Class: 8

Subject: Biology

Chapter: Reproduction in Animals

Type of Document: Study Material

Brief Overview
I. Reproduction
Reproduction is the characteristic feature of living organisms to produce young ones of their
own kind. It is important It helps to maintain the continuity of their species on the earth.

II. Oviparous and Viviparous Animals

Animals that lay eggs and or produce young ones can be differentiated with the help of
external ears and epidermal skin. Animals like frog and hen lay eggs and do not contain external
ears and epidermal skin. These animals are called oviparous animals. Animals like cat, elephant
and mammals have external ears and epidermal skin and are called viviparous animals.

III. Modes of reproduction

All living organisms that we see around us either reproduce asexually or sexually. Primitive
organisms like prokaryotes and mosses do not produce gametes. Hence there is no fusion of
gametes and this mode of reproduction is called ‘asexual reproduction’.
Highly developed organisms like humans, animals and most of the plants can produce male and
female gametes.The fusion of male and female gametes occurs resulting in the formation of
offsprings and this mode of reproduction is called ‘sexual reproduction’.

IV. Asexual reproduction

The different modes of asexual reproduction are i) budding and ii) binary fission. Hydra and
yeast can reproduces asexually through budding process. Whereas Prokaryotes like bacteria
and eukaryotes like amoeba and paramoecium reproduces asexually through binary fission.
Regeneration, multiple fission and fragmentation are few other methods by which a single
parent produces young ones through asexual reproduction.

V.Budding in hydra
Hydra is a microscopic fresh water organism and reproduces asexually through budding.
Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which the formation of small bulging or buds
occurs on the body surface of the parent organism. The buds gradually grow and detaches from
the parent when it is completely grown. The detached buds live independently by attaching to
any substratum.

VI.Binary fission in Amoeba

Amoeba is a unicellular, microscopic organism that lives in fresh water and reproduces
asexually through binary fission. Binary fission (Binary=Two; Fission=Division) is a type of
asexual reproduction in which the division of nucleus takes place resulting in the formation of
two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.
During the binary fission process in amoeba, a constriction appears at the centre of the nucleus.
The matured nucleus divides into two daughter nuclei followed by the division of parent body
into two. The two daughter amoeba cells formed are identical to the parent cell.

VII. Sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male gametes and female gametes.

i) Sexual reproduction in Plants: This involves the fusion of the male reproductive cell (pollen
grain) and female reproductive cell (ovum) and results in the formation of a seed.
Stamens produce pollen grains and contain the male reproductive organs of plants. The pollen
grains get transferred to the ovules through the process of ‘pollination’ to the stigma of a
female flower. The male gametes fuse with the egg cells of female gametes (ovules) by
fertilisation process and forms a zygote. The zygote eventually develops and forms an ‘embryo’
and further into a ‘fruit’. The ovary develops into a fruit and the ovules develop into seeds.

ii) Sexual reproduction in Animals: This involves the fusion of the ‘ovum or female reproductive
cell’ and ‘sperm or male reproductive cell’ or sperm’ and results in the formation of ‘zygote’.

VIII. Male reproductive system of Human beings

The male reproductive organs of humans are located just below the abdomen and include the
following parts: i) A pair of testis (testes in plural) ii) Two sperm ducts or Seminal ducts and iii)
Penis. The testes produce millions of ‘sperms or male gametes’. The sperms are single-celled
microscopic structures and consist of head, a middle piece and a tail. The head of the sperm
consists of nucleus, the mitochondria that help in providing the energy and a tail that helps in
the movement of sperms. The testes are connected with a pair of ‘seminal ducts or sperm
ducts’ through which sperms travel through and ejaculate with the help of ‘penis’.

