ureorifbeforet
heexpi
rat
ion
oftha
tperi
odar e
sol
uti
ondisa
pprovi
ngitispass
edbythele
gis
lati
vea s
semblyanda greedt
obythe

11
l
egi
sl
at
ivec
ounc
il
,ifa
ny.

3.Thepowert
opromulga
teanordi
nanc
eises
senti
all
yapowertobeuse
dtome
eta
next
raor
dina
ry
si
tuat
iona
nditca
nnotbeall
owedtobe"pe
rve
rtedtoser
vepol
it
ica
lends
."

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
S.
P.Gupt
av.Uni
onofI
ndi
a1981
I
SSUES-
Theis
sueraise
dwa sregar
dingthevalidi
tyofCentr
eGove
rnmentor
der
sonthenon-
appointmentoft
wo
j
udgesandthediscl
osureofle
tt
e rofcommunica
tionbe
tweent
heLawMi ni
st
er,t
heChiefJust
iceofDel
hi
HighCourtandtheChiefJust
iceofIndia
.

DECI
SION-
As evenjudgebe nc hbyma jori
tyhe l
dthat'cons ul
t ati
on'doe snotme anconc ur
r encea ndf urt
he rheldtha t
theopinionoft heChi efJustic
eofI ndiadoesnotha veprima c yinthema tte
rofa ppoint men t
sofJ udgesof
theSupre meCour ta ndtheHi ghCour tsandt hepr ima cyi swi t
ht heCentralGove r
nme ntwh ichistot ake
thedecisionafterc onsulti
nga llt
hec onsti
tuti
ona lf unctionaries;andtheCe ntralGove r nme ntisnots ound
toactina ccordancewi t
ht heopinionofa llt
hec ons t
it
utiona lfuncti
onariescons ult
ed,e ve niftheiropinion
beidenti
c al
.Itwa sa ls
ohe ldthatforinit
iati
onoft hepr opos alforappointmentofaJ udgeoft heSu preme
CourtoraHi ghCour t
,therecouldnotbeabl anke te mba rgoont hee xecuti
vei niti
ati
ngt hepropos al
, even
though.itwoul dbea ppropriat
etha tt
hee xecutive'sr i
ghtt oinitia
teana ppointme ntsho uldbel imitedto
suggesti
nga ppropr iatename stotheChi efJus t
iceoft heHi ghCour tortheChi e fJusti
c eo fIndia.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
I
nReSpe c
ialRef
ere
nceNo.1of1998(c
omma
nlyknowna
s
t
hir
djudge
sc a
se)
I
SSUES-
(1)c
onsul
ta
ti
onbet
wee
nt heChi
efJus
ti
ceofIndi
aandhisbrot
her
sJudge
sint
hema
tt
erofa
ppoi
ntme
nts
ofSupr
emeCourta
ndHighCourtJ
udgesandtr
ansf
ersoft
helat
te
r;

(
2)j
udi
ci
alr
evi
ewoft
ran
sfe
rsofJ
udge
s

(
3)t
her
ele
vanc
eofs
eni
ori
tyi
nma
kinga
ppoi
ntme
ntst
otheSupr
emeCour
t

12
DECI
SION-
Thenine-j
udgebenchheade
dJusti
ceS.P.Bharuc
hauna ni
mous l
yuphe l
dthema j
orpremis
eofSecond
judges
’cas
e.TheSupr e
meCour ts
tat
edthatt
heexpre
s s
ion“consul
ta
ti
onwi ththeChie
fJusti
ceofI
ndia
”
inthecons
tit
uti
onrequi
rest
heconsul
ta
tionwit
htheplural
it
yofjudges.Itwasobser
vedthatt
hesol
e
opini
onofthechiefJ
ust
icewoul
dnota mountt
o“consult
at
ion”undertheart
icl
es.

Thisca
s epl a
yedama j
orrol
eindevel
opingt
hecolle
giumsyst
ema siti
sinexi
st
e nc
et oda
y.Its
tat
edthat
t
heCollegi ums ys
temwoul dconsi
st
sofCJIandfourmostse
niormostj
udgesoftheSupremeCourt.The
t
ransf
er,a swe l
lastheappoint
mentwouldbequesti
onedorj
udici
all
yrevi
ewabletotheexte
nttha
tthe
re
comme ndati
onwa sma deincons
ult
at
ionwitht
hec ol
le
giumsyst
emawhol e.

Ont hesubje
ctofdepart
ingf romt heor derofseniori
ty,itwasnot e
dtha ts
trongc ogentreas
onsneednot
berecordedasajust
ifi
cati
on .Instead,thepositi
vereasonf orrecomme ndat
ioni stobeme nti
oned.Als
o,
theviewsoftheotherj
udge swhowe recons ul
te
df orma kingthedecisi
onist ober e
c orde
dinwr i
ti
ngand
conveyedtotheGove r
nme ntofI ndiabyt heChiefJust
icea l
ongwi t
hhi sopinions.I
ft hegui
deli
nes
enume r
atedunderth
isjudgme ntarenotf oll
owed,ther e
c omme ndat
ionsma debyt heChi efJus
ti
ceof
Indi
awoul dnotbebindingont heGove r
nme ntofIndia.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
SCAdvoc
ateonRe
cor
dAs
soc
iat
ionv.Uni
onofI
ndi
a(2016)
I
SSUES-
1)Whe
the
rtheCons
ti
tut
ion(
Nine
ty-
nint
hAme
ndme
nt)Ac
t,2014wa
scons
ti
tut
iona
ll
yva
li
d?

