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STUDY ON FRESH LEAF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF FLACOURTIA INDICA FOR

HEPATOPROTECTIVE, ANTI-ANEMIC AND HYPOGLYCEMIC ABILITIES IN CCl4
INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN ALBINO WISTAR RATS

Article in Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research · March 2019

DOI: 10.22270/ujpr.v4i1.234

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Idoko et al. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

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Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
An International Peer Reviewed Journal
Open access to Pharmaceutical research
©2019, publisher and licensee UJPR, This is an open access article which permits unrestricted non commercial
use, provided the original work is properly cited
Volume 4, Issue 1, 2019

RESEARCH ARTICLE

STUDY ON FRESH LEAF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF FLACOURTIA INDICA

FOR HEPATOPROTECTIVE, ANTI-ANEMIC AND HYPOGLYCEMIC
ABILITIES IN CCL4 INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN ALBINO WISTAR
RATS
Idoko A*, Ufedo-Enyo G. Emmanuel
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Caritas University, Amorji– Nike, P.M.B. 01784, Enugu, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT
Hepatic injury and its associated conditions have been reportedly shown to be managed through herbal remedies. In this study,
investigation of the fresh leaf aqueous extract of Flacourtia indica (of the family of Salicaceae) as hypoglycemic, anti-anemic and
hepatoprotective agent in albino wistar rats induced CCl4 hepatotocxicity was done. Fifteen rats of either sex, weighing 175-295g,
divided into five groups (I-V) of three rats each, were used. Group-I is negative control, II-positive control and III –V test groups.
Groups II-V were induced 200mg/Kg/bodyweight CCl4, for 3-days, for hepatic injury and anemia. Groups III-V were respectively
treated orally with 400, 600 and 800 mg/Kg/bodyweight of fresh leaf aqueous extracts (FLAE) of Flacourtia indica, for 7-days.
Activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, concentrations of bilirubin, albumin, total
protein, blood glucose and packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin were assayed. Results after induction showed significant
(p˂0.05) decrease in heamoglobin and PCV, significant (p˂0.05) increase in the liver function enzymes and blood glucose
compared with results of liver function enzyme and blood glucose having significant (p˂0.05) decrease, and significant (p˂0.05)
increase of PCV and hemoglobin after treatment with FLAE of Flacourtia indica. Body weight of rats induced CCl4 was found to
increase with FLAE of Flacourtia indica treatment. It may be concluded that the potentials exhibited by FLAE of Flacourtia
indica to manage hyperglycaemia, hepatic injury and anemia induced by CCl 4 are associated with its antioxidant activity and the
presence of phytochemicals, minerals and nutrients value.
Keywords: Anti-anemic, Flacourtia indica, hepatoprotective, hepato-function, hypoglycemia, Toxicity.

Article Info: Received 24 January 2019; Revised 15 February; Accepted 5 March, Available online 15 March 2019
Cite this article-
Idoko A, Ufedo-Enyo G. Emmanuel. Study on fresh leaf aqueous extract of flacourtia indica for
hepatoprotective, anti-anemic and hypoglycemic abilities in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino wistar
rats. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2019; 4(1): 17-23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22270/ujpr.v4i1.234
Address for Correspondence:
Idoko A, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Caritas University, Amorji – Nike, P.M.B. 01784, Enugu,
Nigeria. Phone: +2348032354823, E-mail: [email protected].

