ELECTROMECHANICAL DRIVE SYSTEMS

JULIUS ASIIMWE
[email protected]
0779682257
LECTURE 2: AC induction motors

Department of Electrical Engineering

Kabale University
2024
 Contents
• Three phase induction motor – basics,

• Inverter Based Induction Motor Drive

• Modifying Torque-speed characteristics of 3 phase induction motor –

Variable voltage, variable frequency control, field oriented control, direct
torque control. Braking of the Induction Motor –

• Regenerative braking and dynamic braking.

• Losses in AC motors
 Single Phase Induction Motor
• Single-phase induction motors are less costly, easy to repair, and their reliability is
higher. They use single phase power supply.

• As the single-phase networks are less costly than the 3-phase system and most appliances
used in our homes, shops, offices are designed to operate on the single-phase supply.

• A Single-ø Induction Motor comprises a single-ø winding that is wound on the stating
portion of motor and its rotor consists of a cage winding.

• A revolving magnetic field is created when we

provided single phase input at the stating part of

the induction motor.

• In a single-phase induction motor, there are two windings used in
stator.
• Out of these two windings, one winding is the main winding and the
second is auxiliary winding.
•The rotor of the induction motor is its rotating part which rotates in the magnetic
field.
•There are two types of rotor of single phase induction motor first one is wound
and the other is squirrel cage rotor.
•This type of rotor comprises of a sequence of conductor bars which are arranged in a cylindrical shape
structure in the different slots.

•All these are connected with the slip ring on both sides. This assembly is said to be squirrel cage because its
shape is like a squirrel.
Why single phase induction motor is not self starting?

The Double-Revolving field

theory explains the entire
phenomenon. Single-phase
AC supply causes the
generation of two counter-
rotating magnetic fields in the
air gap. Both of these fields
are equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction. This
equal and opposite magnetic
field is generated due to the
AC voltage being in the
positive and negative half
cycle alternatively.
Split-Phase Induction Motor
•This type of induction motor is also named as a resistor
start motor.
•It comprises a cage rotor and its stating part is consists
of two windings. The first one is known as main winding
and the other is starting winding which is also named as
auxiliary winding.
•These windings are connected at an angle of ninety
degrees. The main winding has low resistance values.
•As the phase difference among its main and auxiliary
winding’s current is less so these motors provide less
starting torque.
•So, these motors used for such load that needs less
starting torque.
Capacitor-Start Induction Motor
•This type of induction motor produces a higher
starting torque about three to four-times than the
full load torque.
•For higher starting torque the capacitor values
should be higher, and the values of stating winding
resistance should be less.
•In this motor due to the capacitor, the current at
auxiliary windings leads the voltage.
•Due to this phase alteration, the main and
auxiliary winding currents will increase and it will
also enhance the value of the initial torque.
•The starting torque of these motors is almost
three hundred percent of the torque value when a
load is connected. But its P.F is very less in case
of the rated load and speed.
Advantages of single phase Induction Motor
• The most important advantage of an induction motor is that its construction is quite simple
in nature. When compared with a DC Motor, the induction motor does not have Brushes
and hence, maintenance required is quite low. This leads to a simple construction.
• The working of the motor is independent of the environmental condition. This is because
the induction motor is Robust and mechanically strong.
• A Squirrel cage induction motor does not contain Brushes, Slip rings and commutators.
Due to this reason, the cost of the motor is quite low.
• Due to the absence of Brushes, there are no sparks in the motor. It can also be operated
in hazardous conditions.
• An induction motor is a highly efficient machine with full load efficiency varying from 85
to 97 percent.
Disadvantages of single phase Induction Motor
1.A single phase induction motor, unlike a 3 phase induction motor, does not have a self
starting torque. Auxiliaries are required to start a single phase motor.
2. Speed control of an induction motor is very difficult to attain. This is because a 3 phase
induction motor is a constant speed motor and for the entire loading range, the change in
speed of the motor is very low.
3. Induction motors have high input surge currents, which are referred to as Magnetising
Inrush currents. This causes a reduction in voltage at the time of starting the motor.
4. Due to poor starting torque, the motor cannot be used for applications which require high
starting torque.
 SUMMARY
Single Phase Induction Motor
• A single phase induction motor, does not have a self starting torque.
Auxiliaries are required to start a single phase motor.
• Speed control of an induction motor is very difficult to attain.
• Induction motors have high input surge currents, which are referred to
as Magnetising Inrush currents. This causes a reduction in voltage at the
time of starting the motor.
• Due to poor starting torque, the motor cannot be used for applications
which require high starting torque.
Three Phase Induction Motor
• The three-phase AC induction motor is an electric motor that is designed to operate on a
three-phase supply.
• These three-phase motors consist of a stator and a rotor and between which no electrical
connection exists.
• These stators and rotors are constructed with the use of high-magnetic core materials in
order to reduce hysteresis and eddy current losses.
• Stator frame can be constructed using cast iron, aluminium, or rolled steel.
• The stator frame provides necessary mechanical protection and support for stator laminated
core, windings, and other arrangements for ventilation.
• The stator is wound with three-phase windings which are overlapped with one another at a
120-degree phase shift fitted into slotted laminations.
• The six ends of the three windings are brought out and connected to the terminal box so that
these windings are excited by three-phase main supply.
15
 Three Phase Induction Motor cont …
• These windings are of copper wire insulated with varnish fitted into insulated slotted
laminations.

• At all working temperatures, this impregnated varnish remains rigid. These windings have
high-insulation resistance and high resistance to the saline atmosphere, moisture, alkaline
fumes, oil, and grease, etc.

16
Constructional Details
A 3-phase induction motor consists of two main parts
1. Stator
2. Rotor.
1. Stator: It is the stationary part of the motor. It has three
main parts,
(i) Outer frame,
(ii) Stator core
(iii) Stator winding.
2. Rotor: The rotating part of the motor is called rotor. Two
types of rotors
(i) Squirrel cage rotor
(ii) Phase wound rotor.
Stator Rotor
Stator

Rotor

19
(i) Outer frame: It is the outer body of the motor. Its function is to support the stator core and to protect the inner parts of
the machine. For small machines the fame is casted but for large machines it is fabricated. To place the motor on the
foundation, feet are provided in the outer frame

(ii) Stator core: When AC supply is given to the induction motor, an alternating flux is set -up in the stator core. This
alternating field produces hysteresis and eddy current loss. To minimise these losses, the core is made of high grade
silicon steel stampings. The stampings are assembled under hydraulic pressure and are keyed to the frame. Each
stamping is insulated from the other with a thin varnish layer. The thickness to the stamping usually varies from 0.3 to
0.5 mm. Slots are punched on the inner periphery of the stampings, to accommodate stator winding.

