Answer Key

Note: Graphic Organizer answers are suggestions only facilitated the audience’s understanding of events. By
and may not match students’ answers exactly. singing or speaking in unison, the chorus was also
responsible for influencing the way audiences reacted to
Preview Test a play. It did this by showing embellished reactions and
discussing the play’s events and characters with the
audience.
1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (B)
4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (B)
7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (A)
03 Ecology
10. (C) 11. (D) 12. (C)
13. (A) 14. (A, C, F)
Changes in Coral Reefs
Cause Effect
1. Increased ocean Bleaching of coral occurs when it loses
temperatures algae
Chapter 1 Fact Questions 2. Tropical storms Sediment fills water and blocks sunlight,
causing algae to die
01 Linguistics
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D)
The Effect of the Gold Rush on the English Language
Summary: Global warming is responsible for altering the
Theory Example ocean’s temperatures, which affects coral reefs. Coral
Many English “Pan out” came to mean “to be reefs are vulnerable to temperature changes, and they
expressions successful” become damaged if exposed to higher temperatures for
originated during “Strike it rich” came to mean “to prolonged periods. One indication of coral damage due
California Gold Rush become wealthy” to warm ocean temperatures is bleaching. An increase in
tropical storms is another way coral reefs are being
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (D) damaged because of global warming. Sediment from
overflowing rivers clouds the ocean, which decreases the
Summary: The passage discusses English phrases that amount of sunlight reaching the corals.
can be traced back to the gold rush in California. The
phrase “pan out” came from the pans that miners used.
Gold would settle to the bottom of their pans, and the 04 Literature
sediment would be removed. The expression “strike it
rich” originated from miners striking the rocks to find gold The Romance vs. The Novel
and becoming wealthy quickly if they found it. The Romance Both The Novel
• Moral stories of heroic • Popular • Stories of everyday
adventures in 15th life
02 Theater century
• Used language • Used language
considered lofty considered low
The Greek Chorus and the Audience
• Idealized portrayal of • Realistic portrayal
Definition Role
characters of characters
Helped audience understand play by
Person or group of providing important plot information
people that added 1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (B)
to a play in various Interacted with audience, either by
ways showing emotion or by communicating Summary: The passage discusses the appearance of
with audience members the novel as it flourished along with the romance in the
15th century. The invention of the printing press increased
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (B) the distribution of written texts to people. The novel often
parodied the impossible characters and formal style of the
Summary: The role of the chorus in Greek theater was to romance, instead presenting more realistic temperaments
provide a commentary on a play to the audience in order and motives of people. Also, the main focal point of the
to clarify the plot. The chorus explained the stories and novel was character, as opposed to plot in the romance.

Answer Key 1
 05 Anthropology Chapter 2 Negative Fact Questions

Symbolic Behavior
01 Psychology
Theory Support

Superstitions can 1. Rituals can give sense of control over Conversation: Men vs. Women
have positive uncertain situations
Men Both Women
psychological 2. Taboos can relieve anxiety in many
effects situations
• More likely to make • Conversation • More likely to
conversation fun and has similar discuss problems
make jokes goals and emotions
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (C)
• Do not generally chat • Often call friends
with male friends just to talk
Summary: The passage discusses symbolic behavior as often
a means for people to cope with uncertainty in their lives.
Two common types of symbolic behavior are rituals and
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (D)
taboos. Rituals are behaviors done repeatedly in order to
bring about a certain outcome. Although a ritual cannot
Summary: According to the passage, men and women
solely bring about a desired result, an individual can get
engage in very different same-sex conversations. For
a feeling of control through performing the ritual. Taboos
men, talk is generally not personal, is more likely to
are forbidden behaviors that can make some people
include innocent teasing and joking, and is not very
believe that something terrible will transpire. By avoiding
common. Men often consider personal feelings a sign of
a certain taboo, a person may feel that he or she can also
vulnerability. By contrast, women often broach personal
avoid misfortune.
topics such as feelings and problems with one another.
Female conversation is thought to be very important to
maintain and nurture female relationships.
06 Sociology

Globalization
02 Agriculture
Cause Effect
1. Dutch East India Company began Water Shortage
worldwide export activity Beginning of Problem Solution
2. Traded with nations previously closed to globalization
1. Use underground watering to reduce
trade, increasing cultural mixing
Agricultural evaporation and runoff
waste of water 2. Grow native plant species that thrive in
1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (D)
an environment
Summary: The passage discusses the Dutch East India
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (D)
Company as an important impetus in the trend of
globalization beginning in the 17th century. It provided an
Summary: The passage discusses ways in which farmers
avenue for cultural exchanges through the trade of goods
are trying to counter shortages of clean, fresh water.
by sea. Through their maritime trade abilities, the Dutch
When crops are watered above the surface of the ground,
grew in power and eliminated competition by expelling
much of the water evaporates instead of reaching the
the Portuguese and the British from the East Indies.
plants. By installing new underground irrigation systems,
Through the trade activities of the Dutch East India
a more uniform application of water can reach the root
Company, highly prized and exotic items such as spice
systems of the plants. Another novel idea for farmers to
and textiles were able to circulate around the world.
use water more efficiently is to grow more native species
of crops. Native crops can grow without excessive watering,
thus slowing the depletion of precious water resources.