2)Whethert
heNat
ionalJ
udi
cia
lAppoi
ntme
ntsCommi
ssi
onAc
t,2014a
revi
ola
ti
veoft
he‘
Pri
nci
ple
sof
Sepa
rat
ionOfPower
s ’
ornot
?

DECI
SION-
TheSupr e meCour twi thama jor i
tyof4: 1ga vet hejudgeme ntinf avourofp et
iti
one rsa ndhe ldthat
Ar t
icle124Ai sthemos timp ortantarti
c leofthe99t ha mendme nt .I fArti
cle124Ai ss t
ruckt hee nt
ire
ame ndme ntwou l
dbeundone .TheCour tfoundt hatclauseaa ndbofAr t
icl
e124Adonotpr ovide
adequa t
ere pr
esenta
ti
ont othej udicialc ompone ntoft heNa t
iona lJ udici
alAppoi ntme ntsCommi ss
ion
whic hisinsuff
icie
nttopr ese r
vet hepr ima cyofj udici
a r
ya ndhe nc evi ol
ati
vet othei ndepe ndenceoft he
judici
a r
ywhi chformst heba sics tr
uc t
ur eoftheCons t
i t
uti
on.Simi larl
yAr ti
cle124A( c)a nd( d)a r
eultra
vire
sofCons ti
tuti
ondu et othei n c
lusionofuni onmi nist
erinc har geofl awwhi chvi olatesthes eparat
ion
ofpowe r
swhi chformst heba s
ics tr
uc t
ur eoftheCons ti
tut
ion.TheSupr emeCour the l
dt hatthe99t h
Cons ti
tut
iona mendme ntAc t2014a ndt hena t
ionaljudicialappoi ntme ntcommi ssiona ct2014a s
uncons t
it
utionalandvoi d.Thes ystemofa ppointme ntofjudge stoSupr emeCou rt,HighCour t,and
appointme ntofChiefJus t
iceofI ndiaa ndtransferofj udgesshoul dbec ar
rieda c
c ordingt othepos it
ion

13
pri
ortothe99t
hamendment
.Allf
ivej
udge
sga
ves
epa
rat
ejudge
menta
ndJ
ust
ic
eCha
leme
swa
ruphe
ld
theva
lidi
tyoft
heamendment
.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
L.Cha
ndr
aKuma
rv.Uni
onofI
ndi
a(1997)
I
SSUES-
1.whet
hert
heexcl
usi
onoft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heHighCour
tthr
oughArt
ic
les323
-A( 2)(
d)a
nd323-
B(3)
(d)wa
sagai
nstt
hedoct
ri
neofj
udi
cia
lrevi
ewt
hatwasabas
icfe
atur
eoft
heConsti
tut
ion.

2.whet
hert
heTri
buna
lsconst
it
ute
de i
the
runde
rArti
cle323BorArt
ic
le323AoftheI
ndi
anCons
ti
tut
ion,
havet
hecompet
encet
ote
sttheconst
it
uti
ona
lval
idi
tyofasta
tut
oryr
uleorpr
ovi
si
on.

DECI
SION-
Thebe nc hobs erve dthatt hej udi cia lrevi ewi sthemos te s
se nt
iala ndbas i
cs tructur eoft heIndian
Cons ti
tut ions imi l
a rl
yt hej urisdic tionc onfe r
redunde rtheAr t
icle32ont heSupr emeCour tandunde rt he
Ar t
icle226a nd227ont heHi ghCour ti salsoapa r tofba sicstruc t
urewhi chc a
nnotbea mendeda nd
alte
reda st hede c i
s i
ongi ve nbyt hebe nc hi ntheKe savan andaBha rat
ica se.Itisa lsos aidthatfors ecuring
theinde pe n denceo fthej udic ia
r y,t hes upe r
iorc our tsha vebe engi venthepowe rofj udi cia
lreview.
Thought heI ndia nPa rl
i a
me ntha st hepowe ra ndr ightt oa me ndt heCons tit
ut i
oni tc annota me ndthe
basics t
r uc tureoft heCons ti
tution .I twa she ldtha tSe ction28oft heAdmi nistrativeTr ibunalAc t,1985
exclude st hepowe rofj udi ci
a lre vie wofa l
ltheHi ghCour tsandt he“exc lusionofj uri
sdi ct
ion”c l
ausesi n
allotherAc tsandl egis
lationse na ct edunde rthea egisofAr ticl
e323Aa nd323Bwoul dbeul traviresof
theCons titution.Thej urisdictionc onfe rredont heSupr emeCour taswe llasont heHi ghCour t
sispa rto f
theinvi ola bleba sics t
ructur eoft heCons ti
tuti
on ,thus ,Cl ause2( d)a ndCl a
us e3( d)ofAr t
ic
les323Aa nd
323Boft heI ndi anCons tituti
ont ot hee xt enttha ttheye xc l
udet hej uri
sdic t
ionoft hehi ghc ourtsare
uncons titutiona l
.I twa sa lsohe ldt ha tthe rewi llbenoCons tit
utionprohibi t
iona ga insttheTr ibunalsin
performi ngas uppl eme ntalrol e,t he ywi llnotbec ons idereda sthes ubstit
ute soft heHi ghCour tsorthe
Supr emeCour ts
.

