Introduction to Power system-

The power system is a network which consists generation, distribution and transmission
system. It uses the form of energy (like coal and diesel) and converts it into electrical energy.
The power system includes the devices connected to the system like the synchronous
generator, motor, transformer, circuit breaker, conductor, etc. The power plant, transformer,
transmission line, substations, distribution line, and distribution transformer are the six main
components of the power system. The power plant generates the power which is step-up or
step-down through the transformer for transmission. The transmission line transfers the
power to the various substations. Through substation, the power is transferred to the
distribution transformer which step-down the power to the appropriate value which is suitable
for the consumers.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCE OF ENERGY

Energy is the power of the physical action system. Energy exists in several ways: heat,
kinetic or mechanical energy, light, potential energy, electricity, or other forms. Energy is the
ability to do work. The sources of energy are classified as follows :

 Based on long term availability

 Based on Traditional use
 or

Economic in Generation-The term Economics of Power Generation relates to the different

terms to understand power plants and their cost of electrical power generation. The capacity
of a power station mainly depends on load demand. The load on the power station is not
constant, but varying time to time.

Hydroelectric power Plant-

Hydroelectric power, electricity produced from generators driven

by turbines that convert the potential energy of falling or fast-flowing water into mechanical
energy. In the early 21st century, hydroelectric power was the most widely utilized form
of renewable energy;

Hydroelectric power plants are usually located in dams that impound rivers, thereby raising
the level of the water behind the dam and creating as high a head as is feasible. canals, and
diversion tunnels, water is conveyed by penstocks from the dam to water turbines, which
rotate in order to generate mechanical energy, which is then converted into electricity by
the rotating electric generator. The water sets the turbines in motion, thereby generating
 mechanical energy. The water is then released into a discharge channel, through which it is
returned to the watercourse.

The turbine is directly connected to the rotating electric generator (alternator), which
converts the mechanical energy received from the turbine into electricity.

The electricity thus obtained must be transformed in order to be transmitted over great
distances: before being conveyed into transmission lines, the electricity then passes through
the transformer, which lowers the intensity of the current produced by the rotating electric
generator, but raises its voltage.

Once it arrives at the place of use, before it is used, the energy again passes through a
transformer, which this time raises the current intensity and lowers the voltage so that it is
suitable for industrial, commercial or domestic uses.

What is Steam Power Plant-

A steam power plant, also known as a steam power plant, is a facility designed to generate
electricity through the use of steam as the primary working fluid. It operates based on the
principles of thermodynamics, utilizing the conversion of heat energy into mechanical work
and subsequently into electrical energy. The primary components of a steam power plant
include a boiler, a turbine, a condenser, and a generator.
Here’s a breakdown of the key components and their functions within a steam power plant:

1. Boiler: The boiler is responsible for heating water to generate steam. This is typically
achieved by burning fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, or natural gas) or by using nuclear energy.
The generated steam is at high pressure and temperature.
2. Turbine: The high-pressure steam from the boilers is directed into a turbine. The turbine is
designed with blades that are turned by the force of the steam’s high-speed flow. As the
steam flows through the turbine, its high-pressure energy is converted into rotational
mechanical energy.
3. Generator: The turbine is connected to a generator, which consists of coils of wire within a
magnetic field. As the turbine spins, it turns the rotor of the generator, creating a moving
magnetic field. This movement induces an electric current in the wire coils, ultimately
producing electrical energy.
4. Condenser: After passing through the turbine, the steam is directed to the condenser. Here,
the steam is cooled and condensed back into water, releasing its latent heat. This process
allows for the efficient reuse of the water in the boiler, reducing water consumption and
increasing overall efficiency.
5. Cooling System: Steam power plants require a cooling system to dissipate excess heat from
the condenser. This can involve cooling water from nearby water bodies, cooling towers, or
other heat exchange methods.
The electricity generated by the generator is then transmitted through power lines to homes,
businesses, and industries, where it serves as a source of electrical power.
Electrical Grid-

Definition: Electrical grid or power grid is defined as the network which interconnects the
generation, transmission and distribution unit. It supplies the electrical power from generating
unit to the distribution unit.

Types of Electrical Grid

The power station of the grid is located near the fuel source which reduces the transportation
cost of the system. But it is located far away from the populated areas. The power which is
generated at high voltage is stepped down by the help of step down transformer in the
substation and then supply to the consumers. The electrical grid is mainly classified into two
types. They are

1. Regional Grid – The Regional grid is formed by interconnecting the different

transmission system of a particular area through the transmission line.
2. National Grid – It is formed by interconnecting the different regional grid.
Reason for an Interconnection

The interconnection of the grid provides the best use of power resource and ensures great
security to supply. It makes the system economical and reliable. The generating stations are
interconnected for reducing the reserve generation capacity in each area.
Smart Grid-

A smart grid is an electricity network based on digital technology that is used to supply
electricity to consumers via two-way digital communication. This system allows for
monitoring, analysis, control and communication within the supply chain to help improve
efficiency, reduce energy consumption and cost, and maximize the transparency and
reliability of the energy supply chain. The smart grid was introduced with the aim of
overcoming the weaknesses of conventional electrical grids by using smart net meters.