2 Answer Key
 Answer Key
03 Marketing 05 Anthropology

Product Demonstration Cultural Interpretations

Definition Advantage Example Ethnocentrism Cultural Relativism
1. Can make a Car dealers often Judges cultures based on Judges cultures based only
Giving product more real to give test drives to one culture’s standards on that culture’s standards
customers an a customer, which customers
can increase sales Von Däniken did not believe Egyptians must have built
opportunity ancient Egyptians built pyramids
to experience 2. Can demonstrate pyramids
Sales of a company’s
the product in unique benefit or cookware went up
person function of a product after demonstrating 1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (D)
its benefits

Summary: The passage discusses two ways in which

1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (B)
cultures can be understood. The first is ethnocentrism,
which is the interpretation of a culture based on the
Summary: According to the passage, while product
standards of one’s own culture. Ethnocentrism is thought
advertising is advantageous in selling goods and services,
to be a universal occurrence. Another way to interpret
a hands-on demonstration is often more effective with
cultures is cultural relativism, which judges cultures
prospective customers. Product demonstration makes an
according to their own standards. However, this position
item more tangible to buyers, in that they can actually touch
can be difficult to adopt without extensive effort and
and use it before they buy it. This shows consumers what
study of other cultures. Anthropologists help alleviate this
a product’s function is, which can lead to higher sales of
problem.
the product. For example, a manufacturer of non-stick
cookware made many more sales after demonstrating its
product at an exposition.
06 History

04 Political Science The History of the Globe Theatre

Step 1: Built in Step 2: Rebuilt in Step 3: Replica

Dependency Theory 1599 but burned 1614 but closed built in 1997 to
down in 1613 down and match original
Theory Support Example demolished
Developing nations Developing nations Grenada exports
cannot progress spend more on bananas, nutmeg,
while remaining imports than on and cocoa but must 1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D)
dependent on exports import many other
other nations products Summary: According to the passage, London’s famous
Globe Theatre has a complex and illustrious/turbulent
history spanning about 400 years. Constructed as an
1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (A)
open-air amphitheater, its center was a large pit in which
attendees would stand and watch the performances.
Summary: The passage discusses dependency theory,
After it was destroyed twice, it existed only in the minds
which explains why some developing nations cannot
of its admirers for 350 years. Finally in 1997, the Globe
integrate into the world economy. These countries will not
Theatre was again rebuilt. It is an open-air venue, just like
succeed economically until they restructure their import and
the original.
export programs. Because the revenue gained from
exports is much lower than the expenditures needed to
import basic goods, these nations cannot generate a
healthy economy. Dependency theorists suggest that the
only viable solution for these countries is to increase
manufacturing in order to decrease dependence upon
developed nations for their welfare.

Answer Key 3
 Chapter 3 Inference Questions 03 Biology

The Botanical Career of Carl Linnaeus

01 Literature
Step 1: Developed Step 2: Went on Step 3: Became
Unreliable Narrators love for plants expeditions to find professor and
and began to new plant species |continued to gather
Definition Role name and classify and developed plant species from
1. Make readers question story and them Systema Naturae around the world
Narrator who does
not describe events narrator
truthfully 2. Add realism to characters 1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (D)

1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (D) Summary: According to the passage, Carl Linnaeus was a
botanist who dedicated his life to creating a classification
Summary: According to the passage, an unreliable system of plants. The process began with a love of plants
narrator is a literary device that is used to challenge the as a child. Linnaeus set out on many expeditions to find
reader’s trust. Unreliable narrators are also used by new plants. As a professor, he gained worldwide renown
authors to add a sense of realism to a character. The and collected many plant specimens from around the
example used is “The Cask of Amontillado” by Edgar Allen world. His Systema Naturae grew considerably into a
Poe. The unreliable narrator in this case is Montresor, multivolume work that was preserved by other scientists
whose view is tainted with prejudice and a desire for after his death.
revenge. Readers must contemplate whether or not to
believe the unreliable narrator, thereby gaining a more
comprehensive understanding of the character. 04 Psychology

Fuzzy Trace Theory

02 Business Definition Category Example
Soccer player may
Successful Entrepreneurship False 1. Gist trace: trace of
remember how a game
memories basic idea of an
Requirement Example went but forget specific
are created entire event
details
1. Innovation Amazon.com made buying books more due to brain
convenient making Patient may remember
2. Verbatim trace:
traces of specific details from an
2. Risk-taking Debbi Fields took risks to finance cookie chain trace of specific
events event but forget event
details of an event
itself
1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (D)
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D)
Summary: According to the passage, entrepreneurialism
is the launching of a business venture in order to make Summary: According to the passage, the phenomenon
money. Two factors that can bring about success in new of generating false memories can be explained by the
business are innovation and risk-taking. Innovation is fuzzy trace theory. This theory states that after an
crucial in fulfilling a unique public demand. Risk-taking is experience, the brain makes traces of information. A gist
another necessary component of a new business because trace is a remembrance of the event in a general sense.
many entrepreneurs are competing in a new or difficult Because the brain remembers a general sense of the
territory. For example, the owner of a successful cookie entirety of an event rather than specific details, false
chain had to convince a bank to finance her business memories may be created to fill in the gaps. A verbatim
concept in order to become successful. trace is a recollection of events based on specific details
or moments, rather than the experience as a whole.

4 Answer Key
 Answer Key
05 Astronomy Chapter 4 Rhetorical Purpose Questions

Lunar Craters
01 Literature
Type Explanation
1. Impact craters Form from meteorites and asteroids Identifying Theme
crashing into surface of moon Step 1: Examine title Step 2: Look for repeated words or
2. Volcanic craters Magma under surface breaks through for clues images
and causes surface to collapse
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B)
1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (D)
Summary: The focus of the passage is on literary themes
Summary: The moon has accumulated a number of and how to interpret/discern themes in poetry. A theme
craters that form its jagged terrain. The vast majority of is the general idea that is expressed in a poem. The author
lunar craters are caused by the impact of meteorites and describes two ways of discerning/interpreting themes in
asteroids. Because the moon has no atmosphere, there poetry. First, the reader can analyze a title, which often
is no protective barrier to burn up meteorites before they indicates what the poem may be about. For example,
hit the moon’s surface. Therefore, when meteorites explode Lewis Carroll’s “A Boat beneath a Sunny Sky” suggests
upon impact, surface material is ejected with great force. that the poem is about something joyful and tranquil.
Another way lunar craters are formed is when molten Next, the reader should look for repeated words or
rock rises through the moon’s surface, breaking it. A cavity images, as they often help the reader conclude the
forms beneath the surface, which eventually collapses to theme of the poem.
form a crater.