Thede c
isi
onsgivenbythetribunalswillbesubje
c tt
os cr
uti
nybyt heDivi
si
onbenchoft
heHighCour
t
withi
nwhos ejur
isdi
ct
ionthec oncernedtri
bunalfall
s.Last
ly,theCour
tuphel
dthatSe
cti
on5(
6)and
Secti
ons5(2)oftheAdministrat
iveTribunal
sAc t
,1985mus toper
atet
oget
herandbehar
moni
ously
const
ruedandheldthatSe
c t
ion5( 6)isvali
dandc onsti
tut
ional
.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360

14
St
ateofBi
harv.Cha
rus
il
aDa
siAI
R1959SC1002
I
SSUES-
whethertheBi harHinduRe li
giousTrus
tsAct,
1950appl
ytotr
ustproper
ti
eswhi
chares
itua
tedout
si
de
t
hestateofBi har.Cant hele
gisl
atur
eofBiharmakealawwithres
pe c
ttosuc
hatrus
tsi
tuat
edinBi
har
andotherprope r
tie
sa ppert
ai
ningtosuchtr
ustwhichi
ssit
uat
edoutsi
deBihar
?

DECI
SION-
Applyingt hedoc t
rineoft er
ri
toria
lnexus,theSupr e
mec ourthel
dthatt
heActcouldaff
ectthetrus
t
proper
tys ituat
edout sideBihar,butapper
tainingtoatrustsi
tua
tedinBiha
rwherethetr
usteesfunct
ione
d.
TheAc ta imst oprovideforthebe tt
eradministr
ati
onofHi ndurel
igi
oustr
ust
sinthest
ateofBi har
.The
tr
ustiss i
tua t
edinBi ha rt
hestatehaslegi
sl
a t
ivepowe roverita
nda l
sooveri
tst
rust
eesortheirser
vants
andage ntswhomus tbeinBi hartoadminist
erthetrust
.

Whatisnecess
aryistha
ttheconnec
ti
onbetweenthet
rustandt
heprope
rtyapper
tai
ningt
her
etoisre
aland
noti
ll
usoryandthatt
hereli
giousi
nst
it
uti
onandtheproper
tyappe
rta
ini
ngthere
tofor
moneintegra
ted
whol
ea sonecannotbediss
ociat
edfr
omtheother
.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
G.V.K.Indus
tri
esLt
d.&Anr
.V.I
ncomeTa
xOf
fi
cer&
Anr
.(
2011)
I
SSUES-
whet
hert
hePar
li
amentwasempower
edt
oenactl
awsinr
espe
ctofext
ra-t
err
it
ori
ala
spec
tsorcaus
est
hat
ha
venonexuswit
hIndi
a,a
ndfurt
her
mor
e,i
fsuchla
wsareber
eft(
Without
)ofanybene
fitt
oIndi
a?

DECI
SION-
Thec l
ueoft heanswertothi
sque s
tionalsoli
esinthewordforus e
di nar
ti
cle245(1).TheCour tde ri
ved
ther
e s
pons i
bili
tyoftheParl
iamentwi t
hthehe l
pofthewordforus edinart
icle245(1)andstate
dt hat
Parl
iamentofI ndiai
stoactasthePa r
li
ame ntofIndi
aandofnoot herter
ri
tory,nati
onorpe ople.The
Courtals
ode r
ivedtworela
tedlimit
ati
onsinthisrega
rd,t
hefir
s tbei
ngthatthePa r
li
a mentma yonly
exer
c i
seitspowe r
sforthebenefi
tofIndiainregardt
othenecessit
y.Thelawse nact
e dbyPa r
liame ntmay
enhancethewe lfa
reofpeopleinotherte
rrit
ori
estoobutt
hebe nefi
ttoorofI ndi
arema i
nt hecentr
a land
pri
ma rypurpose.

Thesec
ondli
mit
ati
onthatt
hela
wma debyParl
ia
me ntwithr
egar
dtoext
ra-
ter
ri
tori
ala
spect
sorcaus
es
t
hatdonotha
veany,ormaybeexpe
ctedtonothavenexuswit
hIndi
a,t
rans
gre
ssthefi
rstc
ondi
ti
on.The

15
Suders
hanRe ddyJ.f
orConsti
tuti
onalbe nc
hn ega
tedt
heanswerofquest
ionlogi
cal
lya
ndhe l
dthatt
he
Parl
ia
me nt
'spowerst
oe na
ctle
gi s
lat
ion,pursua
nttocl
ause(1)ofAr
tic
le245ma ynotext
endtothos
e
ext
ra-
terr
it
ori
a la
spec
tsorcaus
e stha
tha venoimpactonornexuswit
hIndia.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
I
nReCP&Ber
arSa
lesofMot
orSpi
ri
t&Lubr
ica
ntsTa
xat
ion
Act
,1938
I
SSUES-
Theconf
li
ctbet
we e
nprovinc
ialandUnionActswit
hrefe
renc
etoe
xci
sedut
ie
simpos
edonmot
ors
pir
it
s
andl
ubri
cant
swa sre
fer
redtotheFede
ralcour
tfori
tsopi
nion
.