(iii) Stator winding: The stator core carries a three phase winding which is usually supplied from a three phase supply
system. The six terminals of the winding (two of each phase) are connected in the terminal box of the machine. The
stator of the motor is wound for definite number of poles, the exact number being determined by the requirement of
speed. It will be seen that greater the number of poles, the lower is the speed and vice-versa, since

𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇
𝑵𝑺 = 𝑷

The three- phase winding may be connected in star or delta externally through a starter.
 SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR
• The motors in which these rotors are employed are called Squirrel cage induction motors.
• Because of simple and rugged construction, the most of the induction motors employed in the industry
are of this type.
• A squirrel cage rotor consists of a laminated cylindrical core having semi-closed circular slots at the
outer periphery.
• Copper or aluminium bar conductors are placed in these slots and short circuited at each end by copper
or aluminium rings, called short circuiting rings in these rotors, the rotor winding is permanently short-
circuited and no external resistance can be added in the rotor circuit.
• The slots are not parallel to the shaft but these are skewed.
The skewing provides the following advantages:
(a) Humming is reduced, that ensures quiet running.
(b) At different positions of the rotor, smooth and sufficient torque is obtained.
(c) It reduces the magnetic locking of the stator and rotor,
(d) It increases the rotor resistance due to the increased length of the rotor bar conductors.
SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR CONT …
 Phase wound rotor
• Known as slip ring rotor and the motors in which these rotors are employed are known as phase wound or slip ring induction
motors.

• This rotor is also cylindrical in shape which consists of large number of stampings.

• A number of semi-closed slots are punched at its outer periphery.

• A 3-phase insulated winding is placed in these slots.

• The rotor is wound for the same number of poles as that of stator.

• The rotor winding is connected in star and its remaining three terminals are connected to the slip rings.

• The rotor core is keyed to the shaft.

• Slip-rings are also keyed to the shaft but these are insulated from the shaft.

• Depending upon the requirement any external resistance can be added in the rotor circuit.

• In this case also the rotor is skewed.

• A mild steel shaft is passed through the centre of the rotor and is fixed to it with key. The purpose of shaft is to transfer
mechanical power.
Phase wound rotor cont …
 Principle of Operation
• When 3-phase supply is given to the stator winding of a 3-phase wound
induction motor
• A revolving field is set up in the stator core.
• The resultant magnetic field set-up by the stator core.
• The direction of the resultant field is marked by an arrow head Fm.
• As per the supply sequence, the field is rotating in an anti-clockwise direction at
synchronous speed 𝝎𝑺 radian per second.
• The revolving field is cut by the stationary rotor conductors and an emf is
induced in the rotor conductors.
• The rotor conductors are short circuited, current flows through them in the
direction
• A resultant field Fr is set-up by the rotor current carrying conductors.
• This field tries to come in line with the stator revolving field Fm, due to which an
electromagnetic torque Te develops and rotor starts rotating in same direction as
that of stator revolving field.
• The rotor picks up speed and tries to attain the synchronous speed but fails to do so. It is because if the
rotor attains the synchronous speed then the relative speed between revolving stator field and rotor will be
zero, no emf will be induced in rotor conductors. No emf means no current, no rotor field Fr and hence no
torque is produced. Thus, an induction motor can never run at synchronous speed. It always runs at a speed
less than synchronous speed.
• Since, the principle of operation of this motor depends upon electromagnetic induction, hence the name
induction motor.
• The direction of rotation of a 3-phase induction motor can be reversed by interchanging the connections of
any two supply leads at the stator terminals.
Principle of Operation of 3-Phase Induction
Motor

27
3 Phase supply & Rotating Magnetic Field

28
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Three Phase
Induction Motor
• Three phase induction motors are widely used for various industrial
applications because of the following advantages -
1. They have very simple and rugged (almost unbreakable) construction
2. they are very reliable and having low cost
3. they have high efficiency and good power factor .
4. minimum maintenance required.
5. Three phase induction motor is self starting hence extra starting motor or
any special starting arrangement is not required.
They also have some disadvantages:
1. Speed decreases with increase in load, just like a DC shunt motor
2. If speed is to be varied, we have to sacrifice some of its efficiency
29
 Three-Phase Induction Motor Torque-Speed
Characteristics
• Similar to other types of electric machines, a three-phase induction machine can work as a generator and
as a motor. For this machine, however, because the stator must be connected to the three-phase circuit,
the difference between being a motor or functioning as a generator lies in the speed of the rotor.

• In general, if the rotor speed is higher than the synchronous speed, then it behaves as a generator, and if
the rotor speed is less than the synchronous speed, it becomes a motor.

• The synchronous speed is determined by the line frequency and the number of poles of the stator winding.

• The developed rotating magnetic field, after the stator is electrically connected, revolves at the
synchronous speed. This causes the rotor to follow the rotating magnetic field and rotate (thus, a motor),
but, if the rotor shaft is given mechanical energy to rotate faster than the speed of the magnetic field, then
the machine behaves as a generator.
30
Slip: The fact that the rotor of an induction machine
does not rotate with the same speed as the rotating
magnetic field (turning faster in a generator and slower
in a motor).