02 Meteorology
06 Zoology
How Aurora Borealis Is Formed
Wolves and Dogs Step
Theory Support 1. Sun discharges 2. Plasma 3. Plasma particles
plasma reaches Earth’s collide with
Modern dogs retain 1. Both form hierarchical relationships
atmosphere atmospheric gases
many characteristics 2. Both are territorial and can be
of wolves Description
aggressive
Plasma is made Plasma travels Gas atoms build
up of particles through space; up energy; release
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (D) eventually comes it as light
into contact with
Summary: According to the passage, while dogs and atmosphere
wolves bear little physical resemblance to each other,
they demonstrate common traits. For example, their 1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (D)
social structures consist of hierarchies within packs or
families. They are also both highly territorial and become Summary: According to the passage, many of the
aggressive to assert dominance and ownership. Wolves spectacular weather phenomena seen from Earth are
and many dogs have an inherent belligerence toward caused by powerful storms in space. For example,
strangers. They react to a threat by baring their teeth and Aurora Borealis is an extra-planetary storm that results in
displaying other aggressive behavior. the appearance of impressive lights in the northern sky.
Aurora Borealis is caused when particles are discharged
from the sun. Then, the particles collide with gases in the
Earth’s atmosphere. In the process, an electric charge is
transferred to the gases. The collision causes energy to
build up. When the energy is released, the gases emit
lights with a continuously changing spectrum of colors.

Chapter 4 Rhetorical Purpose

Answer Key 5
 03 Environmental Science 05 Oceanography

Electric Cars How Rogue Waves Are Formed

Theory Support Theory Support
1. Study showed electric cars reduce 1. Wave 1. Agulhas Current runs past southern
Electric cars
carbon dioxide emissions by 100 percent interactions with tip of Africa, a region with a high
are better ocean currents incidence of rogue waves
for the 2. Reduce influence of petroleum prices on
environment world economy 2. Wave 2. When two or more waves join, their
and economy reinforcement respective heights add together
3. Less expensive to operate

1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (A)

1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (B)
Summary: According to many personal accounts and
Summary: The invention of the automobile has had a mathematical calculations, rogue waves can reach
profound effect on modern transportation. The passage incredible heights. Stories of rogue waves have circulated
describes the merits of the electric car and its benefits to for centuries, but scientists still are not sure what causes
the environment and the economy. Gasoline engines them. A high incidence of rogue waves off the southern
produce gases and fumes that contribute to global tip of Africa seems to be caused by contact between
warming. Electric cars, meanwhile, can reduce emissions normal wave patterns and ocean currents. In other areas,
by one hundred percent. Electric cars are also better rogue waves may be caused by two or more waves
because they reduce reliance on petroleum. Decreased joining together to form one massive wave. However, the
dependence reduces the impact of fluctuating petroleum exact circumstances in which rogue waves appear are
prices on the economy. still unknown, and in fact, they may sometimes occur
randomly.

04 Biology
06 Anthropology
Altruism and Evolution
Theory Explanation Example Native American Pottery
Animal sacrifices While some bees do not Type Materials Technique
chances of reproducing reproduce, this actually
Kin 1. Southwestern Dry clay Use of extremely hot
or surviving to help helps species to survive
Selection temperatures
evolutionary success of
species 2. Northeastern Many Mix materials with clay, use of
different coil technique, rub with stones
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (D) materials

Summary: The passage discusses altruism in biology. 1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D)

Altruism, or selfless behavior, is considered an evolutionary
mechanism that seems to defy the theory of natural Summary: The passage discusses artifacts recovered in
selection. Some scientists believe that by exercising kin the southwestern and the northeastern parts of the United
selection, some animals promote the genetic fitness of States. A popular and revered art form, the pottery of
their species by sacrificing themselves. For example, southwestern Native Americans has an extensive history.
worker bees forgo their ability to reproduce so that they In the beginning, they created more functional pottery out
can protect the hive and their queen. of clay, subjecting it to extremely hot temperatures.
Northeastern pottery featured many different materials
due to disparate geography. Native Americans in the
northeast also finished pots with stones to add a polished
look.

6 Answer Key
 Answer Key
l Vocabulary Review 1 l 02 Biology
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (C) Angiosperms
4. (D) 5. (A) 6. (C)
250 Million 130 Million 100 Million 80 Million
7. (D) 8. (B)
Years Ago Years Ago Years Ago Years Ago
9. (C) 10. (A) 11. (B)
Gigantopterids Earliest Bees helped Angiosperms
12. (D) 13. (B) 14. (A) contained angiosperm angiosperms became most
15. (C) chemicals fossil spread common type
used by of plant
16. phenomenon 17. spectacular 18. discharge
angiosperms
19. gap 20. indication
21. (C) 22. (A) 23. (E)
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B)
24. (B) 25. (D)
Summary: The passage discusses angiosperms,
flowering plants that continued to thrive long after
l Mini Test 1 l dinosaurs became extinct. The earliest angiosperm fossil
is thought to be 130 million years old. It is also estimated
01 Environmental Science that angiosperms began to evolve about 250 million
1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (B) years ago from the gigantopterids. Gigantopterids may
4. (B) 5. (D) 6. (C) be the earliest ancestor of angiosperms. Bees helped the
7. (B) 8. (C) plants diffuse across the world by spreading the plants’
pollen. Angiosperms are now the most common type of
02 Marketing plant on Earth.