DECI
SION-
Thec our
tobs e
rvedthatt
he r
eisnoclea
rc utdi
vis
ionofpowersbet
weent
heUnionandtheStat
es.I
ncase
ofconfli
ctthejudi
ciar
yha stomakereconcil
ia
ti
onatt
emptsbetweent
heconf
li
ct
ingent
ries
.Ifi
ndeeds
uch
areconci
liat
ionshouldproveimposs
ibl
e ,onl
ythenwil
ltheopera
ti
onofnon-
obst
ant
eclausebr
oughti
nto
for
ce,forthiscl
auseoughttoberegar
de dasalas
tres
ort
.

Entri
esnodoubts houl
dbeconst
ruedi
nwides
tposs
ibl
esens
ebutitmaybequa
li
fi
edbyothere
xpre
ss
provi
sionsinthesameena
ctment,byt
heimpl
ica
ti
onsoft
hecont
extandeve
nbycons
ide
rati
onsar
isi
ng
outofwha tappea
rstobet
hegene r
als
che
meoftheAct.

I
tlai
ddownt ha tt
heCe ntreha sthepowe rtolevyexcis
edutyatanyst
agebe f
orealetotheConsume r
s.
Thepowe roftheProvinc eextendstolevyingtaxons al
eofgoodstoconsumer.Thisvie
wofCour t
rec
oncil
esthec onfl
ictbe twee nthetwoe ntri
eswi t
houtdoi
ngviole
ncetothelanguageofeit
her,andit
demarcat
estheirres
pe ct
i veterrit
orie
sofl egis
lat
iononar eas
onabl
eandlogic
alba s
is.Hence,t
hel a
w
madebyt heprovince(C. P.a ndBe rarSalesofMot orSpir
it
sandLubri
cantsTaxati
onAc t)i
sva l
idandis
notul
travir
esoft heLe gi sl
at
ivepowe r
soft heprovinc
e.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
Guj
ara
tUni
ver
sit
yv.Kr
ishnaRa
nga
nat
hMudhol
karAI
R1963
SC703
I
SSUES-

16
whet
hert
heSta
teGovt
.iscompet
entt
oena
ctl
awsi
mposingGujara
tiorHadiorbororanyotherspec
ifi
c
l
angua
gefort
hepur
poseofexcl
usi
vemedi
umarf
iedi
aofins
truc
ti
onintheUnivers
it
iesloc
atedinthat
st
at
e?

DECI
SION-
TheCour tobser
vedthatuseofe xpress
ions"subj
e c
tto"ini tem11ofl istII(nowI te
m25ofLi stI
II
)
cle
arl
yi ndicat
esthatl
egisl
ationinr e
spectofexcl
udedma tte
rsc a
nnotbeunde rtakenbytheStat
e
Legis
lature.TheCourtstatedthattheuseofexpressi
on" subjectt
o"inLi stIIt
ake sawaythepowe rf
rom
t
heSta t
eLe gi
sl
atur
e.Thepowe rtolegi
slat
ewi t
hr e
specttome di
umofi nstruct
ionsisnotadist
inct
Legis
lativehead.Howeve ritres
ideswiththeStatelegi
slatureinwhomt hepowe rtolegi
sl
ateon
educa
tioni svest
edunlessitistakenawaybyne cessaryintentmentt
othec ont
rarybytheUni on
Parl
iame nt.

TheCourtrefe
rre
dt oPr
incipl
eo fLiber
alandHarmoniousCo nst
ruct
iona ndstat
edthatt
hetwoentri
es
undoubt
edl
yove rla
pandmus t,t
he r
efor
e,behar
moniouslyc onstr
ued.Thust otheexte
ntofover
lappi
ng
thepowerconfe
rredbyit
em66ofLi stImustpr
evai
love rthepowe roft heStat
eunderIte
m11ofLi stI
I
insof
ara
stheme diumofinstr
uctionisanece
ssar
yinci
de ntoft hepowerunde rIt
em66ofLi st
-I
,itmust
bedeemedtobei ncl
ude
di nthatite
ma ndexcl
udedfr
omI t
em11- ofListII.

TheS.C.dis
miss
edtheappe
alofGuj
ara
tUnive
rsit
yandhel
dthatt
heSt
ateGovt
.wasnotcompet
entt
o
ena
c tl
egi
sla
ti
onimposi
nganypar
ti
cul
arla
nguageasanexc
lus
ivemedi
umorme di
aofins
truc
ti
onint
he
Univer
sit
ie
s.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
Pr
afull
aKuma
rMukher
jeev.Ba
nkofComme
rce
,Li
mit
ed,
KhulnaAI
R1947PC60
I
SSUES-
Thevali
dit
yofBenga
lMone
yLe n
der
sAc
t,1
940wa
sinque
sti
onori
not
herwor
dswha
twa
sthepi
tha
nd
subs
tanc
eofthei
mpugne
dAct.

DECI
SION-
ThePr
ivyCounc
ill
ai
ddo
wnt
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
inc
ipl
es:

1.Astherei
snoclea
rcutdis
ti
nct
ionbetwe
enpowersofUni
onandStat
elegi
sl
atur
es,the
yar
eboundt
o
over
lap.Touphol
dtheval
idi
tyofimpugne
dActthefol
lowi
ngque
sti
onaretobeasked:

(
i)Whati
sthepithands
ubs
tanceofimpugnedAc t
?Inas
cer
tai
ningthepi
thands
ubs
tanceofi
mpugne
d
Act
,onemustconsi
der(
a)i
tsobje
cts
,(b)scopeoftheAc
t,(
c)ef
fectofActa
sawhole.