IX. Female reproductive system of Human beings

The female reproductive organs are located just below the abdomen and include the following
parts: i) A pair of ovaries ii) Oviducts or Fallopian tubes and iii) Uterus. Ovaries are located one
on each side of the uterus inside the abdomen and are placed just below the funnel-shaped
opening of the fallopian tube. The ovary produces the female gametes known as ‘eggs or ova
(ovum=singular)’. The ovum is a single-celled structure and that contains a central nucleus, and
a cytoplasm covered with an outer covering. One of the ovaries releases a single matured egg
every month into the oviduct every month. The development of the baby takes place in the
‘uterus’.

X. Fertilisation & Types

Fertilisation is the process of fusion of male and female gametes. The fusion of the gametes
may take place within the female body or outside the female body depending on the type of
animal. Based on this, the fertilisation is categorised into two types i.e., i) Internal fertilisation ii)
External fertilisation.

Fertilisation that takes place outside the female body like in fishes and frogs is called ‘external
fertilisation’. Fertilisation that takes place inside the female body like in cows and human beings
is called ‘internal fertilisation’.

XI. Development of the Embryo

In animals and humans, the fusion of the male gametes (sperms) and female gametes (ova/
eggs) results in the formation of a single cell called the ‘zygote or fertilised egg’. The zygote
undergoes several divisions and develops into an ‘embryo’. The development of an embryo
takes place in the uterus. The fully developed embryo with all the parts clearly well-defined
body parts is called as ‘foetus’. This period from zygote to a fully formed foetus is called as
‘pregnancy period’. Generally, a new baby is born after the completion of the pregnancy period.

In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology which helps a woman
become pregnant by means of special medical techniques. The babies produced using this
technique is called ‘test tube babies’.

XII. Life Cycle of Frog

Frogs undergo external fertilisation. The life cycle of a frog contains the following stages: 1) Egg
2) Larva 3) Adult. An adult female frog lays plenty of eggs at a time in water. The eggs are
covered with a protective jelly layer. The eggs are hatched into larva in about usually in 15-16
days. The larval stage of frogs is called ‘tadpole’ as it resembles like a fish. The gills developed
during in this stage help them in breathing. The development of hind limbs takes place first
followed by the fore limbs. The tail disappears slowly. It takes nearly 30-32 days for the tadpole
to transform into an adult frog through metamorphosis process.
There is no resemblance between the larvae and the adult. This change that is involved in the
transformation of young one or larva or tadpole into an adult is known as ‘metamorphosis’.

XIII. Cloning
Cloning is the production of one or more than one identical offsprings that are genetically
identical to its their donor parent. First time, the cloning of an animal was successfully
performed by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh; Scotland. The
first mammal to be cloned was Dolly (cloned sheep) on 5th July 1996.

The process of cloning involves the collection of a cell from the mammary gland of a female
Finn Dorset sheep and an egg from Scottish blackface ewe simultaneously. The nucleus was
removed from the egg and was inserted into the egg of the Scottish black face ewe whose
nucleus had been removed. The produced egg was implanted into the Scottish black face ewe.

Dolly was born due to the development of the egg. Dolly produced several offsprings of her
own through normal sexual means and was a healthy clone of the Finn Dorset sheep. But due
to certain/some lung disease, unfortunately Dolly died on 14th February 2003. Many cloned
animals born after Dolly has observed witnessed many abnormalities. The artificial means of
producing young ones like cloning have their own good and bad implications.
Quick-Recap
 Textbook-Back Exercise questions
1. Differentiate between: a) Sexual reproduction and Asexual reproduction
Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
 Involves two (male and female)  Involves single organism
organisms
 Formation of gametes occurs  No gamete formation
 The fusion of male and female  No fusion of gametes
gametes takes place
 Offsprings possess new characters  Offsprings are identical to the
other than parents parents
 The process is very slow  The process is very fast
 Take place in highly developed  Take place in primitive organisms.
organisms. Ex: Humans, animals Ex: Prokaryotes and mosses.
and most of the plants.