Slip speed: Difference between the speeds of the

rotor and the rotating magnetic field in an AC induction
machine. Slip speed = 𝑵𝑺 − 𝑵

Where;
Ns = Synchronous speed
N = Rotor speed
S = Slip 31
 SLIP
In an induction motor, the speed of rotor is always less than
synchronous speed.
The difference between the speed of revolving field (Ns) and
the rotor speed (N) is called slip.
The slip is usually expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed (Ns)
and is represented by symbol S.
𝑵𝑺 −𝑵
% Slip, %S = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑵𝑺
Rotor Speed, 𝑵 = 𝑵𝑺 (𝟏 − 𝑺)
The difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed is called
slip speed i.e.,
Slip speed = 𝑵𝑺 − 𝑵
The value of slip at full load varies from about 6% small motors to
about 2% for large motors.
 Slip-Torque Equations
Rotor frequency at a slip s is 𝒇𝒓 = 𝒔𝒇
The torque is proportional to the product of
Rotor reactance varies, 𝑿𝟐𝒓 = s𝑿𝟐
rotor current, flux and rotor power factor
𝐸2 𝛼 𝜑 𝐸2𝑟 = 𝑆𝐸2
T 𝜶 𝝋𝑰𝟐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋𝟐𝒓 𝐸2𝑟 𝑠𝐸2
𝐼2𝑟 = =
Where, 𝑍2𝑟
𝑅22 +(𝑠𝑋2 )2
• 𝝋 – flux responsible for producing induced 𝑅2 𝑅2
emf cos 𝜑2𝑟 = = 𝜑 𝛼 𝐸2
𝑍2𝑟
𝑅22 +(𝑠𝑋2 )2
• 𝑰𝟐𝒓 – rotor current under running condition
Torque under running condition is,
• 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋𝟐𝒓 – rotor power factor under 𝑅2 𝑠𝐸2 𝑠𝐸2 2 𝑅2
T𝛼 𝐸2 𝛼
running condition 𝑅22 +(𝑠𝑋2 )2
𝑅22 +(𝑠𝑋2 )2 𝑅22 +(𝑠𝑋2 )2
Let, 𝑘𝑠𝐸2 2 𝑅2
• 𝑬𝟐 – rotor induced emf per phase under T= N-m
𝑅22 +(𝑠𝑋2 )2
standstill condition, Where, k- constant of proportionality,
3
• 𝑿𝟐 – rotor reactance per phase under K= where ns = synchronous speed in r.ps (ns =
𝑁𝑠(𝑟.𝑝.𝑚)
)
2𝜋𝑛𝑠 60
standstill condition
 Condition for maximum torque:
• As it can be seen from the above Torque equation, the torque depends only on the
slip with which the motor is running since all the other parameters are constant.
• Supply voltage to the stator is usually rated and hence constant and the turn’s ratio
between Stator and Rotor is also constant. Hence 𝑬𝟐 is constant.
• Similarly 𝑹𝟐 , 𝑿𝟐 and 𝒏𝒔 are constants in an Induction motor.
• So to find out the maximum torque we have to find out at what slip maximum
torque occurs.

• Hence, mathematically we can write the condition for maximum Torque as 𝒅𝑻

𝒅𝒔
=0

𝒌𝒔𝑬𝟐 𝟐 𝑹𝟐
where T= N-m
𝑹𝟐𝟐 +(𝒔𝑿𝟐 )𝟐
• While evaluating the above differential it is to be noted that in the above expression for Torque all the
parameters like 𝑬𝟐 , 𝑹𝟐 and 𝑿𝟐 are also constants apart from the constant of proportionality ‘k’ and
the only variable is ‘s’ and this term is present in both numerator and denominator. Hence we can
𝒖
differentiate the expression for torque using the formula for differential of a quotient ( ) after taking
𝒗

out all the constant terms out of the differential as shown below.
𝒔
T = (k𝑬𝟐 𝟐 𝑹𝟐 )[ ]
𝑹𝟐 𝟐 +(𝒔𝑿𝟐 )𝟐
• Now differentiating the term within the square brackets and equating the numerator alone to zero
we get:
𝟐 𝒅 𝒅
[𝑹𝟐 + (𝒔𝑿𝟐 ) ] (s) – s [𝑹𝟐 𝟐 +
𝟐
(𝒔𝑿𝟐 )𝟐 ] = 0
𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒔
[𝑹𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒔𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝟐 ].1 – s [2 s 𝑿𝟐 𝟐 ] = 0
𝑹𝟐 𝟐 𝑹𝟐
𝒔𝟐 = finally s =
𝑿𝟐 𝟐 𝑿𝟐
 𝑹𝟐
So we conclude that the torque is maximum at a slip ‘s’ = or in other words
𝑿𝟐
the slip at maximum torque is given by:
𝑹𝟐
‘𝒔𝒎 ’ =
𝑿𝟐
𝑹𝟐
Then, substituting 𝒔 =
𝑿𝟐
𝒌𝒔𝑬𝟐 𝟐 𝑿𝟐
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟐𝑺𝟐 𝑿𝟐𝟐
𝒌𝑬𝟐 𝟐
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟐𝑿𝟐
The maximum torque is independent of rotor resistance
• Maximum torque is directly proportional to the square of the induced emf
ant standstill (i.e., 𝐸2 2 ).
• Maximum torque is inversely proportional to the rotor reactance, 𝑋2
 Torque slip characteristic:
• When an Induction motor is loaded from no load to full load its speed decreases and slip increases.
Due to increased load, motor has to produce higher torque to satisfy higher load torque demand.

• The torque ultimately depends on the slip as we have seen earlier. The behaviour of the motor can
be easily analyzed by looking at the Torque versus slip curve from s=0 to 1. (Instead of Torque
versus Speed Characteristics) because we have readily available equations for Torque in terms of
slip ‘s’.

• The Torque vs. Slip Characteristics can then be easily translated to Torque vs. Speed Characteristics
since they are complementary to each other.
• We have already seen that for a constant supply voltage, 𝑬𝟐 is also constant. So we can rewrite the
𝒔𝑬𝟐 𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝒔𝑹𝟐
basic Torque equation T 𝜶 as T 𝜶
𝑹𝟐𝟐 +(𝒔𝑿𝟐 )𝟐 𝑹𝟐𝟐 +(𝒔𝑿𝟐 )𝟐
• To study the Torque versus Slip characteristics let us divide the slip range (s = 0 to 1) into three parts and
analyze.
 The Torque speed characteristic can be divided into three important regions:
1. Low Slip Region:

• In this region ‘s’ is very small. So, the term (𝒔𝑿𝟐 )𝟐 would be small compared to 𝑹𝟐 and hence
𝒔𝑹𝟐
can be neglected. Thus T 𝜶 . i.e. Torque becomes directly proportional to slip ‘s’. Thus torque
𝑹𝟐𝟐

increases linearly with increase in slip ’s’ and satisfies the load demand. Thus we can conclude
that in this region.
• The mechanical speed decreases approximately linearly with increased load
• The motor slip increases approximately linearly with increased load.
• Induced Torque increases linearly with slip thus satisfying the load demand.
• Rotor reactance is negligible. So Rotor Power factor is almost unity.
• Rotor current increases linearly with slip.
• The entire normal steady state operating range of an Induction motor lies in this linear low slip region. Thus in normal
operation, an induction motor has a linear speed drooping characteristic.
2. Moderate slip region: In this region:

• Rotor frequency is higher than earlier and hence the Rotor reactance is of
the same order of magnitude as the rotor resistance.

