Project Job Ref.
Section Sheet no./rev.
1
DSI
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
29/08/2024
RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS
In accordance with International Building Code 2012
Tedds calculation version 2.9.04
Retaining wall details
Stem type; Cantilever
Stem height; hstem = 5100 mm
Stem thickness; tstem = 350 mm
Angle to rear face of stem; = 90 deg
Stem density; stem = 23.6 kN/m3
Heel length; lheel = 1450 mm
Base thickness; tbase = 500 mm
Base density; base = 23.6 kN/m3
Height of retained soil; hret = 3800 mm
Angle of soil surface; = 10 deg
Depth of cover; dcover = 1300 mm
Height of water; hwater = 2000 mm
Water density; w = 9.8 kN/m3
Retained soil properties
Soil type; Medium dense well graded sand
Moist density; mr = 20 kN/m3
Saturated density; sr = 22 kN/m3
Effective angle of internal resistance; r = 30 deg
Effective wall friction angle; r = 15 deg
Base soil properties
Soil type; Medium dense well graded sand
Soil density; b = 20 kN/m3
Cohesion; cb = 0 kN/m2
Effective angle of internal resistance; b = 30 deg
Effective wall friction angle; b = 15 deg
Effective base friction angle; bb = 30 deg
Allowable bearing pressure; Pbearing = 200 kN/m2
Project Job Ref.
Section Sheet no./rev.
2
DSI
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
29/08/2024
350 1450
0 kN/m 2
13.6 kN/m 2
3800
5100
5856
2000
1300
500
66.3 kN/m 2
5411.4 kN/m2 0 kN/m 2
1800
General arrangement
Calculate retaining wall geometry
Base length; lbase = tstem + lheel = 1800 mm
Saturated soil height; hsat = hwater + dcover = 3300 mm
Moist soil height; hmoist = hret - hwater = 1800 mm
Retained surface length; lsur = lheel = 1450 mm
Effective height of wall; heff = hbase + dcover + hret + lsur tan() = 5856 mm
Area of wall stem; Astem = hstem tstem = 1.785 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xstem = ltoe + tstem / 2 = 175 mm
Area of wall base; Abase = lbase tbase = 0.9 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xbase = lbase / 2 = 900 mm
Area of saturated soil; Asat = hsat lheel = 4.785 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xsat_v = lbase - (hsat lheel2 / 2) / Asat = 1075 mm
- Distance to horizontal component; xsat_h = (hsat + hbase) / 3 = 1267 mm
Area of water; Awater = hsat lheel = 4.785 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xwater_v = lbase - (hsat lheel2 / 2) / Asat = 1075 mm
- Distance to uplift component; xwater_u = 2 lbase / 3 = 1200 mm
- Distance to horizontal component; xwater_h = (hsat + hbase) / 3 = 1267 mm
Area of moist soil; Amoist = hmoist lheel + tan() lheel2 / 2 = 2.795 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xmoist_v = lbase - (hmoist lheel2 / 2 + tan() lheel3 / 6) / Amoist = 1091 mm
Project Job Ref.
Section Sheet no./rev.
3
DSI
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
29/08/2024
- Distance to horizontal component; xmoist_h = ((heff - hsat - hbase) (tbase + hsat + (heff - hsat - hbase) / 3) / 2 + (hsat +
tbase)2/2) / (hsat + tbase + (heff - hsat - hbase) / 2) = 2450 mm
Using Coulomb theory
Active pressure coefficient; KA = sin( + r)2 / (sin()2 sin( - r) [1 + [sin(r + r) sin(r - ) /
(sin( - r) sin( + ))]]2) = 0.343
Passive pressure coefficient; KP = sin(90 - b)2 / (sin(90 + b) [1 - [sin(b + b) sin(b) / (sin(90 +
b))]]2) = 4.977
From IBC 2012 cl.1807.2.3 Safety factor
Load combination 1; 1.0 Dead + 1.0 Live + 1.0 Lateral earth
Sliding check
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; Fstem = Astem stem = 42.1 kN/m
Wall base; Fbase = Abase base = 21.2 kN/m
Saturated retained soil; Fsat_v = Asat (sr - w) = 58.3 kN/m
Water; Fwater_v = Awater w = 46.9 kN/m
Water uplift; Fwater_u = (hsat + tbase) lbase / 2 w = 33.6 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_v = Amoist mr = 55.9 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fsat_v + Fwater_v - Fwater_u + Fmoist_v = 191 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall
Saturated retained soil; Fsat_h = KA cos(r) (sr - w) (hsat + hbase)2 / 2 = 29.2 kN/m
Water; Fwater_h = w (hwater + dcover + hbase)2 / 2 = 70.8 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_h = KA cos(r) mr ((heff - hsat - hbase)2 / 2 + (heff - hsat - hbase) (hsat
+ hbase)) = 65.8 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_h = Fsat_h + Fwater_h + Fmoist_h = 165.8 kN/m
Check stability against sliding
Base soil resistance; Fexc_h = KP cos(b) b (hpass + hbase)2 / 2 = 155.7 kN/m
Base friction; Ffriction = Ftotal_v tan(bb) = 110.3 kN/m
Resistance to sliding; Frest = Fexc_h + Ffriction = 266 kN/m
Factor of safety; FoSsl = Frest / Ftotal_h = 1.604; > 1.5
PASS - Factor of safety against sliding is adequate
Overturning check
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; Fstem = Astem stem = 42.1 kN/m
Wall base; Fbase = Abase base = 21.2 kN/m
Saturated retained soil; Fsat_v = Asat (sr - w) = 58.3 kN/m
Water; Fwater_v = Awater w = 46.9 kN/m
Water uplift; Fwater_u = (hsat + tbase) lbase / 2 w = 33.6 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_v = Amoist mr = 55.9 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fsat_v + Fwater_v - Fwater_u + Fmoist_v = 191 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall
Saturated retained soil; Fsat_h = KA cos(r) (sr - w) (hsat + hbase)2 / 2 = 29.2 kN/m
Project Job Ref.