INTRODUCTION identification and purification of bioactive compounds

Plants have been largely used in the quest of managing in plants. Flacourtia indica’s leaf, stem bark, fruits and
health challenges as alternative of nature’s providence. root like other plants, is not exempted from these
Traditional medicine practice is an age long practice beneficial characteristics. These have been shown to
common in developing countries1. Several bioactive possess biological, medicinal and pharmacological
compounds in plants are known with their antioxidant potentials in the prevention and treatment of hepatic
and scavenging abilities2. Phytochemicals are disease3, cardiovascular diseases, cancer5, diabetes6,
chemicals in plants with no nutritive value but highly bacterial infection1, and other conditions like anemia
effective in disease prevention and protection when hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia7,8. Various
consumed. Most of these bioactive plants’ compounds researchers have demonstrated that plants are rich
have been implicated in the treatment, management sources of antioxidant vitamins such as vitamins A, C
and prevention of ailments. Several studies have and E4, minerals such as Fe, Mg, Mn, N, P, Ca, Na and
demonstrated the use of plants’ extracts as K9 and phytochemicals such as phenolics (tannins,
hepatoprotective and gluco-stabilizer in Albino wistar flavonoids), carotenoids, anthocyanins, coumarin
rats induced aluminium chloride hepatic toxicity3 and4 glycosides1.
reported various methods of extraction, isolation,

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Idoko et al. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

The liver is an organ with multiple functions. It is administered were calculated according to the body
involved in circulation of blood, plays major role in weight of the rats using the formula:
metabolic reactions, seen in conversion of excess blood Volume to be administered ml
glucose to glycogen, carries out detoxification by weight of rats kg x Concentration Dose (mg/kg)
=
secretion of bile, involved in production of blood Concentration Dose (mg/kg)
clotting factor by production of fibrinogen, heparin and Collection and Preparation of Blood Sample
prothrombin10,11. Three milliliter (3mls) of blood was collected from the
Hepatic diseases pose a universal concern to Humans rats by capillary pressure insertion into the side of the
and other animals, contributing a large cause of eye using capillary tubes into a plain bottle, for the
mortality and morbidity. These include fatty liver, collection of serum used for biochemical assay (liver
cirrhosis; hepatitis (A, B, C, D and E), drug/chemical function test) and about 3mls collected in an EDTA
induced hepatic injury, hepatic cancer and alcohol sample bottle for hematological assay (PCV and
induced hepatic injury11. Chemical/drug induced liver hemoglobin). The samples in bottles were stored at
toxicity is reported to be the paramount cause of room temperature.
hepatotoxicity. This has been linked to life style, abuse Study Animals
and misuse of drug, occupational, laboratory and Albino Wistar rats of 175-294g weight, of either sex
industrial exposure to substances and chemicals like were obtained from university of Nigeria Nsukka.
carbon tetrachloride, aluminum chloride, alcohol etc 10. Animals were housed at an ambient temperature and
The mechanism through which carbon tetrachloride relative humidity in the animals’ house of department
CCl4 and these other chemical substances exert liver of Biochemistry, natural sciences, Caritas University,
damage is understood to be linked to production of Amorji–Nike Enugu. The rats were allowed to
reactive oxygen species. This result in lipid acclimatize for one week prior to the experiment and
