After going through this lesson, you are expected

to:

Explain how movements along faults

generate earthquakes. S8ES-IIa-14
1. What is a crack or break in the
lithosphere that can shift and
cause an earthquake?
A. Epicenter B. Eruption
C. Fault D. Focus
2. What do you call a fault where two
blocks of crust pull apart and create
space?

A. Normal fault B. Reverse fault

C. Strike-slip fault D. Transform fault
3. How will you describe the
movement of the walls in a strike-slip
fault?
A. moving sideways
B. pulling the side apart
C. pushing the side together
D. pushing and pulling the sides
4. How does a reverse fault form?
A. The blocks slide past each other.
B. The blocks pull apart from each other.
C. The hanging wall moves upward relative to the
footwall.
D. The hanging wall moves downward relative to the
footwall.
5. What do you call the amount of
ground displacement in an
earthquake?

A. Crack B. Dip
C. Fold D. Slip
6. What type of fault is illustrated in
the picture?

A. Normal B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip D. Transform
7. How will you describe the
movement of fault in this illustration?
A. moving sideways
B. pulling the sides apart
C. pushing the sides together
D. moving in vertical direction
8. Which of the following geologic
features is an example of a reverse
fault?
A. Anatolian fault
B. San Andreas fault
C. Himalayas mountain
D. East African rift zone
9. What refers to a vibration of the
Earth due to the rapid release of
energy?

A. Earthquake B. Fault
C. Friction D. Stress
10. Earthquakes happen along a fault
line. Which of the following is NOT
true about fault?
A. It can be found on land.
B. It is where fault cyclone starts.
C. It can be found under the sea.
D. It is a break in the Earth’s crust.
11. In which type of fault can
earthquake occur?

A. Normal B. Reverse
C. Transform D. All of these
12. Which type of fault would be least
likely to occur along the valley?
A. Normal B. Reverse
C. Thrust D. Transform
13. What type of fault is illustrated in
the picture?
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike-slip
D. Transform
14. The Alpine Fault cuts through New
Zealand. At this location, two plates are
sliding past each other slowly over time. What
type of fault exists at Alpine Fault?
A. Divergent B. Normal
C. Reverse D. Transform
15. What is the movement of a strike-slip
fault?
A. Backwards
B. Downward
C. Sideways
D. Upward
If you can recall in Science 7, it was
mentioned that the Philippines is
situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
How does this affect us? People who live
along the Ring of Fire must anticipate
the occurrence of earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions.
Can you locate the Philippines on the globe?
There are two ways by which you can
describe the location of a certain place
on the globe. One is by determining its
latitude and longitude. The other is by
identifying the landmasses and bodies of
water in the surrounding area.
In this LESSON, you will understand how the
movements of faults generate earthquakes.
Strong earthquakes have caused countless
deaths all over the world, even before people
have started recording these events. These
are unpredictable forces of nature. They
happen in no specific time and place. Up to
this day, seismologists are still figuring out how to
detect seismic tremors accurately.
No one can stop earthquakes from
happening. But there are things that
people can do to avoid or decrease the
loss of life and damage to property. The
first step is to have a clear
understanding of the occurrence of
earthquakes.
Strike-slip fault - rocks are sliding past each other
horizontally.
Normal fault - two blocks of crust pull apart create
space, stretching the crust into a valley. In a
normal fault, the hanging wall drops down.
Reverse fault - also known as thrust fault, sliding
one block of crust on top of another. This fault
is commonly found in collisions zones.
An earthquake is brought about by an abrupt
slip on a fault, much like what happens when
you snap your fingers. Going before the
snap, you push your fingers together and
sideways. Since you are pushing them
together, friction keeps them from
moving to the side.
At the point when you push sideways
hard enough to overcome this friction,
your fingers move unexpectedly, discharging
energy in a form of sound waves that set
the air vibrating and travel from your
hand to your ear, where you hear the
snap.
The same process goes on in an
earthquake. Stress in the outer layer of
the Earth pushes the sides of the fault
together. The grinding over the surface of
the fault holds the rocks together so they
do not slip promptly when pushed sideways.
In the long run, enough pressure
develops, and the rocks slip suddenly
releasing energy in waves that make a
travel through the rocks to cause the
shaking that we feel during an
earthquake.
Earthquake is the shaking of the
surface of the Earth resulting from
the sudden release of energy in the
Earth’s lithosphere. The energy will
eventually be released once the fault
overcomes the friction movement.
Faults are thin zones of crushed blocks
of rocks. These are often in centimeters
to thousands of kilometers long.
Their surfaces can be vertical or
horizontal. These can expand into
the earth and might possibly reach
out up to the earth's surface.
These are also breaking in the Earth's
crust where rocks on either side of the
crack have slid past each other.
There are three kinds of faults:
strike-slip, normal, and thrust
(reverse) faults.
Each type is the outcome of different
forces pushing or pulling on the crust,
causing rocks to slide up, down or
past each other. The amount of
ground displacement in an earthquake is
called the slip.
Strike-slip faults are rocks sliding
past one another on a horizontal
plane, with little to no vertical
movement. Examples to these are the
San Andreas Fault and the Anatolian
Fault.
Normal faults are two blocks of crust layer pulling
apart, extending the crust into a valley thus,
creating a space. A normal fault has the upper
side or hanging wall appears to have moved
downward with respect to the footwall. The
Basin and Range Province in North America and
the East African Rift Zone are two notable
districts where normal fault is spreading apart
Earth's crust.
Reverse faults are also known as thrust
faults, the slide one block of crust on top
of another. These faults are normally
found in collision zones where tectonic
plates push up mountain ranges, for example,
the Himalayas and Rocky Mountains.
1. Which cities have valleys? _______________________
2. Which cities have mountains?
_____________________
3. Which among the cities has the least probability of
having an earthquake? _____________________
4. How do movements along faults generate earthquakes?
__________________________________________________
________________
1. Which cities have valleys? _______________________
2. Which cities have mountains?
_____________________
3. Which among the cities has the least probability of
having an earthquake? _____________________
4. How do movements along faults generate earthquakes?
__________________________________________________
________________
1. The stress along the outer layer of the Earth causes the
build-up of energy. What prevent the rocks from
releasing this energy?