Section Sheet no./rev.
4
DSI
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
29/08/2024
Water; Fwater_h = w (hwater + dcover + hbase)2 / 2 = 70.8 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_h = KA cos(r) mr ((heff - hsat - hbase)2 / 2 + (heff - hsat - hbase) (hsat
+ hbase)) = 65.8 kN/m
Base soil; Fexc_h = -KP cos(b) b (hpass + hbase)2 / 2 = -155.7 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_h = Fsat_h + Fwater_h + Fmoist_h + Fexc_h = 10 kN/m
Overturning moments on wall
Saturated retained soil; Msat_OT = Fsat_h xsat_h = 37 kNm/m
Water; Mwater_OT = Fwater_h xwater_h + Fwater_u xwater_u = 130 kNm/m
Moist retained soil; Mmoist_OT = Fmoist_h xmoist_h = 161.2 kNm/m
Total; Mtotal_OT = Msat_OT + Mwater_OT + Mmoist_OT = 328.1 kNm/m
Restoring moments on wall
Wall stem; Mstem_R = Fstem xstem = 7.4 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase_R = Fbase xbase = 19.1 kNm/m
Saturated retained soil; Msat_R = Fsat_v xsat_v = 62.7 kNm/m
Water; Mwater_R = Fwater_v xwater_v = 50.5 kNm/m
Moist retained soil; Mmoist_R = Fmoist_v xmoist_v = 61 kNm/m
Base soil; Mexc_R = -Fexc_h xexc_h = 93.4 kNm/m
Total; Mtotal_R = Mstem_R + Mbase_R + Msat_R + Mwater_R + Mmoist_R + Mexc_R = 294.1
kNm/m
Check stability against overturning
Factor of safety; FoSot = Mtotal_R / Mtotal_OT = 0.896; < 1.5
FAIL - Factor of safety against overturning is inadequate
Bearing pressure check
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; Fstem = Astem stem = 42.1 kN/m
Wall base; Fbase = Abase base = 21.2 kN/m
Saturated retained soil; Fsat_v = Asat (sr - w) = 58.3 kN/m
Water; Fwater_v = Awater w = 46.9 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_v = Amoist mr = 55.9 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fsat_v + Fwater_v + Fmoist_v = 224.5 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall
Saturated retained soil; Fsat_h = KA cos(r) (sr - w) (hsat + hbase)2 / 2 = 29.2 kN/m
Water; Fwater_h = w (hwater + dcover + hbase)2 / 2 = 70.8 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_h = KA cos(r) mr ((heff - hsat - hbase)2 / 2 + (heff - hsat - hbase) (hsat
+ hbase)) = 65.8 kN/m
Base soil; Fpass_h = -KP cos(b) b (dcover + hbase)2 / 2 = -155.7 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_h = max(Fsat_h + Fwater_h + Fmoist_h + Fpass_h - Ftotal_v tan(bb), 0 kN/m) =
0 kN/m
Moments on wall
Wall stem; Mstem = Fstem xstem = 7.4 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase = Fbase xbase = 19.1 kNm/m
Project Job Ref.
Section Sheet no./rev.
5
DSI
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
29/08/2024
Saturated retained soil; Msat = Fsat_v xsat_v - Fsat_h xsat_h = 25.8 kNm/m
Water; Mwater = Fwater_v xwater_v - Fwater_h xwater_h = -39.3 kNm/m
Moist retained soil; Mmoist = Fmoist_v xmoist_v - Fmoist_h xmoist_h = -100.2 kNm/m
Base soil; Mpass = -Fpass_h xpass_h = 93.4 kNm/m
Total; Mtotal = Mstem + Mbase + Msat + Mwater + Mmoist + Mpass = 6.2 kNm/m
Check bearing pressure
Distance to reaction; x = Mtotal / Ftotal_v = 28 mm
Eccentricity of reaction; e = x - lbase / 2 = -872 mm
Loaded length of base; lload = 3 x = 83 mm
Bearing pressure at toe; qtoe = 2 Ftotal_v / lload = 5411.4 kN/m2
Bearing pressure at heel; qheel = 0 kN/m2
Factor of safety; FoSbp = Pbearing / max(qtoe, qheel) = 0.037;
FAIL - Maximum applied bearing pressure exceeds allowable bearing pressure