peroxidation of liver tissues as a consequence of the had access to standardized pelletized finisher feed and
high put of free radicals generated which subdues the clean water within the period of the acclimatization.
liver’s defense system, degenerating to inflammation, The principle of laboratory animals’ care and ethical
hepatic apoptosis, liver cirrhosis and fibrosis12,13. guidelines for investigation of experimental pain in
Anemia sets in due to lack of adequate and healthy red conscious animals were followed respectively 17, 18.
blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin, the oxygen binding Design and Animal Grouping
component of the blood. Anemia is a condition that is A total of fifteen (15) Wistar albino rats, divided into
commonly affected by infants, child bearing age five groups (Groups I–V) of three rats each was used
women/pregnant women, the young and the elderly14. for this study.
Different types of anemia arise from their causes. Group I: Negative control consist of 3 rats, no carbon
Anemia is considered to be caused by abnormal RBC tetrachloride CCl4 and FLAE of Flacourtia indica
production (iron deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency were administered.
anemia, aplastic anemia thalasemia etc), destruction of Group II: Test control (positive control) consist
red blood cell (sickle cell anemia, clotting disorder, of 3 rats, were administered orally with
hemolytic disease etc) and loss of blood through 200mg/Kg/bodyweight CCl4 without FLAE of
uncontrolled bleeding15. Anemia has been reported to Flacourtia indica.
be induced by several chemical substances such as Group III: Consist of 3 rats, administered orally
AlCl3 and phenylhydrazine14,16, reported the prevalence with 200mg/Kg/bodyweight CCl4 and 400mg/kg/body
of anemia among the elderly with value of hemoglobin weight FLAE of Flacourtia indica.
Hb < 12g/dL in women and Hb <13g/dL in men. Group IV: Consist of 3 rats, administered orally
This study was carried out to evaluate the potential of with 200mg/Kg/bodyweight CCl4 and 600mg/kg/body
fresh leaf aqueous extracts (FLAE) of Flacourtia weight FLAE of Flacourtia indica.
indica as a hepatoprotective, anti-anemic and Group V: Consist of 3 rats, administered orally
hypoglycemic agent in CCl4 induced hepatic injury in with 200mg/Kg/bodyweight CCl4 and 800mg/kg/body
Albino wistar rats. weight FLAE of Flacourtia indica.
At the end of induction (three days), blood sample was
MATERIALS AND METHODS collected from each group for biochemical and
Collection and Preparation of Plant Samples hematological assays before treatment with FLAE of
Fresh leaf materials of Flacourtia indica (Governor’s Flacourtia indica. After treatment with FLAE of
plum) were collected from around staff quarter of Flacourtia indica for seven days, blood sample was
Caritas University, Amorji-Nike, Enugu state, Nigeria. also collected for biochemical and hematological
The required plant leaf was authenticated and a assays.
voucher number of PSB/109-12.A was given by Mr. Induction of Liver Injury and Anemia
Okafor, C.U., a botanist in plant tissue culture and Rats of groups II–V were induced with liver injury and
biotechnology department, Faculty of Biological anemia by single oral administration with 200mg/kg
Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The aqueous body weight of CCl4 respectively. A confirmatory test
plant extracts were prepared selecting fresh leaf aerial was carried out after induction of anemia by assaying
part, weighed and squeezed in a bowl of containing the plasma hemoglobin percentage to show that the rats
water and filtered and filtrate was used for oral were anemic.
treatment. The volumes of the extracts to be