1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (A)

4. (C) 5. (A) 6. (A) 03 Economics
7. (D) 8. (D)
Inflation
An increase in prices of all goods and services
Demand-pull inflation Cost-push inflation

Chapter 5 Vocabulary Questions People “bid up” price of Rising production costs drive
goods, causing companies to up general prices
charge more
01 Linguistics
1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (B)
Vocabulary
Type Point Summary: The passage discusses two economic theories
explaining inflation. The first is demand-pull inflation. This
1. Passive 1. Larger than active vocabulary
is when supplies are unable to meet consumer demand.
Vocabulary 2. Expands as a person ages By their willingness to pay more for the product, consumers
1. Smaller than passive vocabulary effectively bid up the price. Factors causing demand-pull
2. Active
inflation include an increase in currency or exports. The
Vocabulary 2. Limited by words needed to communicate second type of inflation is cost-push inflation. This occurs
when the production price of something increases.
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (A) Companies must charge consumers more in order to
keep the businesses profitable. Cost-push inflation can also
Summary: The passage describes two different types of be caused by an increase in the price of raw materials.
vocabulary that linguists recognize. Passive vocabulary
is the set of words that a person knows but avoids using
in speech or writing. A person’s passive vocabulary
expands throughout his or her lifetime. Active vocabulary,
on the other hand, is the set of words that a person can
actually produce when speaking or writing.

Answer Key 7
 04 Photography 06 Anthropology

Contrast Origin of Austronesian Languages

Step Description Example Theory Support Explanation
The way light hits To increase contrast, 1. Nine of ten Formosan languages
1. Lighting subject affects photographer can use Austronesian spoken by Taiwanese
contrast colored lens filters languages formed aborigines
Austronesian from Formosan
Amount of light To ensure proper languages languages
2. Exposure that hits film exposure, photographer originated in
affects color can bracket shot ancient 2. Austronesian Migration patterns prove
Taiwan peoples migrated Austronesian-speaking
1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (B) from Taiwan peoples are genetically
and linguistically related
to Taiwanese aborigines
Summary: The passage describes ways that photographers
can achieve effective contrast in photographs. Proper
contrast in a photograph will direct the viewer’s attention 1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (C)
to its most interesting aspects. One way is to regulate the
amount of time the film is exposed to light. By using lens Summary: The passage proposes that the often-ignored
filters, photographers can accentuate certain colors and aborigines of Taiwan are the descendants of the original
reduce others. The other way that photographers control speakers of Austronesian languages. Anthropologists
contrast is by exposing the film correctly. Exposure can be have uncovered evidence that confirms the origins of this
manipulated by changing the aperture or the shutter speed. language family. The most convincing data stems from
A technique called bracketing can allow a photographer the fact that languages usually originate in areas with the
to choose an exposure that will render the best contrast most linguistic diversity. Studies reveal that Formosan
in a photograph. languages form nine out of the ten branches of Austronesian
language. Scientists also can genetically link peoples from
countries that speak Austronesian languages to the ancient
05 Health inhabitants of Taiwan by studying their migration patterns.

Fatigue
A condition of extreme sleepiness or exhaustion
Physical Fatigue Mental Fatigue Pathological Fatigue
Chapter 6 Reference Questions
Person cannot Sleepiness or lack Caused by disease
perform at usual of concentration
level 01 History

1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (B) The Formation of the United Nations

1919 1943 1944 1945
Summary: The passage discusses three types of
League of During talks, Five nations United
fatigue, the feeling of extreme weariness or exhaustion. Nations sets leaders agree meet to Nations
Physical fatigue can be described as feeling drained, the stage for to create discuss convenes for
and is caused by physical exertion. This type of fatigue is future international goals of orga- first time
a temporary loss of muscle function, and is usually organizations organization nization
pronounced after some type of exertion. The second
type is mental fatigue. It is characterized by feelings of
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (A)
drowsiness and difficulty concentrating. The third type is
pathological fatigue, which may be caused by a disease
Summary: The passage discusses the history of the
such as chronic fatigue syndrome.
United Nations. Another international organization called
the League of Nations preceded its formation, but it had
been ineffective in enforcing its resolutions. World leaders
wanted to avoid another devastating world war, so they
made an agreement to create a new peacekeeping
organization. After a series of wartime conferences with

8 Answer Key
 Answer Key
representatives from around the world, the United Nations 04 Biology
officially convened for the first time on October 24th, 1945.
Plant Movements
Type Characteristic
02 Sociology
1. Directional reaction to stimulus
1. Tropisms
Urbanization in Mexico City 2. Irreversible
Problem Solution 1. Response to environmental stimulus
2. Nastic
1. Water Seek new sources for water and increase Movements 2. Reversible
shortages public awareness about water conservation
2. Heavy traffic Improve public transportation to reduce traffic 1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (A)

Summary: While plants may appear to be stationary

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (A) objects, they do in fact move a great deal. For example,
ivy plants can interweave with a pole, and sunflowers
Summary: The passage discusses the problems crane their faces toward the sun. One type of plant
associated with urbanization. A large population shift movement is tropism. Tropisms occur when a plant reacts
from rural communities to large cities can cause great to a directional stimulus. For instance, phototropism is
difficulties, especially in areas where population growth when a plant moves in response to a light stimulus.
surpasses a city’s ability to meet the needs of its citizens. Another type of plant movement is nastic movement. It
For example, in the metropolis of Mexico City, issues such occurs when a plant reacts to environmental changes.
as water shortages and heavy traffic are a challenge for Thigmonasty occurs when the plant moves in response to
city officials. Mexican administrators are now exploring touch. This movement is a mechanism that allows plants
options that will provide people with a safe and reliable such as the Venus flytrap to feed.
water supply and efficient public transportation.