17
(
ii
)Wha
tli
sta
rei
tst
ruena
tur
eandc
har
act
ert
obef
ound?

2.Thee xte
ntofinvasi
onbyprovinc
esint
othesubj
ect
sinthefe
dera
llis
tisani
mport
antmatt
er,not
beca
us etheval
idit
yofaprovinc
ialActcanbedet
erminedbydi
scr
iminat
ingbe
twe
ende gr
eesofinva
sion,
butfordeter
miningthePi
thandSubstanc
eoftheimpugnedAct
.

3.Whe
ret
hethr
eel
is
tsc
omei
nconf
li
ct
:Li
stIha
spr
ior
it
yove
rLi
st
sIIa
ndI
IIa
ndLi
stI
IIha
spr
ior
it
y
ove
rLi
stI
I.

ThePri
vyCounci
lhel
dtha
tActwa
snotvoi
dei
the
rinwhol
eorpa
rta
sbe
ingul
tr
avi
rest
hePr
ovi
nci
al
Legi
sl
atur
e.Acc
ordi
ngl
y,t
hea
ppealwa
sall
owe
dwi t
hcos
ts.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
St
ateofRa
jas
tha
nv.G.Cha
wlaAI
R1959SC544
I
SSUES-
Whe
the
rTh
eAj
mer(
SoundAmpl
if
ier
sCont
rol
)Ac
t,1952i
sul
tr
avi
rest
hepowe
rofSt
at
eLe
gis
lat
ure
?

DECI
SION-
TheS.C.obser
vedt ha
tthelegisl
ature
spossessplenarypowe rofl e
gisl
ati
onsubjectt
othecondit
ionsthat
t
helegis
lat
ionisconfi
nedtot hetopic
sme nti
onedi nvari
ousl is
ts.Theseentr
iesal
thoughar
eme anttobe
mutual
lyexcl
usiv
e ,yetove
rlapea chothe
r.Inc a
seofc onfl
ict,i
tbe co
me snecess
arytoexaminethepith
andsubst
anceoftheimpugne dlaw.Thec ourtobservedtha
ta mpl i
fi
ersareundoubte
dlyins
trumentsof

broa
dca s
ti
nga ndeve nthatofcommunicati
onandassuchthema nufactur
ingli
censi
ngorc ontrolof
ownership,re
gulat
ionsoft r
adeinappar
atusofampl
ifi
ersisama tt
erexc l
usi
vel
ywi thindoma i
nof
Parl
iament.Butthe" use
"ofa mpli
fi
escannotbesai
dtobewi thi
nc ontr
olofParli
ame ntonly.Thepower
tole
gisla
ti nre
lat
iont opubli
chealt
hincl
udespowertoregula
tetheus eofamplif
iersasproducersof
nois
e,whe nsuchus eofampl i
fi
ersemer
ge sasamanif
est"nui
s a
nce'topublicatl
arge.

TheCourtst
at
edthatt
heobjecti
veandpurposeoflegisl
ati
onf urni
shesthekeytoconnecttheuseof
ampli
fi
erswit
hStat
eList.There
for
e,t
hei mpugnedAc twithinitspit
ha ndsubs
tanc
ef e
llsubsta
ntia
ll
y
wit
hinentr
y6ofListII
.Inviewoftheafore
saidrea
s ons,t
hea ppealofStat
eofRa j
ast
hanwa sal
lowed
andval
idi
tyoftheAjmer(SoundAmplif
ierControl
)Ac t,1952wa sup hel
d.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
St
ateofKa
rna
takav.Dr
ive
-inEnt
erpr
ise
s(2001)4SCC60

18
I
SSUES-
Whet
hertheSta
teLegis
lat
urewasc ompet
enttoenac
tla
wt olevyexunderEnt
ry62,ListI
Iofthe7t
h
Sc
heduleonadmis
sionofcar
s/motorvehi
cl
e si
nsi
desuchthe
atre?Entr
y62empowe r
stheSta
te
Le
gisl
at
uretole
vytaxon" l
uxuri
es,ent
ert
ainment
,amusements,be
tt
ingandga
mbling".

DECI
SION-
TheApe xcourthel
dthatwha ti
stobefoundouti stherealnat
ureofl evy,itspi
thandsubsta
nceanditis
inthisli
ghtthecompetencyoft heStat
eLe gisl
at
u r
ei st
obea djudge d.Thedoc t
ri
neof'pit
handsubst
a nc
e'
mea nsthati
fane nac
tme ntsubstant
ia
ll
yfallswithinthepowe r
se xpressl
yc onfe
rre
dbyt heConsti
tut
ion
upont heLegisl
atur
e,itcannotbehe l
dtobeul t
ravi r
esme rel
ybe causeitsnomenclat
ureshowsthati
t
encroachesuponma t
tersassignedtoanot
he rheadi
ngofl egis
lat
ion.

