COMPUTER SCIENCE

Chapter 2: Computers in Our Daily Life Data Bus

● Transfer data to and from the memory of a
computer, or into or out of the CPU.
COMPUTER NUMBER SYSTEMS
● methods of representing and working with Address Bus
numbers in the context of digital computing. ● Used by the CPU to specify a physical
address for instructions, files, and other
1. Decimal Number System devices within the computer system.
● Base 10: 0-9, with each decimal representing
a power of 10 Control Bus
● Most commonly used by humans ● Use by CPUs to communicate with other
devices within the computer system.
● Carries the signals that control the actions of
the computer.
2. Binary Number System
● Base 2: 0 and 1, with each binary digit
represents a power of 2
● used in all digital devices and computer
systems to represent data and perform logical
operations.

3. Octal Number System

● Base 8: 0-7, with each octal digit represents a
power of 8
● less common in modern computing but were METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
historically used to represent machine code
and memory addresses. Wireless Communication
● Include microwave transmission, satellite
communication, cellular transmission, and
radio transmission such as WiFi connectivity.
4. Hexadecimal Number System
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer
● Base 16: 0-9 and A-F (A-F = 10-15), with each
(IEEE), a professional technical association with
hexadecimal digit represents a power of 16
members all across the globe, identified standard
● widely used in computing for representing
802.11 for Wi-Fi and 802.15 for Bluetooth in the
binary data compactly and memory
wireless standard.
addresses.

1. Wi-Fi
a. It uses radio waves to wirelessly
HOW COMPUTERS COMMUNICATE WITH ONE transmit information across a network.
ANOTHER b. Transmitted in frequencies between
2.5 and 5 gigahertz (GHz).
System Bus 2. Bluetooth
● A pathway composed of cables and a. Uses radio waves to connect to other
connectors used to carry data from a devices.
computer’s peripheral devices
 b. Connection via Bluetooth is called
pairing. 1. Command-line operating system (e.g., DOS)
c. Range is typically 10 meters. a. the computer responds according to
the text command that is typed.
2. Graphical user interface (GUI) operating
COMPUTER NETWORK SYSTEM system
a. such as pictures and buttons through
Computer Network mouse clicks and keyboard entries.
● Interconnection of two or more computers to
share information.
SYSTEM PLATFORMS
1. Personal Area Network (PAN)
● Limited to an individual person and his Platform
personal devices within the range of 10 ● A group of techs that are used as a base upon
meters with each other. which other applications, processes or techs
2. Local Area Network (LAN) are developed.
● A group of computers and other devices share ● A basic hardware and software
a common communication ● A basic foundation for application or software
3. Wide Area Network (WAN) is supported and developed
● Extends over a large geographical area such
as a state/ countries. 1. Computer Platform
a. Hardware device and an operating
system that an application, program, or
HOW HUMAN COMMUNICATE WITH COMPUTERS process runs upon.
2. System Software
Programs a. Files and programs that make up the
● Set of codes/ instructions which are usually computer’s operating system.
designed by computer programmers with a
specific programming language.
OPERATING SYSTEM
Computer Software ● A program that manages the computer
● Combination of instructions, data, and hardware
programs that the computer needs in order to
do a specific task. Classifications
1. Real-time Operating System
1. Application Software a. To serve real time applications that
a. group of related applications programs process data as it comes in, mostly
designed to perform a specific without delay.
function. 2. Single-user Single-task OS
2. System Software/ Operating System (OS) a. Allows a single user to perform only
a. The most important software running one task at a time
in the computer since it manages the 3. Single-user Multitasking OS
computer memory and instructions. a. Allows a single user to perform more
b. Has the ability to control all the than one task at a time.
connected hardware and installed 4. Multi-user Multitasking OS
software applications. a. Permits several users to utilize the
programs that are concurrently running
on a single network server = Terminal
2 Ways a Person to Computer Interaction Server = supports user session
 2. Taskbar
3. Icons
MOST COMMON OS 4. Mouse Pointer
1. Disk Operating System (DOS)
a. An old command line os and uses PARTS OF A WINDOW
Command-line User Interface.
b. Requires the user to memorize and 1. Title Bar
enter all the commands from a 2. Menu Bar
command prompt. 3. Work Space
2. Graphical User Interface (GUI) 4. Scroll Bars
a. Allows programs to be launched by 5. Corners and Borders
double-clicking icons with a mouse,
copying files using “drag and drop”,
and the copy and paste feature.
3. Linux
a. A freely distributed UNIX OS for the
Inter Architecture.
4. Mac OS
a. Product of Apples used in its
Macintosh Comps
5. Microsoft Disk OS(MS-DOS)
a. Most popular OS in 1980s
b. Command driven

Tasks:
1. Process Management
2. Memory Management
3. Storage Management
4. Device Management
5. Application Interface
6. User Interface

INPUT/ OUTPUT TECHNIQUES AND OPERATIONS

1. Direct Memory Access (DMA)

● transferring data between the main memory
and a device that bypasses the CPU.

2. Interrupt Based I/O Method

● Controls the data transfer activity to and from
connected I/O devices

THE WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT

1. Desktop