• Rotor current no longer increases as rapidly as earlier and the Power factor
starts dropping.

• The peak torque (Pull out or Break down Torque) occurs at a point where
for an incremental increase in load the increase in the current is exactly
balanced by the decrease in rotor power factor.
3. High slip region: In this region:

• Slip is high i.e approaching the value 1. Here it can be assumed that the term 𝑹𝟐 is very small compared to
𝒔𝑹𝟐 𝟏
(𝒔𝑿𝟐 )𝟐 . Hence the expression for Torque becomes T 𝜶 = i.e T 𝜶 . So in high slip region Torque is
(𝒔𝑿𝟐 )𝟐 𝒔
inversely proportional to slip ‘s’. Hence the induced Torque decreases with increase in load torque since the
increase in Rotor current is dominated by the decrease in Rotor power factor where as it should increase to
meet the increase in Load demand. So speed further comes down and Induced Torque still reduces further.
So in this process the motor comes to standstill. i.e. the motor cannot run at any point in the high slip
region.

• Hence this region is called unstable region .On the other hand the low slip region where the characteristic is
linear is called the stable region.

• The maximum Torque which the motor can produce before going into unstable region occurs at s = ‘𝒔𝒎 ’.
Since beyond this torque the motor gets into unstable region, this maximum Torque is also called as Break
down Torque or pullout Torque. The entire Torque slip characteristics are shown in the figure below.
Torque-slip Characteristics
• Torque vs. Speed Characteristics: Are just complimentary to the Torque-slip Characteristics. The
detailed Torque speed characteristics of an a Induction Motor Showing the Starting, Pull-out and
Full-load torques are shown in the figure below.

Important characteristics of the Induction Motor Torque Speed Curve:

• Induced Torque is zero at synchronous speed.

• The graph is nearly linear between no load and full load (at near synchronous speeds).In this
region the Rotor resistance is much larger than the Rotor reactance ,and hence the Rotor Current,
magnetic field and the induced torque increases linearly with increasing slip.

• There is a Maximum Possible torque that cannot be exceeded which is known as pull out torque
or breakdown torque. This is normally about two to three times the full load torque.

• The Starting torque is higher than the full load torque and is about 1.5 times. Hence this motor can
start with any load that it can handle at full power.
Torque speed characteristics of an a Induction Motor Showing the Starting, Pull-out and Full-load torques
• Torque for a given slip varies as the square of the applied voltage. This fact is useful in the
motor speed control with variation of Stator Voltage.

• If the rotor were driven faster than synchronous speed, then the direction of the Induced
torque would reverse and the motor would work like a generator converting mechanical
power to Electrical power.

• If we reverse the direction of the stator magnetic field, the direction of the induced
torque in the Rotor with respect to the direction of motor rotation would reverse, would
stop the motor rapidly and will try to rotate the motor in the other direction.

• Reversing the direction of rotation of the magnetic field is just phase reversal and this
method of Braking is known Plugging.
Full load Torque: When the load on the motor Torque increases, the slip increases and thus the Induced torque
also increases. The increase in induced Torque is produced by a corresponding increase in the current drawn from
the supply.

• The load which the motor can drive safely depends on the current which the motor can draw safely. When the
current rises, the temperature rises. Hence the safe limit on the current is dictated by permissible temperature
rise.

• The safe limit of current is that which when drawn for continuous operation of the motor produces a
temperature rise which is well within the limits. Such a full load point is shown as point ‘C’ on the plot and the
corresponding torque is called the Full load Torques TFL .

• If the motor is operated beyond this full load continuously the windings’ insulation is likely to be damaged. But
for short durations of time the motor can be operated beyond the Full load Torque but up to the limit of
Breakdown Torque/Pull out Torque
 Rotor power input, Rotor copper loss and mechanical power
developed and their interrelation:
• An induction motor can be basically described as a rotating transformer. Its input is a 3
phase system of voltages and currents.

• For an ordinary transformer, the output is electric power from the secondary windings.

• The secondary windings in an induction motor (the rotor) are shorted and so no
electrical output exists from normal induction motors. Instead, the output power is
mechanical. The power flow diagram given below shows how the Input Electrical power
given to the Induction Motor stator gets converted into Mechanical power at the Rotor
end and what are the losses taking place in between.
Power flow diagram of an Induction motor.
• The input power to an induction motor 𝑷𝑰𝑵 is in the form of 3-phase electric voltages and
currents and is given by: 𝑷𝑰𝑵 = √3𝑽𝑳 𝑰𝑳 cos θ

where 𝑽𝑳 , 𝑰𝑳 are line values of voltage & current respectively and cos θ is motor power
factor.
• The first losses encountered in the machine are 𝑰𝟐 𝐑 losses in the stator windings (the stator
copper loss 𝑷SCL ). Then, some amount of power is lost as hysteresis and eddy currents in
the stator (𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 ). The power remaining at this point is transferred to the rotor of the
machine across the air gap between the stator and rotor. This power is called the air gap
power 𝑷𝑨𝑮 of the machine .i.e.
𝑷𝑨𝑮 = 𝑷𝑰𝑵 – (𝑷SCL + 𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 ) = 𝜏𝒊𝒏𝒅 . ω𝒔
• After the power is transferred to the rotor, some of it is lost as 𝑰𝟐 𝐑 losses (the rotor copper
loss 𝑷RCL ), and the rest is converted from electrical to mechanical form (𝑷CONV ).i.e.
𝑷CONV = 𝑷𝑨𝑮 - 𝑷RCL = 𝜏𝒊𝒏𝒅 . ω𝒎
• When this mechanical power is delivered to the load through the rotor shaft again some
more power is lost as mechanical losses known as friction and windage losses 𝑷F&W and
then again some unaccounted losses known as stray losses 𝑷MISC .