05 Health Sciences
03 Astronomy
Effects of Sugar
Binary Star Systems
Theory Support
Classification Explanation
1. Sugar is Surveys reveal that people seek sugary
1. Visual Can be seen with a telescope psychologically food to improve mood and become
addictive anxious without it
2. Spectroscopic Can only be seen with a spectrometer
2. Sugar is Studies show that rats become addicted
3. Eclipsing Continuously eclipse each other as they
physically and experience withdrawal symptoms if
orbit around center of mass
addictive sugar is taken away

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (C) 1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (A)

Summary: Pairs of stars that orbit around the same center Summary: The passage discusses the theory that sugar
of mass in space are called binary star systems. The can be addictive. When a person craves sugary foods
point that the mass of a system is concentrated on is the and experiences a negative reaction in its absence, he or
binary star system’s center of mass. Visual binary stars she may have a sugar addiction. Although sugar cane
can be seen through a telescope with high resolving has been cultivated for thousands of years, too much
power. Spectroscopic binary stars can only be seen with a sugar can cause tooth decay and suppress the immune
spectrometer, which measures unperceivable differences system. According to surveys, people indulge in sugary
in the light the stars emit. Eclipsing binary stars travel foods when they are feeling angry or sad. This suggests
along an orbit in which they eclipse each other. Studying that sugar is psychologically addictive. Evidence that it
eclipsing binary stars allow scientists to determine the may also be physically addictive was revealed after a
composition of space. study on rats. The rats that were dependent on sugar
experienced tremors and other withdrawal symptoms
when the sugar was taken away.

Answer Key 9
 06 Psychology cooler temperatures cause it to condense. Usually, water
droplets fall back down to the ground as precipitation
How Pfungst Discovered the Clever Hans Effect after they evaporate. However, if a mountain physically
obstructs the rain clouds, the rain will fall before it can reach
Step
the other side. Therefore, the water never returns to that area.
1. Pfungst 2. Pfungst 3. Pfungst 4. Pfungst had
removed had people asked people ask
Hans from aside from questions Hans questions
audience Hans’s without to which they
02 Business
to ask trainer ask Hans did not know
questions questions seeing him answers The Online Auction Business Model
Result Advantage Disadvantage
Hans Hans Hans Hans 1. No time or geographic 1. Decreased consumer confidence
answered answered performed performed constraints because of criminal activity
correctly correctly poorly poorly
2. High level of 2. Need for increased Internet
consumer loyalty security
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (B)
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (B)
Summary: The passage discusses a psychological
phenomenon called the Clever Hans Effect. It was Summary: The passage is about the online auction
discovered by German psychologist Oskar Pfungst when business model, which allows people to bid on and
he documented the case of a horse that could allegedly purchase items via the Internet. The business model has
perform arithmetic and keep track of the date. In order to both advantages and disadvantages. The model does
showcase his amazing skills, Clever Hans and his owner not have the time or geographic constraints of other
traveled the continent. Pfungst subjected the horse to a businesses, and it provides high customer loyalty. However,
series of tests and discovered that the horse was the anonymity of patrons allows for such criminal activities
actually just adept at interpreting human body language. as the sale of stolen or counterfeit items.
By being more receptive to cues from the trainer’s
involuntary body language, Clever Hans was able to
produce the correct answers. 03 Biology

Species Related to Amphibian Evolution

Species
Sentence Simplification 1. Crossopterygian fish 2. Panderichthys 3. Ichthyostega
Chapter 7 Questions
Description
Primitive feet; similar Flat bodies, straight First true
01 Geography skull and teeth to tails, and more amphibian; had
amphibians developed feet legs and lungs
The Rain Shadow Effect
Step 1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (D)
1. Water on 2. Moist 3. Cold air 4. Mountains
surface air rises causes block rain
Summary: The passage is about the evolution of
evaporates and water vapor from reaching amphibians, which are cold-blooded animals that hatch
cools to condense leeward side, in water and are born with gills. Few fossils of early
and produce creating rain amphibians have been found, but scientists have
precipitation shadow managed to determine some transitional species among
them. From the earliest ancestor, the crossopterygian
1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (D) fish, scientists observed the development of feet-like
apparatus. Later, the Panderichthys fish was found to have
Summary: The passage discusses the rain shadow effect, amphibian-like features, unlike its earlier counterparts.
which occurs when the hydrologic cycle is interrupted. Finally, the fossils of the Ichthyostega are believed to be
When the water in the air evaporates, the moist air rises. the first proper amphibian.
When it reaches the high elevation of a mountain range, the

10 Answer Key
 Answer Key
04 History 06 Anthropology

What Caused the Fall of Rome? Cultural Diffusion

Theory Support Type Explanation
Roman society In an attempt to solve food shortages, 1. Direct contact Culture close to another adopts an
became too Romans conquered other nations, but as diffusion aspect of other culture
complex to empire grew bigger and more complex, it
2. Intermediate “Middlemen” help spread part of a
sustain itself did not have resources to sustain itself
contact diffusion culture to other areas
3. Stimulus One culture’s technology prompts
1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (D)
diffusion similar technology in another culture

Summary: The passage is about Joseph Tainter’s

theory regarding the fall of the Roman Empire. This great 1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (D)
civilization has been studied by many scholars.
According to Tainter, Roman society was ruined because Summary: The passage discusses cultural diffusion,
it became too complex. Complex societies need resources when aspects of a culture are incorporated into another.
to finance the costs of solutions to their problems. In an There are three different modes of cultural diffusion.
attempt to address their food shortage, the Romans Direct contact diffusion occurs when one culture takes on
decided to conquer neighboring lands and take their aspects of a culture that it has contact with. Intermediate
resources. Eventually, the Romans only created more contact diffusion is when the spread of a culture happens
problems for themselves and extended their resources through a “middleman.” Stimulus diffusion is when the
until they could no longer maintain the society. knowledge of a certain trait spurs the invention of a similar
trait in another culture, though it may not be an exact
replica.
05 Psychology

Intelligence
Type
1. Analytical 2. Creative 3. Contextual
Chapter 8 Text Insertion Questions
Details
Related to Ability to apply Ability to make
01 Biology
skills taught in knowledge to new changes to succeed in
school situations any context Fungi
Characteristic Role
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (A) 1. Decompose organic Allow nutrients to be returned to
material to gain nutrients soil through decomposition
Summary: The passage is about Robert Sterberg’s
2. Reproduce through Reproduce very quickly, which
Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence. His approach
spores put into the air led to their use in medicine
studies three components of intelligence: analytical,
creative, and contextual. Analytical intelligence is
1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (C)
measured by proficiency in academic tasks, and is often
determined through the use of standardized tests.
Summary: According to the passage, although fungi can
Creative intelligence is how well a person can apply
be a nuisance, they are vital to ecosystems. Despite their
known skills to new situations. Often, creatively intelligent
destructive capabilities, fungi help to decompose organic
people are quite intuitive. Contextual intelligence is the
matter so that nutrients will be returned to the environment.
ability to behave appropriately in any given context.
In addition, fungi exhibit reproductive behavior through
the use of spores. Once the spores find a habitable area,
they reproduce very quickly. This reproductive ability has
led to their use in the development of antibiotics in modern
medicine.