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Idoko et al. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Liver Function Assay The body weights of rats are shown in Table 5 at
After collection of blood sample from rats, serum was acclimatization, at induction with CCl4 and at treatment
collected by clot retraction. Serum ALT, AST, ALP, with FLAE of Flacourtia indica. There was significant
Albumin, Total protein and Bilirubin were assayed by (p<0.05) decrease in body weight of at induction and
the standard method as described by19 with the use of significant increase in body weight after treatment with
kits from Randox Laboratories Ltd, 55 Diamond Road, FLAE of Flacourtia indica, which may be indicative of
Crumlin, country Antrim, BT29 4QY, United recovery from anemia.
Kingdom. The results show significantly higher (P < 0.05) level
Hematological Assay of group II rats (positive control) compared to group I
The Haemoglobin (Hb) and packed Cell Volume (negative control), group III (400mg/kg FLF indica),
(PCV) values were determined by standard method as group IV (600mg/kg FLF.indica) and group V
described by20 using hematocrite and Mindray (800mg/kg FLF indica). There were significant
Haematology Analyser (Mindray BC-2300, Guangzhou differences (P < 0.05) observed in comparing group I
Shihai Medical Equipment Co., Ltd, China). with groups III, IV and V. Also, significant differences
Chemicals (P < 0.05) were observed when the treated groups (III,
All chemicals used were pure and of analytical grade. IV and V) are compared with one another, not
Liver function enzymes assay reagents for necessary in a dose dependent manner.
Bilirubin(BIL), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), As shown in Figure 1, the results of induction with
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Albumin (ALB), 200mg/kg CCl4 reveal significantly higher (P < 0.05)
Total Protein (TP) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels of groups II (positive control), III, IV and V
employed kits obtained from Randox Laboratories Ltd, compared to group I (negative control).
55 Diamond Road, crumlin, country Antrim, BT29 Results in Figure 4 also reveal significantly higher (P <
4QY, United Kingdom. Aluminium trichloride AlCl3 0.05) differences in the concentration of Alkaline
was purchased from BDH Laboratories/Chemicals Ltd, Phosphatase (ALP) when group I (negative control) is
Poole, England. compared with group III (400mg/kg FLF.indica),
Statistical Analysis group IV (600mg/kg FLF indica) and group V
Results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (800mg/kg FLF. indica). When the concentrations of
and analyzed using one-way ANOVA (analysis of ALP in groups III, IV and V were compared with one
variance), p value (<0.05) was considered significant. another, significant differences (P < 0.05) were
A component of graph pad instat 3 software version observed in a dose dependent pattern.
3.05 and graphpad prism version 7.04 by graph pad
Inc. was employed21. DISCUSSION
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic injury is
RESULTS shown in Table 1 and (Figure 1 and Figure 3). The rise
Table 1 shows the liver function parameters of rats in the level of ALT, AST, ALB, ALP, BIL and TP of
after induction with 200mg CCl4, for liver injury. There groups II, III, IV and V when compared to group I
was an observed significant (p<0.05) increase in TP, indicates a CCl4 induced liver damage. This is
ALB, BIL, ALP, ALT and AST of group I (negative consistence with22, who reported the use of 1.5ml/kg
control) compared to group II (positive control) and body weight of CCl4 orally administered to rats to
test groups (III, IV and V). induce liver damage. These liver function enzymes are
Table 2 shows liver function assay of rats administered found to be located in the cytosol of the liver cell and
various doses (400mg/kg, 600mg/kg and 800mg/kg) of thus, are easily released into the serum after cellular
Fresh Leaf Aqueous Extract (FLAE) of Flacourtia liver damage23. The mechanism of action involved in
indica for seven (7) days. A significant (p<0.05) CCl4 hepatic injury is understood to be linked to the
increase was observed in all parameters assayed in the liver phase II detoxification action. The liver, in the
test groups (III, IV and V) compared to group II (test process of detoxification transforms Carbon
control) and group I (negative control). tetrachloride (CCl4) in the presence and action of
The packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin of rats cytochrome P450 enzyme component to produce peroxy
after induction with CCl4 and after treatment with Fresh trichloromethyl and trichloromethyl free radicals13.
Leaf Aqueous Extract (FLAE) of Flacourtia indica for These free radicals results in lipid peroxidation by
seven (7) days is shown in table 3. The result shows a reacting covalently with biomolecules (proteins,
significant (p<0.05) increase in PCV and hemoglobin nucleic acids, lipids etc) in the presence of oxygen.
after treatment with FLAE of Flacourtia indica Thus the liver becomes damaged and obviously its cell
compared to after induction with CCl4. membrane becomes degenerate, permeable and licks
Blood glucose concentration of rats after induction out its cellular contents of AST, ALT, TP, ALP, BIL
with CCl4 and after Treatment with Fresh Leaf and ALB24. After induction with CCl4, the level of
Aqueous Extract (FLAE) of Flacourtia indica for blood glucose was raised (Table 4), hemoglobin and
seven (7) days is shown in Table 4. After FLAE PCV (Table 3) levels were decreased. This could
Flacourtia indica was administered, to test groups (III, suggest that CCl4 induced anemia was possible owing
IV and V), the blood glucose concentrations of test from the destruction of red blood cells and shortage of
groups were observed to decrease significantly circulating mineral iron and vitamins15. Hyperglycemia
(p<0.05) compared to after induction with CCl4 and induced by CCl4 could be due pancreatic injury caused
thus acerbating induced hypoglycemia. by generation of free radical, cell membrane lipid