Inthepresentcase,t
her ealnat
urea ndc ha
ract
erofimpugnedlevyisnotont hea dmissionofc ars/
mot or
vehic
les,butthelevyi sonthepersone nte
rta
inedwhotakesthecarins
idethet heatr
ea ndwa t
chesthe
fil
ms i
tt
ingi nhiscar.Thus,inpit
ha ndsubst
ance,t
helevyisonthepersonwhoi sentertai
ne danditis
whollyimma ter
ialinwha tnamea ndf ormitisi
mpos e
d.Thewor d"entert
ainme nt"iswi deenought o
comprehendi nitt
hel uxuryorcomf ortwithwhichapersonenter
tai
nshims el
f.Onc eiti sfoundthatthere
isanexusbe tweentheLe gisl
at
ivec ompe t
enceandsubject
-mat
terofta
xa t
ion,thel e
vyi sjustif
iedand
vali
d.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
K.
C.Ga
japa
tiNa
raya
nDe
ov.St
ateofOr
iss
aAI
R1953SC375
I
SSUES-
Whet
hert
heTheOri
ssaEst
at
esAbol
it
ionActof1952ul
tr
avi
rest
heCons
ti
tut
ions
ofa
r,t
hepr
iva
tel
ands
&bui
ldi
ngsofowne
rsar
econce
rne
dandhencevoid?

DECI
SION-
Thedoctr
ineofcolor
abl
elegi
sla
tiondependsuponthecompet
enc
yofthele
gis
lat
uret
oenac
ttha
tlaw,t
he
proc
edurefol
lowedandnotmerelyonthemot i
veofthebodyi
npass
ingsuchl
aw.Themaxi
ma ss
ert
s,
“Youcannotdoindir
ect
lywhatyoucannotdodirec
tly.
”

Thele
gisl
atur
ewasc ompe
tenttomakela
wsonthesubjectandal
sot
heult
eri
ormoti
veforl
ayi
ngtheAc
t
wasnotbeyondt
hec ompe
tencyoftheSt
ateLe
gis
lat
ure.Thus,t
heOri
ssaAgri
cul
tur
alI
ncome-
tax
(Amendment)Ac
t,1950Actcannotre
nde
rthel
awa scolora
blea
ndwasnotvoid.

TheSt
ateLegi
sla
tur
eise
mpowere
du/a31(
2)oftheConst
it
uti
ontopl
acebui
ldingswhi
cha
rewi
thi
nthe
ambi
tofthees
tat
eformana
geme
ntoradmi
nis
tra
tionpur
posei
ntheGover
nme nt.

19
Theprovi
si
onsmenti
onedinOri
ssaEst
at
esAbol
it
ionAct
,1950fordet
ermina
tionofcompensat
ioni
sno t
acol
orabl
elegi
sl
at
ionasitcome
swithi
nthea
mbitofEnt
ry42ofListI
IIofSchedul
eVI IofConst
it
uti
on.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
Uni
onofI
ndi
av.H.
S.Dhi
ll
on1971(
2)SCC779
I
SSUES-
1.Whe
the
rthes
copea
nde
xte
ntofAr
ti
cl
e248s
houl
dbei
dent
if
iedwi
tht
hatofe
ntr
y97,Li
stI
?

2.Whet
hert
hes
u bj
ect-
matt
erofent
ry97,Li
stIbyvir
tueoft
hewords"anyot
herma
tt
ersno
tenume
rat
ed
inLi
stI
IandLi
stII
I",i
sinc
lusi
veofthes
ubjec
t-ma
tt
erofent
rie
sti
ll96ofLis
tI?

DECI
SION-
TheSupremeCourthe
ldthatt
ha tWeal
thTaxona gri
cult
urall
anddoe
snotfal
lwi
thi
nthes c
opeofEntry
49(TaxonLand&Bui ldi
ngs).Thus
,theSta
tecannotenactala
w.TheAme ndme
ntcannotcomeunder
Ent
ry86a si
thadthewords‘e
xc l
usi
veofagri
cul
turall
and’
.Thema i
nques
ti
onwa swhethe
rthet
axc oul
d
belevi
edundert
heCentre
’sre
s i
duar
ypowe r
s.

Themi nori
tyvi e
w( 3judges )wa stha
ttheresiduarypowe r
soft heCe ntr
eme anthea uthori
tyinr es
pectof
ma t
ter
snote nume r
atedinanyoft hethreeli
st
s .Asthes ubjectofwe alt
htaxhasbe ende altwithEntry86
ofListI,i
tistheref
oreoutoft heresi
duaryfie
ld.Howe ver,thema jori
tyview(4ju dges)tooka n
expansi
vea pproachtothere si
dua r
ypowe roft heCe nt
re.The sejudgesheldthatAr t
icle248wa sfr
ame d
inthebroadestpossi
bleterms .Ama t
ternotincludedinLi stIIorLi s
tIIIfa
ll
swi thintheresiduaryfi
eldof
theCentre
. Noque st
ionne edst obeaskeda st
owhe the
rt hema tterfal
lsunderListIornot .Thus ,t
he
SupremeCour theldthattheWe alt
hTa xwa sjustif
iedun derEntry97ofLi stI.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
Za
ver
bha
iAma
ida
sv.St
ateofBomba
yAI
R1954SC752
I
SSUES-
I
sthe
rea
nyr
epugna
ncybe
twe
enCe
ntr
all
awa
ndSt
at
ela
w?

DECI
SION-
TheSupr
emeCour
tintheins
tantca
seobse
rve
dthat
,“Theimpor
tantt
hingtocons
iderwit
hrefer
enc
eto
t
hispr
ovi
sioni
swhet
herthel
egisl
at
ionis“
inre
spe
ctofthesa
mema t
te
r”.I
fthela
terle
gis
lat
iondea
lsnot

20
wit
hthema t
te
rswhi
chf
ormedthesubj
ectoft
heear
li
erl
egi
sl
at
ion,butwit
hot
herdi
st
inc
tma
tt
ers
,thou
gh
ofacogna
teandal
li
edc
hara
cte
r,thenArt
icl
e254
(2)wil
lha
venoa ppl
ica
ti
on”
.