• Finally the remaining power is the net output power delivered by the Motor to the load
as 𝑷OUT i.e.

𝑷OUT = 𝑷M – (𝑷F&W + 𝑷MISC ) = 𝜏𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 . ω𝒎

𝑷M = 𝑷CONV
• This total power flow along with the losses in between is shown the diagram above.
• The core losses do not occur in the stator side alone as shown in the figure above. The core losses
of an induction motor come partially from the stator circuit and partially from the rotor circuit.

• Since an induction motor normally operates at a speed near synchronous speed, the relative
motion of the magnetic fields over the rotor surface is quite slow, and the rotor core losses are
very tiny compared to the stator core losses.

• Since the largest fraction of the core losses come from the stator circuit, all the core losses are
lumped together and shown as if they are occurring at the stator end. The higher the speed of an
induction motor, the higher the friction, windage, and stray losses.

• On the other hand, the higher the speed of the motor (up to nsync), the lower its core losses.
Therefore, these three categories of losses are sometimes lumped together and called as
rotational losses.

• The total rotational losses of a motor are often considered to be constant with changing speed,
since the component losses change in opposite directions with a change in speed as explained.
Efficiency
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Efficiency (𝞰) = × 100
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
= × 100
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟+𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
Relationship between rotor input (P2), rotor copper
loss (Pcu) and gross mechanical power (Pm)
• In general Power in terms of torque is

• Power is transferred from stator to rotor

• Gross mechanical power developed by rotor (Pm) is

• Rotor copper loss

Relationship between rotor input (P2), rotor copper loss (Pcu) and
gross mechanical power (Pm)
 Problem - 1
• A 6 pole, 3phase induction motor develops a power of 22.38kW, including mechanical losses of 1.492kW
at a speed of 950rpm on 550V, 50Hz mains. The power factor is 0.88. Calculate for this load

(i). Slip, (ii). The rotor copper loss, (iii). The total input if the stator losses are 2000W, (iv). The efficiency,
(v). The line current, (vi). The number of complete cycles of the rotor electromotive force per minute.
• Given: P=6, Pm=22.38kW, PmL=1.492kW,

N=950rpm, V=550V, f=50Hz, pf =0.88;

• Solution
(i). Slip, s
 Soln for Problem – 1 cont ….
• Given: P=6, Pm=22.38kW, PmL=1.492kW, N=950rpm, V=550V, f=50Hz, PF =0.88;

(ii). Rotor copper loss Pcu

(iii). The total input (Pin)

(iv). Efficiency
 Problem - 2
• A 37.3kW, 4pole, 50Hz induction motor has friction and windage losses of 3320 watts.
The stator losses equal the rotor losses. If the motor is deleiverig full load power output
at a speed of 1440rpm, calculate, (i). Synchronous speed, (ii). Slip (iii). Mechanical
power developed by the motor, (iv). Rotor copper loss, (v). Power transferred from
stator to rotor, (vi) Stator power input, (vii). Efficiency.
• Given: Pout=37.3kW; P=4; f=50Hz; friction and windage losses
Pml=3320W; Stator losses PSL=Rotor Loss Pcu; N=1440rpm.;

• Solution

(i). Synchronous speed(Ns)

(ii). Slip s
 Problem - 2
• Given: Pout=37.3kW; P=4; f=50Hz; friction and windage losses
Pml=3320W; Stator losses PSL=Rotor Loss Pcu; N=1440rpm.;
• Solution

(iii). Mechanical power developed by the motor (Pm),

(iv). Rotor copper loss (Pcu),

(v). Power transferred from stator to rotor (P2),

 Problem - 2
• Given: Pout=37.3kW; P=4; f=50Hz; friction and windage losses
Pml=3320W; Stator losses PSL=Rotor Loss Pcu; N=1440rpm.;
• Solution

(vi) Stator power input (Pin),

(vii). Efficiency
 Problem - 3
• An 18kW, 4pole, 50Hz, 3phase induction motor has friction and windage
loss 500W. The full load slip is 4%. Compute for full load, (i). Rotor copper
loss. (ii). Rotor input. (iii). The shaft torque and (iv). The gross torque.
• Given: Pout=18kW, P=4; f=50Hz; PmL=500W; s=4%;
• Solution
(i). Rotor copper loss (Pcu),
 Problem - 3
• Given: Pout=18kW, P=4; f=50Hz; PmL=500W; s=4%;
• Solution
(ii). Rotor input (P2).

(iii). The shaft torque (Tsh),

(iv). The gross torque(Tg)

Load Test and No load test
PRECAUTIONS
1. The auto transformer is kept at minimum voltage position.
2. The motor is started at no load condition.
3. The motor should not be stopped under loaded condition
PROCEDURE
Load test
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram
2. The MCCB is closed and the 3-phase supply is given
3. The motor is started with a Direct On-line (DOL) starter.
4. No load readings are noted down.
5. If any one of the wattmeter shows negative deflection, the connections of M and L in the
wattmeter are interchanged after switching off the supply.
6. Gradually the motor is loaded and in each case all the meter readings are noted down
and the procedure is repeated till the rated current is obtained.
7. The motor is unloaded. The DOL Starter is switched off and the MCCB is opened.
8. The radius of the brake drum is measured.
 Tabulation

  W − W1 
PF = cos  tan −1 3 2 
  1
W + W2 
 No load Test
• With the help of this test, the no load losses, the magnetizing current and
no load power factor are found.
• To apply this test, the rated line voltage at normal frequency is applied
across the stator and the rotor is allowed to run free without any external
mechanical load on it.
• The no load current (I0) and Voltage (Vo) of the motor is measured with the
help of an ammeter & voltmeter connected in the circuit.
• Power input is measured with the help or two watt meters W1 & W2
connected in the circuit.
• Since the motor runs at no load, the power factor would be very low.
Hence the no load power input to the motor (W0) is equal to the
difference between two wattmeter readings W1 & W2
Calculation
• According to the mathematical formula
No load input power, 𝑾𝟎 = 𝟑𝑽𝑳 𝑰𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅𝟎 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑾𝟎
No load power factor, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅𝟎 =
𝟑𝑽𝑳 𝑰0