1. Differentiate between: b) Gametes and Zygote

Gametes Zygote
 Gametes are haploid i.e. egg or  Zygote is diploid
sperm
 Gametes are produced by the  The fusion of male and female
reproductive cells. i.e. Testis gametes results in the formation of
produces male gametes (sperms) a zygote
and Ovary produces female
gametes (ova)  It is located only in the females i.e.
 The male gametes are located in fallopian tube
testis and female gametes are  The zygote develops into embryo
located in ovary and further into a baby
 The gametes produce zygote

1. Differentiate between: c) External fertilisation and Internal fertilisation

External Fertilisation Internal Fertilisation
 The process of fertilisation that  The process of fertilisation that
occurs outside the female occurs inside the body of a female
organism is called external organism is called internal
fertilisation. fertilisation.
 Examples: Fish and Frog.  Examples: Human beings and
 Both male and female individuals Animals.
release their gametes outside the  Only the male individual releases its
body. sperms into the female genital tract.
 Usually takes place in water.  Takes place in oviduct.
  The number of gametes produced  The number of gametes produced is
is more. less.
1. Differentiate between: d) Viviparous and oviparous animals
Viviparous Animals Oviparous Animals
 Viviparous animals give birth to  Oviparous animals lay eggs.
their young ones.
 Examples: Cat, Elephant &  Examples: Frog and Hen
Mammals  These animals generally do not have
 These animals have external ears external ears and epidermal skin.
and epidermal skin.

2. Compare the reproduction process in Hydra and Amoeba. Note down the differences in your
notebook.
Reproduction in Hydra Reproduction in Amoeba
 The asexual reproduction that  The asexual reproduction that takes
takes place in hydra is known as place in amoeba is known as ‘binary
‘budding’. fission’.
 The formation of buds occurs on  Constriction is formed in the middle
the body surface. of the nucleus after maturation.
 The bud gradually grows and  The constriction gradually deepens
increases in its size. and divides the nuclei and
 The bud detaches from the parent cytoplasm into two.
when it is completely grown and  The division of nuclei results in the
lives independently by attaching formation of ‘two daughter
to any substratum. amoeba’. Hence this mode of
reproduction is referred as binary
fission (binary=two; fission=division)

3. Why do fish and frog lay more number of eggs, whereas cow and human beings usually
give birth to only one at a time?

 Fishes and frogs undergo external fertilisation.

 The females of these organisms release plenty of eggs into the water as the chance of
fertilisation of eggs by sperms is less.
 Few of the eggs get washed away by the water force and the safety of fertilized eggs is
very less.
 The release of more eggs helps to enhance the rate of survival of their offsprings and
the continuation of their generation.
 Cows and human beings undergo internal fertilisation. The females of these organisms
give birth to only one at a time.
 The possibility of fertilisation of one egg is high and the embryo is safe inside the female
womb until its birth.
4. Can animals produce offsprings even without the formation of zygotes? If so, how? Explain
with a suitable example.

Animals in which the fusion of male and female gametes does not take place produce offsprings
even without the formation of zygotes. This method of reproduction is known as ‘asexual
reproduction’.
Example:
 Hydra is a multicellular organism that produces its offsprings through ‘budding’.
 The formation of buds occurs on the body surface.
 The bud gradually grows and increases in its size.
 The bud detaches from the parent when it is completely grown and lives independently
by attaching to any substratum.

5. How can you identify whether the animal is viviparous or oviparous.

 Viviparous animals give birth to their young ones. Examples: Cat, Elephant & Mammals.
Viviparous animals have external ears and epidermal skin.

 Oviparous animals lay eggs. Examples: Frog and Hen.

Oviparous animals generally do not have external ears and epidermal skin.

6. Who am I?
a) I am formed by the fusion of male and female gametes...
Zygote.
The fusion of male and female gametes through fertilisation process results in the formation of
zygote.

b) I am a gamete that has a tail and travel to fuse with a female gamete...
Sperm.
Sperm is single celled and contains head, middle piece and tail.

c) I am a fully developed embryo inside a mother’s body...

Foetus.
The fully developed embryo with all the visible distinct parts is foetus. Pregnancy period is the
period from zygote to fully developed foetus. After completion of this period (about 270-280
days), a baby is born. This is called gestation period.