Thi
sjudgmente
xpla
inedthemeaningof‘withres
pecttot
hematt
er’i
nArti
cle254(2).Thec
ourt
,int
he
i
nsta
ntcase
,wasofthevie
wthatthesta
telegis
lat
ionandt
hele
gisl
ati
onenact
edbyt heCent
rear
eonthe
sa
mef i
eld.
Ther
efor
e,thecou
rtdecla
redthestat
elawsvoi
dastheywerere
pugnanttothece
ntr
al
l
egis
lat
ion.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
Hoe
chs
tPha
rma
ceut
ica
lsLt
d.v.St
ateofBi
har(
1983)4SCC45
I
SSUES-
(i
)Whe thert
herei
srepugnanc
ybe twee
nSecti
on5(
3)oft
heBi ha
rFina
nceAct,1981andpar
agr
aph21of
t
heDr ugs(Pri
ceControl
)Order,1979i
ssue
dbytheCent
ralGover
nmentunde
rSe ct
ion3(
1)oft
he
Esse
ntialCommoditi
esAc t
.

(
ii
)Whet
herAr
ti
cle254cove
rsre
pugnancybet
wee
nSt
at
ele
gis
lat
ionma
deunde
rLi
stI
Iononeha
nda
nd
Uni
onLa
wma deunderLi
stI
IIontheothe
r?

(
ii
i)Ca
nre
pugna
ncybe
twe
enaSt
at
ela
wandal
awma
deb
yPa
rli
ame
nta
ris
eout
si
det
heConc
urr
entf
iel
d?

DECI
SION-
TheSupr
emeCour theldthat"Thetr
ueprinc
ipl
einj udgi
ngtheconst
it
uti
onalval
idi
tyofs
ecti
on5ofthe
Acti
stodeter
minewhe therinpit
handsubst
anceitisalawrela
tabl
etoEntry54ofListI
Iandnot
whet
hert
hereisrepugnancybetweensec
ti
on5oft heAc tandPri
ceControlor
dermadebytheCent
ral
gove
rnmentunderEssenti
alCommodi t
ie
sAc tunderentr
y33ofLi s
tIII
."

"Thequesti
onofr e
pugnancyunderArti
cle254(1)betweenalawma debyParl
ia
me ntandal awma deby
theStat
eLegis
laturec
ana r
iseonlyincas
eboththelegis
lat
ionsoccupythesamefiel
dwi t
hre s
pecttoone
ofthema t
te
rsenume r
ate
dint heConcur
rentLis
t,andther
eisadirectconf
lic
tbetweenthetwol a
ws .I
tis
whe nbot
htheserequi
rementsareful
fi
ll
edthatt
heStatelawwi l
ltotheexte
ntofrepugnanc
y ,become
void.
"

"Arti
cle254(1)hasnoa ppli
cati
oncasesofr e
pugna ncyduetooverl
appingfoundbetweenListI
Ionthe
oneha ndandListsIandI I
Iontheother.Ifsucho verl
appi
nge xi
st
sina nypart
ic
ularca
setheStat
elaw
willbeultr
aviresbecauseofthenonobs t
anteclauseinArti
cle246(1)r e
adwithth
eope ni
ngwor ds
"subje
c tt
o"inAr t
ic
le246(3).Insuchac asetheStatelawwillfa
ilnotbecaus
eofrepugnancetothe
Unionl awbutduetowa ntoflegis
lat
ivecompe te
nc e"

21
Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
Shr
eeMa
havi
rOi
lMi
ll
sv.St
ateofJ
.&K.1996
I
SSUES-
Whethertheorder
softheGovernmentofJ
&Ke xempti
nga l
ltheedi
bleoi
lindus
tri
esi
ntheSta
tef
rom
pa
yme ntofsal
e st
axuncondi
ti
onall
yamountst
odisc
riminat
ingagai
nstt
heout-Sta
temanuf
act
ure
rs
whic
hi sprohi
bite
dbyAr t
icl
es301and304oftheConst
itut
ion

DECI
SION-
Cour thel
dthatArti
cle304c onsi
st
softwoc lause
swi t
honepr oviso.Clause(a)permit
saStat
etoi mpos
e
ongoodsi mporte
df romotherStat
esortheUni onTe rri
tori
esanyt axtowhi chsi
mi l
argoods
ma nufact
ure
dorpr oducedinthatSt
atearesubjectto.Butsuchta xshouldnotdiscri
minatebe
twe e
ngoods
soimpor t
edandgoodss oma nufact
ure
dorpr oduced .Thiscla
usei sli
mi t
edtoones ubj
ectmatt
er.AStat
e
cannotdiscr
iminat
ebe t
we engoodsimporte
df romot herStat
esa ndgoodsma nuf
a c
ture
dorproducedinit
s
te
rrit
oryinthema t
teroftaxati
on.Theobjectofthisc l
auseistoprohibitStat
esfromc r
eat
ing"t
ax
barri
e r
s"att
hebounda ri
es.