Where,

VL = Line voltage 𝐼0 cos ∅0 = 𝐼𝑊 = 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅0 = 𝐼𝜇 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑉𝐿
𝑉𝑝ℎ = = 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝑉𝑝ℎ
3 = = 𝑅01 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼0 cos ∅0 𝐼𝑊

I0 = No load current 𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝑉𝑝ℎ

= = 𝑋01 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅0 𝐼𝜇
cos ∅0 = 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
Blocked Rotor Test
 Blocked Rotor Test
• To apply this test the same connection of no load test is followed. The
difference between the two tests is that in this test the rotor is locked with the
help of spring balance weight or by hand.
• The rotor windings are short circuited at slip rings if the motor has wound
rotor.
• A reduced voltage is applied to the stator terminals and is so adjusted that full
load current flows in the stator.
• The value of current, voltage and power input on short circuit are measured
from the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter connected in the circuit
respectively.
Let V be the normal voltage applied to stator and Vsc the short circuit voltage. Then the relation
between the short circuit current Isc and stator applied voltage V is a straight line, therefore the short
circuit current ISN is obtained with normal voltage, and is calculated as

𝑽
𝑰𝑺𝑵 = 𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠
𝑽𝒔𝒄

Where,

Isc – Line current under blocked rotor condition for short circuit voltage Vsc

ISN – Line current under blocked rotor condition for rated voltage

V – normal stator voltage

Vsc – short circuit voltage

• Total power input on short circuit (Wsc) is; 𝑾𝒔𝒄 = 𝟑𝑽𝒔𝒄 ′ 𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅𝒔𝒄 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

𝑉𝑠𝑐 ′ − 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 = 3𝑉𝑠𝑐

 𝑊𝑠𝑐
cos ∅𝑠𝑐 =
3𝑉𝑠𝑐 ′ 𝐼𝑠𝑐

• Equivalent impedance /ph referred to the stator ( Z02)

Z02 – phase voltage at which SC test is made /phase current at the test

𝑉𝑠𝑐
𝑍02 = Ω
𝐼𝑠𝑐

Equivalent resistance/ph referred to stator (R02)

𝑊𝑠𝑐 −𝑊0
𝑅02 =
𝐼𝑠𝑐 2

Equivalent reactance per phase referred to stator (X02)

2 2
𝑋02 = 𝑍02 − 𝑅02
Equivalent Circuit
 Cogging
In an induction motor, the magnetic circuit is completed through stator and rotor.
It is the tendency of a magnetic circuit to align itself in a position of minimum
reluctance.
Thus, if the number of stator slots is equal to the number of rotor slots, there exists
a position of minimum reluctance when the teeth of rotor and stator are aligned
opposite to each other.
The radial alignment forces become very strong when the machine is at rest and
rotor and stator teeth are aligned.
These forces may exceed the tangential forces of acceleration thereby preventing the
motor from starting.
• Thus, the phenomenon by which the radial alignment forces exceed the
tangential accelerating forces and the machine (induction motor) refuses to start
is called cogging.
• Due to cogging, the rotor of induction motor is locked which may overheat the
motor winding.
• To avoid cogging the number of rotor slots are never made equal to the number of
stator slots.
• Moreover, the rotor is always skewed for smooth running of the rotor.
 Crawling
• Sometimes, squirrel cage induction motors exhibits a tendency to
run at very slow speeds (as low as one-seventh of their
synchronous speed). This phenomenon is called as crawling of
an induction motor.

• This action is due to the fact that, flux wave produced by a stator
winding is not purely sine wave. Instead, it is a complex wave
consisting a fundamental wave and odd harmonics like 3rd, 5th,
7th etc.
 Crawling cont …
• The fundamental wave revolves synchronously at synchronous speed Ns
whereas 3rd, 5th, 7th harmonics may rotate in forward or backward direction
at Ns/3, Ns/5, Ns/7 speeds respectively. Hence, harmonic torques are also
developed in addition with fundamental torque.
3rd harmonics are absent in a balanced 3-phase system.
• Hence 3rd harmonics do not produce rotating field and torque. The total
motor torque now consist three components as:
(i) the fundamental torque with synchronous speed Ns,
(ii) 5th harmonic torque with synchronous speed Ns/5,
(iii) 7th harmonic torque with synchronous speed Ns/7 (provided that higher
harmonics are neglected).
 Crawling cont …
• Now, 5th harmonic currents will have phase difference of 5 X 120 = 600° =2 X 360 - 120 = -120°.

• Hence the revolving speed set up will be in reverse direction with speed Ns/5.

• The small amount of 5th harmonic torque produces breaking action and can be neglected.

• The 7th harmonic currents will have phase difference of 7 X 120 = 840° = 2 X 360 +120 = + 120°. Hence they will

set up rotating field in forward direction with synchronous speed equal to Ns/7.

• If we neglect all the higher harmonics, the resultant torque will be equal to sum of fundamental torque and 7th

harmonic torque. 7th harmonic torque reaches its maximum positive value just before1/7th of Ns.

• If the mechanical load on the shaft involves constant load torque, the torque developed by the motor may fall

below this load torque. In this case, motor will not accelerate up to its normal speed, but it will run at a speed

which is nearly 1/7th of its normal speed. This phenomenon is called as crawling in induction motors.
• Thus, when a 3-phase induction motor continues to rotate at a speed little
lower than the 1/7th synchronous speed, it is said to be crawling.

• Such operation of a motor is unstable, a momentary reduction in load may

permit the motor to accelerate to the rated speed.

• The crawling effect can be eliminated by proper choice of coil pitch and
distribution of coils while designing the winding.

• This reduces the harmonic flux in the air gap to very low value.
Formula
Problem - 1
• A 6-pole, 3-phase induction motor is connected to 50Hz supply. If it is
running at 960 rpm, find the slip

• Key:

• Answer: S=0.04 or 4%
Problem - 2
• A 2-pole 3-phase, 50Hz induction motor is running on no load with a slip of 4%.
Calculate

i) The synchronous speed

ii) Speed of the motor.

• Key:

• Answer:
(i). Ns=3000rpm

(ii). 2880rpm
Problem - 3
• A 3-phase, 4-pole, 50Hz induction motor is running at 1440rpm.
Determine the slip speed and slip.

• Key:

• Answer:
Slip speed =60rpm, Slip = 0.04
Problem - 4
• A 6-pole, 50Hz, 3-phase induction motor runs at 800rpm at full load.
Determine the value of slip at this load condition.