Answer Key 11
 02 Business 04 History

Product Stewardship Olmsted and Public Space

Definition Aspect Role Topic Point Explanation
1. Manufacturer Use safe packaging and Olmsted 1. Thought public Made Central Park resemble
Reducing a
participation encourage recycling changed spaces should New York as little as possible
product’s provide escape while remaining cohesive part
environmental 2. Retailer Aid manufacturers in getting the way
public from city life of city
impact participation message to consumers
spaces 2. Thought public Ensured Central Park was in
throughout
3. Government Encourage recycling and were spaces should a location that everyone
life cycle
participation create statewide programs viewed be for everyone could get to easily

1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (A) 1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (C)

Summary: The passage discusses the concept of product Summary: The passage discusses the changes in public
stewardship. It encourages environmental protection spaces effected by landscape architect Frederick Law
plans that are implemented throughout a product’s entire Olmsted. He realized that cities lacked a cohesive balance
life cycle. Manufacturers have begun using new packaging of places in which to work, play, and live. Olmsted planned
that is recyclable and non-toxic. Retailers are also acting Central Park in New York around the idea that people
as mediators between manufacturers and consumers. needed a sanctuary in order to escape the bustle of city
They are also executing/instating recycling programs. life. While previous public spaces had catered to certain
Lastly, state governments are fostering recycling through groups of people, Olmsted wanted Central Park to be
many programs, such as the container deposit program. accessible to all members of the public.

03 Astronomy 05 Psychology

The Runaway Greenhouse Effect Selective Attention Theories

Cause Effect Theory Explanation Example
1. Greenhouse gases trap solar Temperature on Venus 1. Filter Brain filters In a crowded room, you will
radiation, preventing heat loss becomes very high Theories unnecessary not hear every conversation,
information but will recognize your name
2. Heat causes oceans to No water remains on
evaporate, water vapor Venus 2. Attentional Attention is fixed In a crowded room, one
escapes atmosphere resource amount to divide must divide attention among
theories among tasks events
1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (A)
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A)
Summary: The passage discusses the runaway
greenhouse effect on Venus. Greenhouse gases serve to Summary: The passage discusses selective attention
heat both Earth and Venus. However, their atmospheres theories, which try to determine why people focus their
are much different despite their relative proximity to each attention in different ways. Filter theories say that the
other. Venus’s high concentration of carbon dioxide acts brain filters out unwanted information. For example, a
as a barrier. This exacerbates the heating effect by person disregards conversations in a room if they have
preventing the sun’s infrared radiation from escaping no relevance to his or her thoughts. One’s brain can filter
Venus’s atmosphere. The heat caused by the gases unfamiliar information and redirect attention to familiar
allowed water to evaporate and escape the atmosphere, names or voices. Attentional resource theories describe
which is why oceans never formed on Venus. attention as a fixed amount to divide according to how
much attention one wants to pay to something. A person
can devote a certain amount of attention to certain stimuli.

12 Answer Key
 Answer Key
06 Literature Chapter 9 Prose Summary Questions

Allegory
01 Botany
Definition Role Example
1. To describe Plato’s allegory of prisoners Plant Stems
Use of difficult concepts in a cave to describe Definition Part Function
extended philosophical knowledge
metaphor Plant structure that Carries carbohydrates from
2. To tell familiar George Orwell’s allegory of 1. Phloem
in a story supports buds and leaves to roots
story in new way animals on a farm to
leaves and carries Water and nutrients pulled
describe a political situation 2. Xylem
nutrients to plant from roots to leaves
1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (C)
1. (A, C, D)
Summary: The passage discusses the use of allegory in
literature. Allegory is used as an extended metaphor for Summary: Stems are the support structure for a plant’s
two reasons. The first is to explain difficult concepts. For buds and leaves. Concentric rings within the stem transport
example, Plato uses the bondage of prisoners to explain nutrients downward from the source to the plant’s roots
philosophical knowledge. The second purpose of allegory through the pressure-flow mechanism. Water evaporates
is to tell a familiar story in a new way. For instance, in George from the leaves, which attracts more water molecules
Orwell’s Animal Farm, farm animals stage a revolution to upward from the roots. This process creates tension in the
evict humans from their farm. They soon discover that interior of the stem for continuous water movement. More
they are not fit to run the farm themselves. The story’s water enters through the roots from the soil, sustaining
events figuratively represent the political situation of the life of the plant.
Orwell’s time.