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
Ra
mes
hwa
rPr
asa
dv.Uni
onofI
ndi
a(2006)
I
SSUES-
whet
hert
hediss
olut
ionoftheAs
semblyunderArt
ic
le356
(1)oft
hec
ons
ti
tut
ionc
oul
dbeor
der
edt
o
pr
eventt
hes
taki
ngofc l
aimbyapoli
ti
calpar
ty?

DECI
SION-
TheSupremeCourtbyama jor
ityjudgmentheldthattheProcl
amationofPreside
ntrul
edissolvingthe
assemblywasuncons
ti
tut
ionalandba se
done xtr
aneousa ndir
rel
evantgrounds.Thecourts
a i
dt he
governorac
tedi
nundueha st
eins e
ndingreportt
odis s
olvetheass
embl yandthemot i
vewa sclearl
yto
preventJD(
U)fromstaki
ngc l
ai
mt of or
magove r
nme ntaft
erafrac
turedAs s
embl ypol
lsverdi
c t.

Thecourtal
s ohel
dthatitwasi
nitspowerofjudi
ci
alrevi
ewt oexaminewhethert
heGovernor’
sreport
was:(a)bas
e donrel
evantmat
eri
al;(b)madebonaf
ide;and(c)ifthefa
ctshadbeendul
yver i
fi
edornot.
Itwasheldthatt
heimmunitygr
antedtogove
rnerbyArtic
le361(1)doesnott
akeawaythepowe rofcourt
t
oe xaminetheval
idi
tyoftheac
ti
on.TheSupremeCourtbe i
ngthes e
nti
nelonthequevi
vec oul
dnot

22
r
ema
inas
il
ents
pec
tat
orwa
tchi
ngt
hes
ubve
rsi
onoft
hec
ons
ti
tut
ion.

Re f
err
ingtoAr t
icl
e356oft heCons t
it
ution,theCourtreasonedthat“onehighlys i
gnif
ica
ntroleGovernor
hastoplayunde rtheCons t
ituti
oni sofma kingareportwhe rehefindsthatasit
ua t
ionhasa r
ise
ninwhi ch
theGovernme ntoft heSt
atec annotbec arr
iedonina ccordancewiththepr ovi
sionsoftheCons t
it
uti
on”.
TheCour tfurtheraddedt
h attheGove rnor“isnotame nabletothedirecti
onsoftheGove rnmentofIndi
a,
norishea ccountabletot
hemf orthema nnerinwhichhec arr
iesouthisfuncti
onsa nddutie
s.Heisan
indepe
nde ntconstit
uti
onalofficewhichi snotsubj
ecttot hecontr
oloft heGove rnmentofIndia
.”

Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360
Neba
mRa biaa
ndBe
mangFe
lixv.Dy.Spe
ake
r,Ar
una
cha
l
Pr
adesh(
2016)
I
SSUES-
Whe
the
rthede
cis
ionoft
heGove
rnort
opr
eponet
heAs
sembl
yse
ssi
onwa
scons
ti
tut
iona
l?

Whet
hertheSpea
ker’
sactofdi
squal
if
ica
ti
onofMLA’
swhe
namot
ionf
orhi
simpe
achme
ntwa
spe
ndi
ng
be
for
ethehousewasconst
it
uti
onal
?

DECI
SION-
TheSupr emeCour the ldthatthee xerci
seofdiscr
eti
ona rypowe rsve stedwiththeGove rnorisc oncerned,
thesameisl imit
edt os ituat
ions,whe rei
nac onst
it
utiona lprovisione xpressl
ys opr ovides,t
ha tthe
Governorshoul dac tinhi sowndi sc
reti
on.Additi
onally,aGove rnorc ane xer
c i
s ehisfunc t
ionsi nhisown
disc
reti
on,ins i
tuationswhe reani nt
erpret
ati
onofthec onc ernedc ons ti
tut
ionalpr ovisi
on,coul dnotbe
const
ruedot her
wis e.Thef i
nalityexpresse
dinAr ti
cl
e1 62(2)woul da pplytofunc ti
o nsexercisedbyt he
Governorinhi sowndi s
c r
eti
on ,asarepermissi
blewi t
hi nthefr amewor kofAr t
icle163( 1),and
addit
ional
ly, i
ns i
tua t
ionswhe retheclearint
entunderlyingac onsti
tutionalprovision,sor e
qui r
e si
.e.,
wherethee xerci
seofs uc hpowe ront heaidandadvice ,woul drunc ont ra
rytot hec onst
itut
iona lscheme,
orwoul dbec ontr
a dictoryint e
rms .

TheSupr emeCourtf
urtherrul
edthatitwouldbei ncor
recttoli
teral
lyint
erpr
etAr ti
cle163(2)ofthe
Constit
uti
onwhichgrantstheGovernorhisdi
scretiona
rypowe rs.Suchanint
e r
pr et
at
ionwoul dleadtothe
improperconcl
usi
onthattheGovernor'se
xerci
seofdi scr
eti
oni snotsubje
cttoa nysortofjudi
cial
scr
utiny.Art
ic
le163(
2)me re
lygran
tstheGove rnorthepowe rtoma keuseofthedi s
cret
ionarypowe r
best
owe donhimbytheCons t
it
uti
on-nottoconverthisoffi
ceintoan" al
l-
per
va dingsuperconst
it
utional
aut
hor i
ty.
"

23
Theca
sesa
res
ummari
zedbyABHI SHEKKUMAR
MISHRA,CLC(3RDYEAR),8299556360

24