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Idoko et al. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

peroxidation and subsequent destruction of pancreatic body weight of anemic rats and increase or weight gain
β- islet cells3. in the treated group with FLAE of Flacourtia indica is
Administration of CCl4 induced rats with FLAE of consistent with the report of14. The association of
Flacourtia indica shows reduction in the weight loss with anemia is not very clear. However, it
concentrations of liver function enzymes (TP, AST, appears to be related to defect in carbohydrates
ALT, ALP, and BIL) in the serum and blood glucose digestion in the small intestine of anemic rats due to
(Table 2 and Table 4 and Figure 2 and Figure 4). insufficient amount of the enzyme, disaccharidases,
Similarly, after treatment with FLAE of Flacourtia thus leading to undigested carbohydrates28.
indica the levels of ALB, Hb and PCV increased as
shown in Table 2 and Table 4. The reduced serum CONCLUSION
levels of the liver function enzymes indicate the The use of fresh leaf aqueous extract of Flacourtia
recuperative, regenerative and healing effect of FLAE indica in this study reveals that the plant possesses
of Flacourtia indica on the hepatic cells. This is in anti-anemia, hypoglycemic and hepato-healing
support of3, who reported that treatment with potentials. This is obviously seen in the reduced levels
Flacourtia indica’s ethanol extract stem bark with 500 of blood glucose, liver function assay, and in the raised
mg/kg and 700 mg/kg in rats liver revealed levels of the hematological parameters, coupled with
regeneration of hepatocytes and absence of weight gain after treating CCl4 induced groups with
inflammation. It appears FLAE of Flacourtia indica FLAE of Flacourtia indica.
exert its effects by antioxidant and free radical
scavenging strength by furnishing the body with CONFLICT OF INTEREST
antioxidants phytochemicals (tannins, flavonoids, Authors have declared that no conflict of interest is
carotenoids, anthacyanins), minerals (Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, linked with this work.
K) and vitamins (A, C and E)4,22.
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Table 1: Liver function test of Rats after Induction with 200mg/kg CCl 4 body weight of rats
Group TP(g/dl) ALB(g/dl) BIL(mg/dl) ALP(U/L) ALT(U/L) AST(U/L)
I 10.70±7.11abcd 4.58±3.02abcd 12.88±0.77abcd 1381.67±71.12abcd 38.7±5.33abcd 41.00±6.44abcd
II 7.49±5.48a 6.56±7.13a 9.49±1.02a 2612.00±36.49a 77.04±2.34a 76.8±4.33a
b b b b b
III 2.58±0.95 3.72±0.23 3.38±0.59 1453.14±419.60 68.00±24.37 75.00±10.36b
c c c c c
IV 3.26±0.49 3.29±0.62 4.09±0.70 1927.81±99.46 79.50±20.51 78.00±15.56c
d d d d d
V 4.23±1.78 3.75±0.04 4.11±1.39 1712.58±212.73 79.50±20.51 71.50±6.36d
Results are mean ± standard deviation, Values in the same column bearing similar superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05. (n=3). Key: I:
Negative Control Group, II: positive control and III, IV and V: Test groups. TP: Total Protein, ALB: Albumin, BIL: Bilirubin, ALP: Alkaline
Phosphatase, ALT: Alanine Transaminase, AST: Aspartate Transaminase.

Table 2: Liver function assay of Rats after Treatment with 400, 600 and 800mg/kg/body weight of Fresh Leaf
Aqueous Extract (FLAE) of Flacourtia indica
Group TP(g/dl) ALB(g/dl) BIL(mg/dl) ALP(U/L) ALT(U/L) AST(U/L)
I 10.07±10.82abc 4.73±1.22a 8.98±1.01ab 1701.01±173.23abc 34.01±7.33abc 35.02±7.24abc
II 6.98±7.63a 4.52±3.11 9.19±0.12a 2034.01±84.12a 67.00±2.08a 72.19±7.12a
b a b b
III 2.25±1.88 2.34±0.97 1.54±0.90 1003.85±134.52 14.33±9.01 59.50±0.71b
c b c c
IV 2.75±0.45 1.38±0.58 2.15±2.14 1565.34±550.95 8.33±4.04 40.33±2.52c
V 2.26±0.89 0.46±0.11 0.51±0.33 992.22±68.31 15.67±4.04 48.33±9.87
Results are mean ± standard deviation, Values in the same column bearing similar superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05. (n=3). Key: I:
Negative Control Group, II: positive control and III, IV and V: Test groups, FLAE: Fresh Leaf Aqueous Extract, TP: Total Protein, ALB: Albumin,
BIL: Bilirubin, ALP: Alkaline Phosphatase, ALT: Alanine Transaminase, AST: Aspartate Transaminase.

