SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2

2015

MEMORANDUM

MARKS: 150

This memorandum consists of 10 pages.

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SECTION A

QUESTION 1

1.1 1.1.1 C 
1.1.2 C 
1.1.3 A 
1.1.4 D 
1.1.5 B 
1.1.6 B 
1.1.7 C 
1.1.8 A 
1.1.9 B 
1.1.10 D  (10 x 2) (20)

1.2 1.2.1 D 
1.2.2 F 
1.2.3 E 
1.2.4 H 
1.2.5 C  (5 x 2) (10)

1.3 1.3.1 Products/produce/supply 

1.3.2 Net worth 
1.3.3 Cash flow 
1.3.4 Variation 
1.3.5 Pedigree  (5 x 2) (10)

1.4 1.4.1 Controlled 

1.4.2 Leadership 
1.4.3 Equilibrium 
1.4.4 Overcapitalisation 
1.4.5 Red  (5 x 1) (5)

TOTAL SECTION A 45

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SECTION B

QUESTION 2 AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

2.1 Illustration representing marketing

2.1.1 Identification of the type of marketing

Free marketing  (1)

2.1.2 Explanation:
(a) Entrepreneur shows initiative and drive
• The entrepreneur works for him/herself 
• The harder he/she works the higher the income  (2)
(b) Quality of products
• Only quality produce will sell 
• Creates a good reputation 
• Ensures sustainable sales  (Any 2) (2)

2.1.3 Guidelines to streamline and improve the marketing chain

• Collect information on marketing opportunities (socio-
economic status of target customers within the target
market) 
• Select a marketing chain 
• Identify who should be consulted in the planning process 
• Evaluate the level of business organisation along the
marketing chain 
• Review the services available 
• Catalogue past interventions in the region, paying attention
to those that had an impact on the selected chain 
• Analyse critical points 
• Develop a long-term strategic vision that takes marketing
prospects and process innovation into consideration 
• Design a set of strategies to resolve the critical points 
(Any 3) (3)

2.1.4 TWO approaches in the marketing of agricultural produce

• Mass marketing 
• Niche marketing 
• Multi-segment marketing 
• Sustainable agricultural marketing  (Any 2) (2)

2.2 Tree felling business venture

2.2.1 Appropriate term for each of the following statements

(a) Entrepreneurship/business opportunity  (1)
(b) Value adding/processing  (1)
(c) Niche market  (1)
(d) Risk  (1)
(e) Safety  (1)

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2.2.2 THREE benefits of the venture to the farmer

• Provide income/business/markets/economically viable 
• Spreading the risk 
• Alien trees are removed/natural veld can recover/receives
green points 
• More area/space/land available for production  (3)

2.3 Agricultural cooperatives

2.3.1 THREE examples of agricultural cooperatives

• Production cooperatives 
• Service cooperatives 
• Marketing cooperatives 
• Purchasing cooperatives 
• Consumer cooperatives 
• Processing cooperatives  (Any 3) (3)

2.3.2 THREE advantages of agricultural cooperatives

• Meet market requirements for volume/consistent supply 
• Potential for growth 
• Economics of scale/through pooling resources 
• Bargaining power/security/reduce risk 
• Access to professional expertise 
• Access to better infrastructure 
• Eliminating the middle man/intermediaries 
• Bulk marketing/sales/purchases 
• Branding 
• Access to funding  (Any 3) (3)

2.3.3 THREE principles of agricultural cooperatives

• Voluntary/open membership/voting rights 
• Democratic member control 
• Members’ economic participation 
• Autonomy/independence 
• Share information/service to members 
• Co-operation among co-operatives 
• Concern to the community/public 
• Bona fide farmers 
• Share risk  (Any 3) (3)

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2.4 Supply and demand of tomatoes

2.4.1 Line graph to indicate the supply and demand of tomatoes

Supply and demand curve for tomatoes

35
Price per kg (rand)
30
25
20
15
10
Demand Supply
5
0
10 15 20 25 30 35
Quantity of tomatoes (boxes)

Criteria/rubric/memorandum
• Correct heading 
• X axis: correctly calibrated and labelled (quantity of tomatoes) 
• Y axis: correctly calibrated and labelled (price per kg) 
• Both units correct (rand and boxes) 
• Accuracy (correct plotting of both curves) 
• Line graph  (6)

2.4.2 Relationship between supply and price

• The higher the price, the more the supply/supply increases
with an increase in price 
• The lower the price, the lower the supply/supply decreases
with a decrease in price 
• Direct relationship/proportionality  (Any 1) (2)
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QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS

3.1 Capital as a production factor

3.1.1 The total debt of the entrepreneur

• R25 000 x 5 
• = R125 000  (2)

3.1.2 The profit for the first year

• R25 000 x 0,18 
• = R4 500  (2)

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3.1.3 The profit (as a percentage) for the third year

• R12 000 ÷ R25 000  x 100 
• = 48% 
OR
• R12 000 x 2 + R4 500 = R28 500 
• R12 000 ÷ R28 000 x 100 
• = 42,11%  (3)

3.1.4 TWO other ways of obtaining capital

• Own savings 
• Production 
• Grants 
• Gifts/Sponsors/Inheritance  (Any 2) (2)

3.2 Labour as a production factor

3.2.1 An example of each of the following

(a) Casual worker - Part time cleaner  (1)
(b) Manager - Farmer  (1)
(c) Unskilled worker - Two general workers/cleaner  (1)
(d) Skilled worker - Tractor driver/farmer  (1)