• Key:

• Answer:
Ns=1000rpm, Slip = 0.2 or 20%
 Problem - 5
• A 3-phae, 50Hz induction motor runs at 960rpm on full load. Find the number of
poles and slip speed. (1000 rpm is the nearest synchronous speed for 960 rpm)

• Key:

• Answer:
P=6, Slip speed= 40rpm
Problem - 6
• A 3-phase, 6pole, 50Hz induction motor runs at 950 rpm. Find
the slip
• Key:

• Answer:
s=5%
Problem - 7
• A 6 pole, 50Hz, 3-phase induction motor runs at 800rpm at full load.
Determine the value of slip at this load condition.

• Key:

• Answer:
S=0.2 or 20%
 Problem - 8
• A 12 pole, 3-phase alternator driven at a speed of 500rpm, supplies
power to an 8 pole, 3-phase induction motor. If the slip of the motor, at
full load is 3%, calculate the full-load speed of the motor.

• Key:

• Answer:
N=727.5 rpm
 Problem - 9
• A 4-pole 3-phase induction motor operates from a supply whose frequency
is 50Hz. Calculate (1) the speed of stator magnetic field (Synchronous
speed) and (2) the speed of rotor (Speed of the motor) when the slip is 0.4.

• Key:

• Answer:
Ns=1500 rpm, N=900rpm
Problem - 10
• A 12pole, 3phase alternator is coupled to an engine running at
1500rpm. It supplies an induction motor which has a full-load speed
of 1440rpm. Find the slip of the motor. (induction motor full load
speed is 1440 rpm. Therefore the synchronous speed is 1500rpm)
• Key:

• Answer:
F =50 Hz, s =4%
Problem - 11
• A 8-pole, 3-phase alternator is coupled to prime mover running at 750rpm. It
supplies an induction motor which has a full load speed of 960rpm. Find the
number of poles of induction motor and slip. (full load speed is 960 rpm.
Therefore the synchronous speed is 1000rpm)
• Key:

• Answer:
f=50 Hz, P=6, s =0.04 or 4%
 Frequency of Rotor
• Assume rotor is stationary
• Relative speed between the rotor winding and rotating magnetic field is Ns
• When the rotor speeds up
• Relative speed is (Ns – N)
• Rotor Frequency
 Rotor EMF
• Under Standstill condition slip s=1
• Relative speed is maximum and maximum emf induced in the rotor
• E2 = rotor induced emf under standstill condition

• When the motor speed increases (running condition)

• Relative speed increases, then induced emf in the rotor decreases
• E2r = rotor induced emf under running condition
Rotor Current and Power Factor
• R2 = Rotor resistance per ph under standstill condition
• X2 = Rotor reactance per ph under standstill condition

In running condition

Rotor impedance per phase

 Problem - 1
• A 3-phase induction motor is suppied at 50Hz and is wound for 4 poles.
Calculate (i) Synchronous speed, (ii). Apeed when slip is 3%, (iii). Frequency of
the rotor emf when it runs at 1200 rpm
• Key:

• Answer:
Ns=1500rpm; N=1455rpm; fr=10Hz
 Problem - 2
• The frequency of emf in the stator of a 4-pole, 3-phase induction motor is 50Hz
and that in the rotor is 1.5Hz. Determine: i). The Slip, ii). Speed of the motor.
• Key:

• Answer:
(i). Ns=1500rpm & s=0.03, (ii). N=1455rpm
 Problem - 3
• For a 4pole, 3phase, 50Hz induction motor ratio of stator to rotor turns is 3. On a
certain load, its speed is observed to be 1450rpm, when connected to 415V
supply. Calculate:
• i). Frequency of rotor emf in running condition, (fr)
• ii). Magnitude of induced emf in the rotor at standstill, (E2ph)
• iii) Magnitude of induced emf in the rotor under running condition.(E2r) Assume star
connected stator.
• Given: P=4, f=50Hz, EIL=415V=stator side line voltage ;
K=rotor turns / stator turns = 1/3 = 0.333; N=1450 rpm
• Key:

• Answer:
Fr=1.66Hz; E2ph=79.78V; E2r=2.63V
 Problem - 4
• A 4-pole three phase, 50Hz, induction motor has a star connected rotor.
The rotor has a resistance of 0.1 ohm per phase and standstill reactance of
2ohm per phase. The induced emf between the slip rings is 100V. If full load
speed is 1460rpm, find i) Slip, ii). Rotor frequency, iii). Rotor current, iv).
Power factor on full load condition. Assume slip rings are shorted.
• Given: P=4, f=50Hz, R2=0.1ohm; X2=2ohm;
E2=100V, N=1460rpm

• Key:

• Answer:
S=2.66%; fr=1.33Hz; I2r=13.15A; PF=0.887lagging
 Problem - 5
• A 8-pole, 3-phase induction motor is supplied from 50Hz AC supply. On
full load, the frequency of induced emf in rotor is 2Hz. Find the full load
slip and corresponding speed(N).
• Given: P=8, f=50Hz, fr=2Hz
• Key:

• Answer:
S=0.04; Ns=750rpm; N=720rpm;
 Problem - 6
• A 3ph, 6pole, 50Hz induction motor has a slip of 1% at no load and 3% at full
load. Find (1) Synchronous speed(Ns). (2). No load speed(Nnl). (3). Full load
Speed(Nfl). (4). Frequency of rotor current at standstill(frs). (5) Frequency of
rotor current at full load(frfl).
• Given: P=6, f=50Hz, slip at no load snl=1% or 0.01;
slip at full load sfl=3% or0.03; at standstill slip s=1;
• Key:

• Answer:
Ns=1000rpm; Nnl=990rpm; Nfl=970rpm; frs=50Hz; frfl=1.5Hz
 Problem - 7
• If the emf in the stator winding of a 6 pole induction motor has a frequency
of 50c/s and emf in the rotor has a frequency of 2c/s, find the speed at
which the motor is runing(N) and percentage slip(s).
• Given: P=6, supply frequency f=50 c/s,
rotor frequency fr = 2c/s
• Key:

• Answer:
S=4%; Ns=1000rpm; N=960rpm;
 Problem - 8
• A 3-phase induction motor is wound for 4poles and is supplied from a 50Hz
supply. Calculate the synchronous speed(Ns), the speed of the motor(N)
when the slip is 3% and the rotor frequency(fr).
• Given: P=4, supply frequency f=50Hz,
Slip=3% or 0.03
• Key:

• Answer:
Ns=1500rpm; N=1455rpm; fr=1.5Hz;
 Problem - 9
• The induced emf between the slip ring terminals of a three phase induction motor when the
rotor is standstill is 100V. The rotor winding is star connected and has resistance and standstill
reactance of 0.05ohms and 0.1 ohms per phase respectively. Calculate the voltage and rotor
current at (1) 4% slip and (2) 100% slip(Standstill Condition).