02 Archaeology
l Vocabulary Review 2 l
Experimental Archaeology
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (A)
Definition Role Example
4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (A)
7. (C) 8. (B) Subfield of Reveals new Paint-making using
archaeology that information about primitive methods
9. (A) 10. (A) 11. (B) attempts to ancient cultures and materials
12. (D) 13. (C) 14. (B) replicate ancient
15. (A) processes

16. Fossils 17. preserved 18. devote 1. (A, B, E)

19. identifying 20. instrumental
21. (B) 22. (E) 23. (C) Summary: Experimental archaeology attempts to
24. (A) 25. (D) replicate certain skills of past cultures. By doing this, we
can determine what made ancient artifacts so durable.
Archaeologists use only the primitive materials and
methods available at the time the items were made. One
l Mini Test 2 l
experiment recreated the process of paint-making using
01 Zoology ores, minerals, and sedimentary deposits. Then, animal
fat was extracted using tools available at the time. Finally,
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (D) yucca roots were added to recreate the substance likely
4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (A) made by ancient paint makers.
7. (B) 8. (D)

02 Linguistics
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (C)
4. (C) 5. (A) 6. (B)
7. (A) 8. (A)

Answer Key 13
 03 History 05 Art History

Entrepreneurship During the California Gold Rush Stieglitz Photography

Cause Effect Example Definition Role Example
California Gold Increase in Levi Strauss Photography as Promoted artistic Equivalents---images
Rush entrepreneurial capitalized on needs art rather than side of of shadow and light
opportunities of gold miners production of photography to capture moment of
standard experience
photographs
1. (C, D, F)

Summary: The 1849 gold rush in California inadvertently 1. (B, C, F)

created opportunities for entrepreneurs to make their
fortunes in ways other than mining. A rapidly growing Summary: Alfred Stieglitz was a photographer who
population increased the demand for basic necessities made his work an expression of artistic interpretation of
such as food and clothing. While some merchants inflated the world around him. Dada art had a profound impact on
their prices to take advantage of the miners’ plight, many the way he viewed photography, so he became interested
were honest and hardworking. Levi Strauss was a merchant in the promotion of photography as art. Stieglitz edited
who sold various types of apparel, including a type of and published a photography periodical and focused much
work trousers that used metal rivets. This provided a type of his work on urban surroundings. His Equivalents series
of pants that fulfilled miners’ needs in a new way and led was intended to completely capture a moment in time,
to his success. thereby affording the viewer an equivalent experience of
the feeling of that moment.

04 Astronomy
06 Sociology
Why the Sky Is Blue
Theory Support The Role of the Media in Socialization
Molecules 1. Rayleigh discovered sunlight is scattered by Advantage Disadvantage
in the water molecules in atmosphere
atmosphere 1. Educate children about 1. Show violence, which can
scatter color 2. Rayleigh found that light scattered is mostly academic and social skills teach the wrong lessons
in sunlight in blue part of spectrum, giving sky blue color
2. Provide common topics 2. Depict stereotypes that are
to discuss learned and believed by public
1. (B, E, F)
1. (C, D, E)
Summary: The sky appears to be blue because of the
scattering of light waves against water molecules in the Summary: The passage discusses the media’s role in
atmosphere. The colors of the light spectrum we can see socialization, which has only intensified as television’s role
range from red, which has the longest wavelength, to has grown in society. Television is undeniably an important
violet, which has the shortest. When light rays are broken part of modern culture. The media have educational and
or refracted by water in the atmosphere, colors appear interactional advantages and disadvantages. Many people
separated because of their wavelengths. The scattering believe that the media help educate children and give
of light molecules in the sky is predominantly at the blue people common topics to discuss in social settings.
end of the light spectrum because of its shorter However, others believe that the media promote violence
wavelength, most easily seen by the human eye. Farther and implant often unrealistic stereotypes.
from the sun, the greater saturation of color makes the
sky appear a deeper blue.

14 Answer Key
 Answer Key
Chapter 10 Table/Chart Questions 1.
Society Statements
01 Geology • A married woman has a choice of several
different groups with whom she can live.
Hunter-Gatherer
Seismic Waves • Members of the group are treated as
Classification Attribute equals.

1. The fastest waves • Herds often split into groups that move
1. P Waves separately.
2. Can travel through any medium
(Primary Waves)
3. Vibrate in the direction they travel Pastoralist
• About 12,000 years ago, humans
thought to develop this method.
1. Slower than P waves
2. S Waves • Sons usually live in a group with their
2. Travel through only solid mediums fathers, even after they marry.
(Secondary Waves)
3. Vibrate at right angles

1. Summary: The way in which a pre-industrial society finds

or produces its food affects its social structure.
Seismic Wave Statements Hunter-gatherer societies, in which members forage for
• Produce vibrations that move in the food, are egalitarian. Members are usually related
direction of the waves through marriage or kinship. Everyone gets an equal
P waves
• Move through underground water share of the meat, and they can easily move from one
• Are the fastest moving waves band to another. Pastoralist societies are hierarchical.
Usually an older male member heads up the group,
• Can only move through solids which consists of his sons and their families. Pastoralists
S waves • Produce vibrations that move up and also rely on domesticated animals for food and other
down or side to side products.

Summary: According to the passage, earthquakes

generate shock waves known as seismic waves. Two 03 Philosophy
kinds of seismic waves travel through the Earth’s interior.
Primary waves, or P waves, travel outward from where an The Philosophies of Plato and Aristotle
earthquake originates. They can move through solids, Problem Theory Explanation
liquids, or gases under the surface of the Earth, Only philosopher can
alternately compressing and expanding them. S waves What is the 1. Philosopher-king
understand ideal of good life
are secondary waves that can only move through solids. best form of
government? 2. Rule of law Even ruler must be subject
They vibrate at right angles to their direction. S waves
to laws
travel more slowly than P waves and can only travel
through solid mediums. Scientists can compare S waves
and P waves to pinpoint the location of earthquakes, 1.
even thousands of miles away. Philosopher Statements
• Only a philosopher can understand the ideal
of the good life.
02 Anthropology
• The world of Forms is the true reality.
Plato • Rule of law is necessary for good government
Hunter-Gatherers vs. Pastoralists
in the absence of a philosopher-king.
Hunter-Gatherers Both Pastoralists
• A world exists that is beyond the human
• Egalitarian society • Based on • Hierarchical senses.
• Basic unit is band small groups • Extended family • Man perceives reality through his senses.
• Lots of social headed by father
• A government based on the rule of law is the
mobility among • Part or all of group Aristotle
best method.
bands moves with herd
• Even rulers must follow the laws of the state.