3.2.2 The legislation/Act that regulates the following:

(a) Leave, working hours and deductions
• Basic Conditions of Employment Act (Act 75 of 1997)  (1)
(b) Promote economic development and social justice
• Labour Relations Act (Act 66 of 1995)  (1)
(c) Health and safety in the work place
• Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993)  (1)

3.2.3 TWO measures to increase the productivity of farm workers

• Improve economic conditions 
• Improve environmental conditions 
• Improve working conditions 
• Improve educational conditions 
• Supervision 
• Appreciation for work done/motivation 
• Better living conditions  (Any 2) (2)

3.3 Land as a production factor

3.3.1 The production factor visible in the picture above

Land  (1)

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3.3.2 FOUR economic characteristics of land

• Primary production factor for all types of production 
• It is fixed and with a fixed location/specific environment 
• Permanent/durable 
• Indestructible 
• Physical composition cannot be changed/restrictedness 
• Varies in production potential 
• Value appreciates over time 
• Economic value 
• Availability is limited/urban development 
• Is subject to the law of diminishing returns 
• Passive/needs to combine with other factors  (Any 4) (4)

3.3.3 THREE functions associated with land

• Asset (used as collateral in obtaining loans) 
• Provides space for agricultural activities 
• Provides food/feeding for humans/animals 
• Raw products for humans/animals 
• Source of minerals  (Any 3) (3)

3.4 Management

3.4.1 Definition of the term management

• Effective combination and coordination of human, physical
and financial resources 
• to achieve a specific goal, usually maximising profits  (2)

3.4.2 THREE main managerial principles labelled

• Planning 
• Implementation 
• Control 
• Organization/coordination  (Any 3 for A, B, C) (3)

3.4.3 THREE strategic management aims

• Development of vision 
• Development of mission 
• Setting goals and objectives  (3)

3.4.4 Responsible person for the overall management of the farm

Farm manager/farmer/owner  (1)
[35]

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QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

4.1 Crossing a ram and an ewe

4.1.1 The type of crossing

• Dihybrid crossing  (1)

4.1.2 Reason for the answer to QUESTION 4.1.1

• Two/2 genetic factors/characteristics/genes/traits are
involved in crossing/breeding  (2)

4.1.3 The ratio of the phenotype in F 2 generation

• 9:3:3:1  (1)

4.1.4 FOUR possible phenotypical combinations

• Long and fine wool 
• Long and coarse wool 
• Short and fine wool 
• Short and coarse wool  (4)

4.1.5 The economic importance of this crossing

• Long and fine wool can be produced 
• Wool with the highest economic value 
• Pass these good characteristic to the offspring 
• Hybrid vigour/heterosis  (Any 2) (2)

4.2 GMO’s

4.2.1 Definition of genetic modification

• Technique of changing the characteristics of an organism 
by inserting genes from another organism into its DNA 
OR
• Process of manipulating characteristics and functions of
the original gene of an organism 
By introducing foreign DNA  (2)

4.2.2 THREE advantages of GM crops

• Environmental benefits/fewer insecticides/pesticides used 
• Health benefits/improve taste/nutritional value of plants 
• Economic benefits/yields are higher/mature quicker 
• Resistant to insects/herbicides 
• Can tolerate harsh environmental conditions 
• It is a faster process 
• More precise 
• Not limited to crossing of species that can interbreed 
• Produce pharmaceutical crops 
• Prolongs shelf life  (Any 3) (3)

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4.2.3 TWO potential risks of GM crops

• Environmental risks 
• Health risks/cancer/diseases 
• Socio-economic risks  (Any 2) (2)

4.2.4 Reason for modifying maize, rice and potatoes

• Sustained provision of food to promote food
security/staple food for developing countries  (1)

4.2.5 TWO techniques used in the genetic modification of plants

• Bacterial/agro-bacterium tumefaciens viral carriers 
• Biolistics/gene gun 
• Calcium phosphate precipitation 
• Electroporation 
• Gene silencing/splitting 
• Lipofection 
• Micro-injection 
• Gene slicing  (Any 2) (2)

4.3 Normal distribution curve used in the selection of animals

4.3.1 Deduction of the animal group to be selected

• C (1)

4.3.2 Reason
• Their performance is superior to animals in A and B/
genetically superior/improve vigour  (1)

4.3.3 Method of selection used for the breeding programme

• Mass selection  (1)

4.3.4 Difference between selection and variation:

Selection
• Choosing individuals with superior characteristics 
• for breeding purposes  (2)
Variation
• Differences in characteristics 
• between individuals of the same species/breed  (2)

4.3.5 Selection method used

(a) Family selection  (1)
(b) Progeny selection  (1)

4.4 Breeding systems

4.4.1 Distinction between inbreeding and crossbreeding

Inbreeding
• Mating of animals closely related than the average of the
breed  (1)
Crossbreeding
• Mating of pure bred animals of different breeds  (1)
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4.4.2 Advantages of inbreeding

• Produces offspring that are genetically uniform/
homogeneous/homozygous 
• Allows the development of distinct family lines 
• Increases hereditary power/greater prepotency 
• Allows breeders to identify/eliminate harmful recessive
alleles in a population  (Any 2) (2)

4.4.3 TWO benefits of a mule

• It is hardy 
• It has a high endurance 
• It has better adaptability 
• It cannot breed/sterile  (Any 2) (2)
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TOTAL SECTION B 105

GRAND TOTAL 150

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