2. Why do earthquakes occur frequently in Japan,

Indonesia, and Philippines?

3. Which factor keeps the rocks from slipping past each

other?
4. What type of fault formed the Rocky Mountains?

5. What happens to the rocks in a fault?

6. What is referred to as a fracture between two blocks of

rocks?

7. What type of fault is the San Andreas fault?

8. Which type of fault is described by two blocks of crust pushing
together?

9. How do faults produce earthquakes?

10. Which type of fault is described by a hanging wall slipping

down the footwall?

11. What type of fault is described by rocks moving sideways past

each other?
12. What is referred to as the shaking of the Earth’s surface
resulting from the sudden release of energy in the lithosphere?

13. What type of fault shows two plates moving apart from each
other?

14. How does a reverse fault form?

Earthquakes occur as large blocks of the Earth's
crust move abruptly past
each other at a fault. At the point when the
force of plate tectonics makes the bits of
the Earth's outside layer move, in some cases,
the pieces do not slide easily past each
other.
There can be grinding along the fault’s rough
edges that catch the blocks of
rocks. This makes it hard for them to move past
one another. Sometimes they get
stuck together temporarily. At the point when
the bits of rocks overcome the snags,
energy is released. The release of energy results
the shaking of the ground surface.
A fault is a weak point in the tectonic plate
where the pressure inside the crust
is released. The area inside the Earth where an
earthquake starts is known as the
focal point of the quake or the focus. It is
centered on the portion of the fault that has
the greatest movement.
The point at the Earth's surface directly above
the focus is known as the epicenter of the quake.
During an earthquake, the strongest shaking
occurs at the epicenter. Sometimes, the ground
surface breaks along the fault. There are also
times the movement is deep underground and the
surface does not break.
Scientists often name an earthquake after the
region that is closest to its epicenter. Generally,
if two earthquakes of equal strength originate
from the same epicenter, the one with the
shallower focus causes more destruction.
Seismic waves from a deep-focus earthquake lose
more of their energy as they travel
farther up to surface.
The earthquake’s magnitude and intensity have different
characteristics.
Magnitude measures the energy being released from the
origin of the earthquake. It is measured by an instrument
called seismograph. The Richter Magnitude Scale
measures the quantity of seismic energy released by an
earthquake. Intensity is the strength of the trembling
made by the earthquake at a place. The intensity of an
earthquake varies relying on where you are and is
determined by the Mercalli Scale.
1.
SURFACE WAVES

2.
SECONDARY WAVES

3.
PRIMARY WAVES
1. The rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault.

2. Sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake.

3. When two blocks of rocks or two plates are rubbing against each other, they stick a
little.
4. The rocks are still pushing against each other but not moving.

5. When rock breaks, earthquake occurs.

6. The rock breaks because of pressure that builds up.

.
1. When two blocks of rocks or two plates are rubbing against each other, they stick a
little.
2. Sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake.
3. The rock breaks because of pressure that builds up.

4. The rocks are still pushing against each other but not moving.

5. When rock breaks, earthquake occurs.

6. The rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault
One sunny morning, Carl and his friends were having a picnic in the
garden. They were talking and laughing. It had been a long time since they
saw each other that they were excited to spend time together. Then
suddenly, everything seemed to move. They felt dizzy. The electric wires
began to swing.
Lights went out and people around them began to panic. What was
happening?
What they were experiencing was the rock beneath the Earth’s
surface suddenly moving. There was an earthquake. The ground shook,
things on land moved, and then the movement just stopped as quickly as it
began.
Carl and his friends were frightened. Once the shaking stopped, they
decided to go home. They plan to have another picnic later when
everything is safe.
1. What are the common observations that an
earthquake is likely to happen?
_______________________________________
_________________________________
2. What do you think is the reason of this
occurrence? _____________________
1. The ________________ wave is the fastest wave to travel.
2. The P waves can travel through _______________, liquids,
and gases.
3. P waves are also known as ____________________ waves.
4. Secondary waves cannot travel through
___________________ and gases.
5. The ___________________ wave is the most destructive
wave.
 Earthquake Medium
Waves Also known as Speed Travelled Motion

A. Body waves
primary wave 1. 3. 5. push-pull
secondary wave S waves 4. solids 7.
B. Surface waves
Love wave 2. slowest 6. 8.
 (a ) (b )

1. __________________ 2. __________________

(c )

3. __________________