ISSN: 2456-8058 21 CODEN (USA): UJPRA3

Idoko et al. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Table 3: Packed Cell Volume and Hemoglobin of rats after induction with CCl4 and after treatment with
FLAE of Flacourtia indica
Group After Induction After Treatment
PCV Haemoglobin PCV Haemoglobin
I 27.36±0.69a 10.00±4.56u 39.89±2.09a 16.03±2.05u
II 34.54±7.15b 10.78±2.84v 49.87±15.09b 20.67±8.15v
III 31.67±2.89c 10.56±0.96w 50.50±9.19c 16.84±3.06w
IV 43.00±4.58d 14.00±2.00x 41.00±7.55d 13.67±2.52x
V 36.50±4.95e 12.89±1.17y 45.33±4.16e 15.11±1.39y
Results are mean ± standard deviation, Values in the same row bearing similar superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05. (n=3). Key: I:
Negative Control Group, II: positive control and III, IV and V: Test groups, FLAE: Fresh Leaf Aqueous Extract.

Table 4: Blood Glucose Concentration (mg/dl) of Rats after Induction with CCl 4 and after Treatment with
FLAE of Flacourtia indica
Group After Induction After Treatment
I 100.39±1.66a 89.88±25.71a
b
II 88.26±1.19 99.93±2.76b
c
III 102.33±1.52 95.00±5.29c
d
IV 93.33±4.16 80.00±12.29d
e
V 82.67±15.37 81.00±11.14e
Results are mean ± standard deviation, Values in the same row bearing similar superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05. (n=3). Key: I:
Negative Control Group, II: positive control and III, IV and V: Test groups, FLAE: Fresh Leaf Aqueous Extract.

Table 5: Body Weight of rats before induction with CCl4, after induction with CCl4 and after treatment with
FLAE of Flacourtia indica
Group At At induction Treatment with FLAE
acclimatization with CCl4 of Flacourtia indica
I 184.49±11.55a 218.21±7.70a 206.45±16.05a
b
II 179.10±13.13 221.15±14.42 207.55±6.16b
c c
III 222.48±13.93 187.76±28.90 235.10±34.22c
d d
IV 246.63±48.53 227.95±41.98 241.27±63.52d
e e
V 227.20±45.07 219.63±39.17 274.43±38.20e
Results are mean ± standard deviation, Values in the same row bearing similar superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05. (n=3). Key: I:
Negative Control Group, II: positive control and III, IV and V: Test groups, FLAE: Fresh Leaf Aqueous Extract.

Figure 1: Liver function test after induction with 200 mg/kg body weight CCl4
Letters a and b indicates significant difference (P < 0.05) when group I was compared with groups II, III, IV and V, respectively after CCl4
induction of liver damage to rats in these groups. Graphs with same letters are not significantly (P < 0.05) different.

ISSN: 2456-8058 22 CODEN (USA): UJPRA3

 Idoko et al. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Figure 2: Liver function Assay for CCl4 induced rats treated with fresh leaf aqueous extract of Flacourtia
indica
FLF.indica═ fresh leaf of Flacourtia indica. Letters a, b, c, d and e indicates significant difference (P < 0.05) when group II was compared with
groups I, III, IV and V, respectively for 400mg/kg, 600mg/kg and 800mg/kg FLAE Flacourtia indica treated groups.

Figure 3: Alkaline phosphatase level of CCl4 induced rat’s liver damage

Letters a, b, c, d and e indicates significant difference (P < 0.05) when group I was compared with groups II, III, IV and V, respectively after CCl 4
induced liver toxicity.

Figure 4: Alkaline phosphatase for CCl4 induced rats treated with fresh leaf aqueous extract of Flacourtia
indica
FLF. indica═ fresh leaf of Flacourtia indica. Letters a, b, c, d and e indicates significant difference (P < 0.05) when group II was compared with
groups I, III, IV and V, respectively for 400mg/kg, 600mg/kg and 800mg/kg Flacourtia indica treated groups.

ISSN: 2456-8058 23 CODEN (USA): UJPRA3

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