Wireless Innovations

5G Technology & Beyond

Evolving to Unprecedented Experience

Ziad Z. Zorkot
Network Management Director

Summer Training – August 2024

The Wireless Connectivity
Largest Technology Platform, MBB Amazing Technical Achievement, Reason for Buying a Smartphone
Wireless Fundamentals
Reliable Access… Anytime, Anywhere

Coverage Spectrum Capacity

Delivering Reliable Signal to Delivering Fast Data Rates Increasing Efficiency while
the Mobile Device despite despite finite spectrum, the Delivering Fast Data Rates
harsh wireless environment, lifeblood of mobile despite finite Radio Channel
while on-the-go connectivity Capacity
Coverage, Spectrum
Wireless Fundamentals

Coverage
Radio Signal
Modulation
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Range
Mobile Cell, Network
Mobility, etc..

Spectrum
Radio Frequency Spectrum
Peak Data Rate
Total Bandwidth
Licensed, Unlicensed,
Shared
Time Division Duplex
Frequency Division Duplex
Peak Data Rate
Wireless Fundamentals

Single User

Multiple Users
Spectrum
Wireless Fundamentals
Multiple Access Techniques
Wireless Fundamentals
Capacity Limitations
Wireless Fundamentals
Capacity Enhancing Techniques
Faster Data Rates & Lower Latencies
WCDMA Practical Restrictions
Limited by Internal Interference
LTE Technology – OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Techniques

Orthogonal Sub-Carriers,
15KHz Spacing

FDM

OFDM
3G “WCDMA”/4G “OFDMA” Efficiency
Technologies Evolution vs. Services/Network Requirements

Services/Network
Requirements
eMBB Required Level

Experience – Speed, Latency, Coverage, Quality

Capability – Larger Connectivity, Increased Load & Capacity
Scalability – Improved performance with advanced features, Evolution 4G Advanced
Capabilities
MBB Required Level
Experience

Scalability
Capability

Evolution

3G Technology 4G Technology
4G Flat Network Architecture
Flexible Spectrum, Improved Resources Management

4G Network 3G Network

4G-LTE Technology
 OFDMA Based
 Flat Architecture
 FDD/TDD Support
 High Data Rate, Low Latency
 Flexible Spectrum Support
 Seamless 3G Interworking
Touch Mobile Network – LTE Advanced
Generic Topology, Technologies, Spectrum & Services

User Plane
Management Core Network of other
Operators Signaling Plane
Management Plane
Radio Access Network Core Network

Interconnect Network Public

Networks

User
Equipment Transport & Transmission Network
2G/3G/4G Site
800 MHz – RRU1
900 MHz – RRU2
 2G Technology for Voice Services & M2M 1800 MHz – RRU3
− Limited Capacity on 900MHz 2100 MHz – RRU4
2X2 MIMO Configuration
 3G Technology for Voice & Data Services
− Coverage Layer 900MHz, Capacity Layer 2100MHz (80 Mbps)
 4G Technology for Voice & Data Services
BBU & Power
− Coverage Layer 800MHz, Capacity Layer 1800MHz (270 Mbps)
− Additional 1800MHz Capacity Layer (Loaded Sites) (400 Mbps)
− VoLTE Services is Still under testing
Touch Network Performance
3G Limitations vs. 4G Elasticity – Event Experience

6 times the
normal connected
users by 4G

85% degradation
in 3G accessibility

8 times the
normal traffic
carried by 4G
Achieving 4G Gigabit Capacity
Evolution with LTE Advanced-Pro

Small Cells 4X4 MIMO

Carrier Aggregation
Higher Order
Modulation
Touch 4G Spectrum Evolution
Refarming 2G/3G Spectrum for Increased Capacity & Extended Coverage

Additional Capacity Layer

over 2100MHz band for
congested areas

Enable VoLTE for Voice Services

Additional Coverage
Layer over 900MHz band
Connectivity is Dead!
… or Simply is no Longer Enough

Traditional Connectivity
Being Always Online…
 Using mobile data service is not a question anymore today
 Smartphone users are always attached to the data network

Existing Data Applications

File Based, non-Real Time web Services
 Retrieve a MAP
 Posting a Message or a Photo
 Browsing the Internet
 Downloading or sharing a Video

It’s enough to be always online, means ‘Reachable’

Evolved Connectivity
From Always Online to Seamless Connectivity

Seamless Connectivity… Interactive

Live and Real Time Services
 Connectivity is given, Apps make use of it
 Connectivity requirements follow the application

Evolved Data Applications

Continuous data exchange, real-time applications
 4K/8K video, HDR ‘just’ more bandwidth
 360°video, Virtual Reality more bandwidth, more reliable
 Live broadcasting, video upstream more bandwidth, more reliable
 Real time gaming more bandwidth, shorter latency, more reliable

It requires more than ‘being online’… seamless

connectivity
5G… Long Live Connectivity
The Wireless Edge

5G is the dawn of ‘ULTRA’

Intelligent, Infinite & Cloud

The new Portfolio of Connectivity

1. Intelligent
 More than “dumb pipes”
 Programmable (flexible)
 Artificial Intelligence driven (smart)

2. Infinite
 Perceived as “endless”
 Any time / place / device
 Across network

3. Cloud
 What we expect
 Different Types (virtualization, softwarization)
 Telecom revolution
5G Technical Enhancements
Beyond Speed & Higher Throughput…

5G should always offer a sufficient data rate to give users the perception of infinite capacity

More Data Speed!