• Given: R2=0.05ohms; X2=0.1ohms;

• Key:

• Answer:
(1). For s=0.04, E2r=2.308V, Z2r=0.05ohm;
(2). E2=57.7V; Z2=0.111ohms; I2=519.8A ;
 Problem - 10
• A 3-ph, 50Hz, induction motor runs almost at 960rpm on full load, when
supplied with three-phase supply. Calculate the following, (i).Number of
poles(P), (ii). Full load slip(s), (iii). Frequency of rotor emf(fr), (iv). Speed of
the motor at 8 percent slip(N).
• Given: Supply frequency f=50Hz; Speed N
=960rpm; therefore Ns=1000rpm;
• Key:

• Answer:
(i).P=6; (ii). S=0.04; (iii).fr=2Hz; (iv).N=920rpm;
 Problem - 11
A 1100V, 50Hz delta connected induction motor has a star connected slip ring rotor with a phase transformation ratio
of 3.8. The rotor resistance and stand still leakage reactance are 0.012ohm and 0.25ohms per phase respectively.
Neglecting stator impedance and magnetising current, determine:
(i). Rotor current at start with slip ring shorted.
(ii). The rotor PF at start with slip ring shorted.
(iii). The rotor current at 4% slip with slip ring shorted.
(iv). The rotor power factor at 4% slip with slip ring shorted.
(v). The external rotor resistance per phase required to obtain a starting current of 100A in the stator supply lines.

• Given: Supply voltage V =E1ph(due to delta connection in stator)= 1100V; f=50Hz;

Phase transformation ratio K = 1/3.8=0.263; R2=0.012ohms, X2=0.25ohms;

• Key:

• Answer:
(i).I2=1157.2A; (ii). PF=0.048(lagging); (Starting)
(iii).I2r=742A; (iv).PF =0.77(lagging); (running s=4%)
(v). Ext Resistance r=0.707ohms
 Problem - 12
• A 3-phase, 4-pole induction motor operates from a supply whose
frequency is 50Hz. Calculate the frequency of rotor current at
standstill and the speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is
rotating(Ns).

• Given: P=4; f=50Hz; at standstill condition s=1;

• Key:

• Answer:
Fr=50Hz; Ns=1500rpm;
 Problem - 13
• A 4pole three phase squirrel cage induction motor operates at supply
frequency of 50Hz at a speed at 1440rpm at full load. Find the frequency of
the EMF induced in the rotor(fr).
• Given: P=4; f=50Hz; N=1440rpm;
• Key:

• Answer:
Ns=1500rpm; s=0.04; Fr=2Hz;
 Problem - 14
• A3phase 50Hz, 4pole induction motor has a slip of 4%. Calculate (i) Speed
of the motor(N) (ii). Frequency of rotor emf(fr). If the motor has a
resistance of 1ohm and standstill reactance of 4ohm, calculate(iii) power
factor at (a) standstill and (b) a speed of 1400rpm.
• Given: P=4; f=50Hz; s=4% or 0.04; R2=1ohm;
X2=4ohm;
• Key:

• Answer:
(i).N=1440rpm; (ii).Fr=2Hz; (iii). (a).PF=0.242 (lagging);
(b).s=0.066; & PF=0.966(lagging)
Torque Equation
• For DC motor
• For Induction motor
• WKT
For starting condition (s=1)
Condition for maximum running Torque
• Torque under running condition,

• For maximum torque

• Slip at which the torque is maximum

 Torque Relations
Starting torque and maximum torque

Full load torque and maximum torque

Effect of change in supply voltage
•Torque at any speed is proportional to square of
supply voltage

•When supply voltage changes affects Tst, Tmax, Trunning;

•To maintain T=C, slip increases (N decreases)
•When V changes to V1, s to s1
 Problem - 1
• A 3-phase 415V, 50Hz, 4pole induction motor has star connected stator
winding. The rotor resistance and reactance per phase are 0.2ohm and 2ohm
respectively. The full load speed is 1440rpm. Calculate the torque developed on
full load by the motor. Assume stator to rotor turns ratio as 2:1.
• Given: Supply voltage V=415V; P=4;
R2=0.2ohm; X2=2ohm;
• Key:

• Answer:
Ns=1500rpm; E2ph=119.8V; s=0.04; ns=25rps; T=47.25Nm
 Problem - 2
• A 3300V, 10pole, 50Hz, three-phase star connected inductin motor has a
slip ring rotor resistance per phase=0.015ohm and standstill reactance per
phase = 0.25ohm. If the motor runs at 2.5% slip on full load, find (i). The
speed of the motor, (ii). Speed at which the torque will be maximum,
(iii). The ratio of maximum torque to full load torque.
• Given: Supply voltage V=3300V; P=10; f=50Hz;
R2=0.015ohm; X2=0.25ohm; slip s=2.5% or 0.025;
• Key:

• Answer:
(i).Ns=600rpm; N=585rpm ; (ii). Sm=0.06; N=564rpm;
(iii). Tmax/Tfl=1.408;
 Problem - 3
• A 4 pole, 50Hz, 7.46kW motor has at rated voltage and frequency, at
starting torque of 160 percent and a maximum torque of 200 percent of
full-load torque. Determine (1). Full-load speed(N). (2). Speed at maximum
torque(N).
• Given: P=4; f=50Hz; Tst=1.6Tfl; Tmax=2Tfl;
• Key:

• Answer:
Solve (Tst/Tmax) - a=0.04, substitute (Tfl/Tmax)- sf=0.01;
(i).Ns=1500rpm; N=1485rpm ; (ii). Sm=0.04; N=1440rpm;