7. State the reason why most of the terrestrial animals’ fertilisation takes place internally.

Fertilisation takes place internally in the terrestrial animals such as insects, birds, reptiles and
mammals. This kind of fertilisation is called internal fertilisation.
Only the male individual releases its sperms into the female genital tract. The fertilisation takes
place inside the body of a female oviduct. The zygote gets protected from the external factors
that these terrestrial animals live in and get nourishment.
8. Observe the following figures and write their functions.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

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a) Testis:

Testis (singular) /Testes (plural) are the male reproductive organs and produce male
gametes known as ‘sperms’.

b) Ovary and Oviduct:

Ovary produces the female gametes known as ova (plural)/ovum (singular) or eggs.
Each ovary is placed just below the funnel-shaped opening of the fallopian tubes.
Oviduct is also called as fallopian tube.

c) Sperm:

Sperm is a male gamete produced by the testes. Sperms fuse with ovum to form the
zygote.

d) Fusion of ovum and sperm:

The fusion of ovum (female gamete) and sperm (male gamete) resulting in the formation
of a zygote is known as fertilisation.

9. a. Label the following picture depicting the life cycle of a housefly.

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9. b. Explain the process of metamorphosis in housefly by taking the help from the below-given
diagram.
 Life Cycle of a Housefly

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 The life cycle of a housefly contains the following stages: 1) Egg 2) Larva 3) Pupa
4) Adult.
 An adult female housefly lays eggs. The eggs are hatched into larva in about 24 hours.
 The larva feeds on the debris or organic matter and develops into pupa.
 The pupa transforms into an adult in about a week.
 There is no resemblance between the larvae and the adult. This change that is involved
in the transformation of young one or larva into an adult is known as ‘metamorphosis’.

10. Match the following:

A) Oviparous ( 2 ) 1. Tadpole to adult

B) Metamorphosis ( 1 ) 2. Birds
C) Embryo ( 4 ) 3. Fertilisation outside the body
D) External Fertilisation ( 3 ) 4. Developed zygote

11. What would happen if all the organisms stop the process of reproduction?
 Reproduction is essential to maintain the continuity of the species of living organisms.
 If the organisms stop the process of reproduction, there will not be any addition of
species, the death rate will continue and the entire species of living organisms will
disappear from the earth.

12. Kavitha found a tadpole in a pond. She collected it carefully and put it in an aquarium
supposing it as a fish. After some days, what did she find?

 Kavitha assumed tadpole as a fish, as tadpoles contain gills and tail with fins.
 She could observe the transformation of a tadpole into a small frog with a pair of limbs
but without gills and tail. She found the adult frog that has undergone metamorphosis
from the tadpole stage after few days in the aquarium.

13. Collect information from your library or from other sources like internet and discuss the life
cycle of Honeybees in the symposium at your school.
 Life Cycle of a Honeybee

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 The life cycle of a honeybee contains the following stages, 1) Egg 2) Larva 3) Pupa
4) Adult.
1. Egg: The queen bee lays fertilised eggs in small batches in the comb. The eggs develop
into larvae in almost 1-3 days. The fertilised eggs developed into either virgin queens or
workers. The unfertilised eggs will develop into future queen bees or drones.
2. Larva: The larval stage does not contain any legs or eyes. The larval stage contains the
13-segments; in which each segment contain a pair of spiracles for respiration. The
larval stage shed their skin almost 4-5days. The larval stage develops into pupa.
3. Pupa: The pupa stage is nourished by the worker bees. The development of legs, eyes
and wings take place in this stage. The pupa stage lasts for around10-23 days and
eventually grows into adult.
4. Adult: The development period varies in queens, workers and drones. The
development of queen bees will take 15-16 days, worker bees will take 21 days and
drones will take 24 days. Only one queen bee will be present in the hive. The worker
bees will actually decide which larvae will develop into drones and which will become
queens by feeding a ‘royal jelly’. When the existing queen bee ages or dies, a new queen
bee is raised by worker bees.
14. Sketch the diagrams of male and female reproductive systems?