More transport capacity

More Interactivity!
Very short transport latency
and seamless transport

More Flexibility!
Adaptive capacity…
Addressed by E2E network
slicing serving different needs
& QoS requirements

More Applications!
New use cases…
5G – A new Kind of Network
Diverse Services & Applications with Different Requirements
In 5G new classes of users will take advantage of the infrastructure
Humans (smartphone, other devices AR/VR use case)
Automotive (connected, autonomous driving, Vehicle-to-X…)
Industry 4.0 (Smart Manufacturing, AR/VR…)
IoT, mMTC (Smart City, Connected Energy,...)
AR/VR Use Cases
New Applications – Extended Imagination

Area Example Use Cases

AR/VR Immersive Calling
Communication & Social User Generated AR/VR Content
Stream my life in 360
Outdoor augmented gaming
Gaming & Entertainment
Immersive sporting / music arena
Augmented/Virtual stats and maps
Sports & Fitness
Augmented personnel trainer
AR/VR retail shopping
Retail & e-Commerce Real estate viewings / home preview
Product finder / in store navigation
Assisted maintenance
Industrial
Remote support
Remote patient care
Health & Wellness
Assisted surgery
Smart Transportation Use Cases
New Applications – Exceptional Experience
5G Use Cases & Requirements
QoS Challenges
5G Customized Deployments
With Tailored Capabilities – Global & Private Networks

Performance
Oriented

Reliability &
Low Latency
Oriented

Cost & Power

Consumption
Oriented
5G Extreme Capabilities
Densification, Large BW, MEC & many other Features
MEC
How is it Deployed?

EDGE Computing deployment options

follow mainly the Latency Requirements
of the use case and the level of
interactivity
5G Network Slicing
MEC – Mobile Edge Computing
5G + AI – The Intelligent Wireless Edge
The Invasion of IT (Big Data Analytics, Edge Cloud, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, etc..)

5G low latency
Customized/local value
Content/storage/AI/processing

Longer latency
Big data/aggregated value
Content/storage/AI/processing

Compute, vision, sensing

Latency 5-20 ms AI powered use cases
Regional DC Internal AI optimizations
Latency 1-5 ms

Edge DC
Mega Central Data Center
Deep/far Edge DC
On-device

Latency 60-300 msec Latency 20-60 ms

Interactivity Score vs. Latency
Distribution for Different Use Cases with Diverse Requirements
Extreme Low Latency Low Latency
100 100
90 90
80
1-5 msec requirements - eURLLC 80
5-20 msec requirements - URLLC
Industrial IoT, Automation Critical IoT
INTERACTIVITY SCORE
INTERACTIVITY SCORE

70 70
Mission Critical Services eMBB AR/VR
60 60
Deep / Far Edge computing Edge computing
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
LATENCY - MILLISECOND LATENCY - MILLISECOND

Moderate Latency High Latency

100 100
90 90
80 20-60 msec requirements - eMBB 80 60-300 msec requirements
Broadband IoT Massive IoT, mMTC
INTERACTIVITY SCORE
INTERACTIVITY SCORE

70 70
UHD Services Central Data Center
60 60
Regional Data Center
50 50
40 40
Broadband IoT
30 30
eMBB
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
LATENCY - MILLISECOND LATENCY - MILLISECOND
5G NR Features
New Radio “NR”
Massive MIMO
Beamforming Antennas

− 5G NR in the 3500MHz band provides a total maximum

throughput capacity of 20Gbps using 64X64 MIMO
configuration, 80MHz channel bandwidth, TDD

− It supports 32 layers in the DL using 2X2 MIMO per layer, each

795Mbps, and 4X2 MIMO in the UL direction

− Number of layers reduced while moving toward the cell EDGE

to provide more diversity and enhance SINR
SU-MIMO MU-MIMO Beamforming (extends Coverage) − Typical Cell and User throughput varies according to the load,
coverage and SINR
32 Layers 16 Layers 8 Layers 4 Layers

