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Tiahne
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You are on page 1/ 21

CASA Instrument Rating

(IREX) –
Ground Based Navigation Systems
(GBNS)
Lesson 04 – The Instrument Landing System (ILS)
INTRODUCTION
Introduction

Introduction References
• Scope; • ATC IREX Text Chapter 7
• Principles of operation,
• Limitations and errors,
• The ILS approach,
• The LOC approach.
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES

• Outline the components of the Instrument Landing System (ILS),


• Describe the limitations errors associated with the ILS,
• Explain operational considerations associated with the ILS approach,
• Explain operational considerations associated with the LOC approach.
The Instrument Landing System (ILS)

Principles of Operation
•The ILS is a precision approach aid;
• It is the only precision approach (3D) aid
recognised in Australia.

Localiser antenna
Glideslope antenna
The Instrument Landing System (ILS)

Principles of Operation
•The ILS uses two beams
projected from a runway to align
an aircraft for landing;
• One beam is projected along the
centreline to give guidance in
azimuth,
• Called a Localiser,
• The other beam is projected along
the glidepath to the runway from
the touchdown point to provide
vertical guidance.
The Instrument Landing System (ILS)

Principles of Operation
•The Localiser transmits a signal which has
two overlapping lobes of radio energy,
•Where the two lobes overlap (and where
the signal strength is equal / or phase
differential is zero) is where the centreline
is,
•By measuring the phase differential the
aircraft equipment can determine if it is left
or right of the centreline and by how far,
•The Localiser is designed to give a beam
with of 210m at the landing threshold
which will translate to 5° beam width (so
2.5° either side of the centreline),
•The rated coverage of the Localiser is
25nm and within ±10° of the centreline.
The Instrument Landing System (ILS)

Principles of Operation
•The Localiser can transmit a
Back-Beam (or Back Course),
which is an identical signal in the
opposite direction,
•Airports in some countries utilise
this signal for missed-approach
tracking off the ILS approach, or as
a separate instrument approach,
•Back Beams in Australia have
been suppressed.
The Instrument Landing System (ILS)

Principles of Operation
•The Glideslope / Glide Path
operates in much the same way as
the Localiser,
•The two signals it transmits
overlap along a 3° glide path,
•The glideslope antenna is
situation around 300m in from the
landing threshold to ensure that
aircraft have adequate wheel
clearance over any terrain or
obstacles on final approach and
the landing threshold.
The Instrument Landing System (ILS)

Principles of Operation
•The ground can reflect the
transmission closest to the ground
(usually the 150Hz lobe),
•This can create a false glideslope
above the real glideslope,
•For this reason approaches are
designed to intercept the
glideslope from below.
The Instrument Landing System (ILS)

Principles of Operation
•A 3° glide path means that an
aircraft will loose 300ft per NM,
•The Rate of Descent (ROD) to
maintain a 3° glide path can be
roughly calculated by multiplying
Groundspeed by 5;
• 120KTS groundspeed,
• 120 x 5 = 600fpm ROD to maintain
a 3° glide path.
The Instrument Landing System (ILS)

Principles of Operation
•Marker Beacons can be provided to
provide distance from the runway;
• The exact distance from the runway
to the beacon is known,
• As such, when the pilot passes over
the marker beacon, they receive a
signal from it and they know they are
a certain distance from the runway,
•Marker beacons are being phased
out in Australia in lieu of dedicated
DME’s for each ILS or GPS distance
from the runway threshold.
The Instrument Landing System (ILS)

Limitations and Errors


•Rated coverage out to 25nm,
•LOC → side lobes and back beam;
• Back Beams have been suppressed
in most Australian airports,
•GS → false glideslopes;
• Above actual or ‘True’ GS,
• Reason why GS is intercepted
from below.
The Instrument Landing System (ILS)

ILS Orientation and Tracking


•Simulator
•Tracking tolerance;
• ± half-scale deflection for both
LOC and GS.
VOR Orientation and Tracking

CDI Indications – Failure


•If signal integrity is degraded or
lost, or the receiver fails;
• Failure flags will appear showing
the component that has failed;
• NAV → Azimuth / Lateral Nav,
• GS → Glideslope.
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES

• Outline the components of the Instrument Landing System (ILS),


• Describe the limitations errors associated with the ILS,
• Explain operational considerations associated with the ILS approach,
• Explain operational considerations associated with the LOC approach.
ANY QUESTIONS?
Next Lesson
Lesson 04 - DME

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