Answer Key 15
 Summary: According to the passage, Plato believed 05 Sociology
reality existed in a world of Forms that could only be
understood by philosophers. Because human senses The Changing Ideas of Race
cannot give a perfect rendering of the world, it is Meaning
only through the mind that humans can truly know
1. People who shared 2. Race was 3. Race is cultural
reality. For Plato, the ideal form of government was a
same identity or characterized idea that has no
philosopher-king, who could ensure that the concept
way of life were by physical biological basis
derived from the world of Forms was promoted. Without called a race attributes
a philosopher-king, Plato believed that the rule of law was
the subsequent form of good government. Aristotle,
however, believed that what people perceived through 1.
their senses was reality. His theory that even rulers Period Concept of Race
must follow the rule of law formed the underpinning of
constitutional governments today. Original Usage • Said that a race of people shared a lifestyle
16th and 17th • Divided people into races according to
Centuries physical traits
04 Art History • Stated that parents pass racial
characteristics to their children
Baroque vs. Rococo th
20 Century • Proved that races are not determined by
Baroque Both Rococo biology
• Very large • Integration of • Less imposing, • Described race as a cultural creation
buildings painting, smaller scale
• Bright colors sculpture, and • Pastel tones Summary: According to the passage, it was conventional
architecture
• Impressive views • Unified interiors wisdom that race simply denoted a group of people who
shared an identity, such as being from the same country.
1. Race meant something much different from its current
association. Later, people thought race was a biological
Architectural fact. It was believed that certain physical and behavioral
Statements
Style
traits could be used to distinguish each race. Finally,
• Palaces were especially massive and imposing. scientists showed there was no scientific basis for the
Baroque • Different, dramatic views were used in the idea of race, and it was actually a cultural construct.
design of the interior.
• Paintings using bright colors decorated
church interiors. 06 Economics
Rococo
• Swirls and curves were used in interior
design. Keynes vs. Friedman
• Sculptures tended to be smaller and less Keynes Both Friedman
dramatic.
• Money supply does • Based • Money supply affects
not affect economy on economy
Summary: There are four key elements of Baroque • Key to strong quantity • Contraction of money
architecture. Buildings were massive. Architecture, economy is demand theory of supply caused Great
money Depression
painting, and sculpture worked together. The interiors • Spending will create
used bright colors and different materials, and there were demand and • More money available
dramatic views off the main visual axis. Baroque strengthen economy for spending increases
architecture was too robust for the tastes of the time. health of economy
However, Rococo architecture was a refinement of these
elements. Its decoration was more delicate and subtle. It
also featured the integration of painting and sculpture
with its architecture.

16 Answer Key
 Answer Key
1. 03 Biology
Theory Statements
1.
Keynesian • Governments can change tax policies to
change consumer spending. Infectious
Characteristics
• The employment rate will fall without sufficient Agents
demand. • Can be prevented before infection
• The health of an economy depends on three Virions • Include a piece of genetic material that is
kinds of spending. replicated
Monetarist • Governments need to control the supply of • Cause irreversible damage to tissues
money in order to affect the economy. Prions • Are composed of matter found in the body
• The economy will be negatively affected by a • Form an abnormal and irregular structure
contracted supply of money.

Summary: Two economists developed new theories on 04 History

how governments can influence the economy. Keynesian
economists believe that three variables affect economic 1.
activity: consumer spending, government spending, and Theory Statements
investment. Keynes’s theories became so widely accepted
• A piece of a large asteroid may have
that economists rejected monetary policy to manage broken away in space and hit Earth.
economic activity. On the other hand, Friedman’s
monetarists believe that money supplies have a causal Chicxulub • An object from outer space left a crater on
Theory the Yucatan Peninsula.
effect on the economy. They attribute the fiscal disaster
of the Great Depression to a contraction in the money • Dinosaurs became extinct because of a
meteor’s impact on Earth.
supply, causing the market to decline.
• Global warming caused by volcanic
activity contributed to extinction.
l Vocabulary Review 3 l • Volcanic eruptions released toxic gases
and caused acid rain.
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (A) Keller’s Theory • Dinosaur species weakened after years of
4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (A) stressful living conditions.
7. (D) 8. (C)
• The Earth was bombarded by multiple
9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (B) meteors that diminished dinosaur numbers.
12. (D) 13. (C) 14. (D)
15. (A)
16. denotes 17. construct 18. underpinning l Practice Test l
19. stereotypes 20. ranking
21. (B) 22. (C) 23. (A)
01 Psychology
24. (E) 25. (D) 1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B)
4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (A)
7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (A)
l Mini Test 3 l 10. (C) 11. (D) 12. (B)
13. (B, D, F)
01 Health
1. (B, C, E)
02 History
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (C)
02 Business
4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (A)
1. (B, C, E) 7. (B) 8. (B) 9. (C)
10. (D) 11. (A)

Answer Key 17
 12.

Theory Statements
• Ongoing attacks weakened the city.
War Theory
• Thai soldiers invaded and looted the city.
• The predominant religion was originally Hindu.
Religion
Theory • The change to Buddhism destroyed the
people’s unity.
• The developments were too vast to manage.
Groslier’s • The irrigation system sapped the city of its
Theory resources.
• The city’s land was eroded and overused.

03 Astronomy
1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (A)
4. (A) 5. (D) 6. (A)
7. (B) 8. (B) 9. (B)
10. (D) 11. (D) 12. (B)
13. (A, D, E)

04 Music
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (D)
4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (D)
7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (B)
10. (A) 11. (B) 12. (A)
13. (B, C, F)

05 Biology
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B)
4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (B)
7. (C) 8. (D) 9. (A)
10. (D) 11. (B) 12. (B)
13. (A) 14. (A, D, F)

18 Answer Key