Throughput (Mbps) - 5G gNB, 3500MHz, 64X64, 80MHz

25000
795 900

Cell Throughput Capacity 800

20000 User Throughput 700

600

15000
477
500

400

10000

300

5000 100 200

100

20000 15000 3200

0 0

Max Avg Typical

5G Spectrum
Low, Mid and High Bands – Scalable OFDMA Numerology (Examples)
5G Flexible Slot-Based Framework
Efficient Multiplexing of Diverse Services
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access
NOMA – Power Sharing & Interference Cancelation
In-Band Full Duplex
Transmit/Receive Simultaneously – Interference Cancelation
Beyond 5G, 6G Vision
Expanding Capabilities, Converged Worlds, Metaverse (Reference: Qualcomm)

Metaverse
Evolution of Mobile Experience
“Network – Service – Customer – Business” Centric Operations

Data Voice Voice Data

Services
ARPU Voice Services
Data
Evolution Data

Profitability

5G Experience – Value , then Connectivity

Profitability

Quality
Quality of Experience

Quality of Experience

Capability

Efficiency
Coverage

Efficiency
Capacity

2G/3G Technologies 4G Technology 5G Technology

End to End QoS/QoE Management
Effective Service Assurance – Extending Network & Applications Visibility with Real-Time Measurements

Generating QoE scores help providing the following additional information:

QoE is complementary to QoS  Correlate the QoE with the underlying QoS for better network assessment
 Holistic Approach  Detect hidden problems that are not triggered by network KPIs / Alarms
 Network Underlay vs. User/App Interaction  Detect problems beyond the network (Internet, App server, etc..)
 Shifting from SLA to XLA  Assess the App/UC behavior with respect to various technologies (4G/5G)
Experience Dashboard
Network Availability, Voice & Data Quality of Experience “QoE”

97.23% YEARLY SITES AVAILABILITY 97.23

Average
Network Availability

76.14%
Overall Data QoE Internet Latency (UL RTT) ~ 51 msec
Average Network Latency (DL RTT) ~ 65 msec
(Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor, Samples
Bad – Average % of the UL ReTx (PL) ~ 0.71%
12.7%

19.1%

42.8%

20.2%
5.2%

reference value) DL ReTx (PL) ~ 0.31%

76.87%
Data Throughput
(Download Speed) Average Network Avg Throughput (DL) ~ 15.3 Mbps
Samples Huawei Throughput ~ 13.1 Mbps
(Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor, Nokia Throughput ~ 22 Mbps
17.5%

Bad – Average % of the

4.5%

15%

49%
14%

reference value)

Voice QoE & 101.13%

3G DCR ~ 0.05%
Sustainability Average 3G CSSR ~ 99.81%
Samples 3G SHO ~ 99.95%
(Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor,
3G RTWP ~ -102.99 dBm
74.2%
4.6%

7.2%

6.1%
7.9%

Bad – Average % of the

reference value)
4G Data QoE
Score, KQIs Variations vs Network Changes (Traffic Increased by 4X, Sites Outages – Impact on Network Resources)

QOE DISTRIBUTION QOE SCORE

100%
Bad
QoE Score Ranges /10
19.6%
80% Score >= 8.75
Poor
60% 80.4% 36.9%
Fair 8.75 > Score >= 7.5

40% Good 7.5 > Score >= 6

28.0% 6 > Score >= 4.5
20%
Excellent
18.3% 10.8% Score < 4.5
0%
Date xx Date yy Date xx Date yy

Network Latency Internet Latency UL Retransmission DL Retransmission

470% 46% 246% 176%

Date xx Date yy Date xx Date yy Date xx Date yy Date xx Date yy

QoE Score – Cell Level Average Index
Correlation with RAN KPIs (Example, Usage & SINR KPIs)

Cell Name QoE DL_Retx UL_Retx Total RTT DL_RTT (N) UL_RTT (I) Band Vender SINR DL PRB Usage DL User Thrpt UL PRB Usage UL User Thrpt
LTE_Cell_xx 1.77 2.41% 2.83% 736.6 623.9 112.8 1800 Huawei 12.6 93.8 4.6 28.4 3.6
LTE_Cell_xx 2.74 1.39% 0.98% 499.8 400.0 99.8 1800 Huawei 7.2 87.9 4.5 36.2 2.4
LTE_Cell_xx 0 0.72% 2.09% 940.9 867.4 73.4 800 Huawei 13.6 87.3 3.2 22.0 2.9
LTE_Cell_xx 5.94 0.49% 1.26% 249.3 219.8 29.5 800 Huawei 2.8 83.9 3.7 57.5 1.6
LTE_Cell_xx 5.6 1.44% 0.97% 158.6 127.9 30.7 1800 Huawei 9.6 83.6 6.1 76.9 4.0
LTE_Cell_xx 5.38 0.76% 1.97% 265.1 235.5 29.7 800 Huawei 1.4 81.6 4.0 57.1 1.6
LTE_Cell_xx 4.75 0.31% 0.97% 368.1 267.5 100.6 800 Huawei 5.4 78.3 4.5 38.4 2.2
LTE_Cell_xx 4.3 0.18% 1.76% 525.2 459.5 65.7 800 Huawei -4.3 76.8 3.1 53.0 0.5
LTE_Cell_xx 3.61 0.51% 1.57% 513.4 468.2 45.1 800 Nokia 5.8 76.8 4.7 55.0 1.1
LTE_Cell_xx 1.73 2.77% 1.97% 449.3 288.3 161.0 800 Huawei -0.7 75.8 3.9 50.9 1.2
LTE_Cell_xx 4.47 1.62% 1.56% 270.5 238.6 32.0 800 Huawei 1.4 75.6 3.5 48.7 2.8
LTE_Cell_xx 6.44 0.41% 1.35% 205.9 170.2 35.7 1800 Huawei 2.4 74.7 4.3 49.8 2.5
LTE_Cell_xx 5.89 0.40% 2.38% 270.7 236.8 33.9 800 Huawei -0.5 74.1 4.7 58.6 1.2
LTE_Cell_xx 5.03 0.49% 1.65% 326.7 109.7 217.0 1800 Huawei 4.6 73.8 5.6 40.9 2.8
LTE_Cell_xx 9.2 0.04% 0.10% 65.0 32.3 32.7 1800 Nokia 17.5 5.6 44.7 6.9 1.7
LTE_Cell_xx 9.2 0.03% 0.16% 64.4 33.6 30.8 1800 Nokia 16.6 8.2 31.3 7.3 2.0
LTE_Cell_xx 9.2 0.11% 0.13% 60.2 28.3 31.9 1800 Huawei 15.5 10.7 37.4 10.4 2.9
LTE_Cell_xx 9.2 0.03% 0.22% 64.6 31.9 32.8 1800 Nokia 16.5 13.8 25.6 11.2 2.0
LTE_Cell_xx 9.19 0.06% 0.08% 64.4 19.0 45.4 1800 Nokia 10.8 1.2 72.8 0.0 1.9
LTE_Cell_xx 9.19 0.08% 0.16% 62.2 35.3 26.9 1800 Nokia 13.4 1.7 24.1 0.5 1.2
LTE_Cell_xx 9.19 0.05% 0.26% 63.9 18.5 45.4 1800 Huawei 17.7 1.8 59.2 5.6 2.9
LTE_Cell_xx 9.2 0.04% 0.10% 65.0 32.3 32.7 1800 Nokia 17.5 5.6 44.7 6.9 1.7
LTE_Cell_xx 6.76 0.19% 0.47% 244.1 145.2 98.8 800 Huawei 10.1 72.5 6.0 35.2 3.5
LTE_Cell_xx 6.99 0.10% 0.70% 229.2 181.6 47.6 800 Huawei -1.3 72.0 4.5 48.1 1.5
LTE_Cell_xx 8.63 0.17% 0.77% 72.5 42.8 29.8 1800 Huawei 19.1 39.4 44.4 18.2 7.4
LTE_Cell_xx 8.63 0.08% 0.56% 80.6 53.0 27.6 1800 Nokia 11.9 40.3 14.0 12.1 2.2
LTE_Cell_xx 8.62 0.13% 0.98% 79.9 31.9 48.1 800 Huawei 19.3 1.6 30.5 4.5 2.6
LTE_Cell_xx 8.62 0.43% 0.18% 60.3 35.5 24.8 1800 Huawei 10.0 2.1 42.2 5.2 2.4
LTE_Cell_xx 8.63 0.17% 0.77% 72.5 42.8 29.8 1800 Huawei 19.1 39.4 44.4 18.2 7.4
LTE_Cell_xx 6.68 0.20% 0.99% 245.0 210.3 34.8 800 Nokia 4.7 69.2 4.7 37.2 0.7
Intelligent Automated Analytics for Future Services Assurance
The Complexity Explosion – Very Challenging Without Applying Next-Generation Automation Techniques

Network Complexity is growing and increasing – Transforming to Data Driven Operations coupled with advanced AI, ML, automation
and data analytics is a MUST in order to shift from reactive to proactive and drive better business outcome

 Always ON, Cross Correlations

 Data collection in real-time, with end-to-
end granular visibility (RAN, Core, MEC,
Transport, Applications, Services, etc..)
 Efficient massive data and information
management – Provide actionable
business intelligence to make effective
decisions
 Anticipate, detect, measure and avoid
any potential failure using Fast data
analytics and deep/machine learning for
decision-making
 Track down users and network patterns,
allowing predictive exploration and
avoidance of potential issues that can
affect QoE before arising
How the NETWORK and APPLICATIONS work
together, drives CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE

QUESTIONS / COMMENTS

THANK You…