Male Reproductive system Female Reproductive system

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15. Draw labelled diagram of life history of frog and identify which stages are herbivores.
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Tadpole larva is the herbivorous stage in the life cycle of a frog.

16. How would you appreciate Ritwik’s work when he kept back the pigeon squab in the
ventilator? If you were in Ritwik’s place what would you do?

Ritwik’s act is really appreciative. He showed kindness towards the pigeon squab by keeping it
back in its original place and saved its life.
If he has not done that the baby pigeon would have become the prey for some predators or it
might have died due to the lack of nourishment. I might have done the same thing if I was in
Ritwik’s place.

17. Fill in the blanks.

(a) Animals which give birth to babies are called viviparous animals.
(b) In human’s foetus develops in uterus.
(c) Ovum is released from ovary.
(d) Tadpole is the primary stage of Frog.
(e) Budding and binary fission are asexual reproductive methods.

In-Between Text Questions

1. Do all eggs hatch into nestlings?
Yes. All eggs hatch into nestlings.

2. Is egg first or pigeon?

The eggs are produced during the process of reproduction by adult pigeons.

3. Can there be eggs if there were no pigeons?

There will be no pigeons if there are no eggs.
4. Do all animals lay eggs?
 No. All animals do not lay eggs.

5. Are there any animals that give birth to young ones?

Yes. The animals like elephant, cow, cat, dog etc give birth to young ones.

6. How can we identify which animals lay eggs and which give birth to young ones?
Animals that lay eggs are called oviparous animals. They do not have external ears or
epidermal hair. Examples: Frog and Hen.
Animals that give birth to young ones are called viviparous animals. These animals have
external ears and epidermal skin. Examples: Cat, Elephant & Mammals.

7. Are there any patterns in nature that give clues to modes of reproduction?
There are two types of reproduction. 1) Asexual reproduction 2) Sexual reproduction.

8. (a) The names of some animals are listed below. Observe carefully and fill the table-1.
Deer, Leopard, Pig, Fish, Buffalo, Giraffe, Frog, Sparrow, Lizard, Crow, Snake, Elephant,
Cat.
Sl. Animals that have external ears Animals that do not have external ears
No.
1. Deer Fish
2. Leopard Frog
3. Pig Sparrow
4. Buffalo Lizard
5. Giraffe Crow
6. Elephant Snake
7. Cat

(b) Think how animals could hear without external ears?

Animals that do not contain external ears sense the surroundings through their body
and other sensory organs.

9. (a) Read the names of the animals given below and try to fill the table.
Cow, rat, crow, pig, fox, hen, camel, duck, frog, elephant, buffalo, pigeon, cat, peacock,
lizard.

Sl. Name of Presence of Presence of epidermal hairs on

No. Animals external ears the skin/feathers on their wings
(Yes/No)
1. Cow Yes Epidermal Hair
2. Rat Yes Epidermal Hair
3. Crow No Feathers on their wings
4. Pig Yes Epidermal Hair
5. Fox Yes Epidermal Hair
 6. Hen No Feathers on their wings
7. Camel Yes Epidermal Hair
8. Duck No Feathers on their wings
9. Frog No Neither hair Nor feathers
10. Elephant Yes Epidermal Hair
11. Buffalo Yes Epidermal Hair
12. Pigeon No Feathers on their wings
13. Cat Yes Epidermal Hair
14. Peacock No Feathers on their wings
15. Lizard No Neither hair Nor feathers

(b) Is epidermal hair seen in the animals whose ears are visible outside?
Yes. The epidermal hair is seen in the animals that has visible ears.

(c) Do animals that have epidermal hair give birth to young ones or lay eggs?
The animals that have epidermal hair give birth to young ones.
Activity-1: Observation of budding in Hydra

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1. Recall what you have observed in the first slide. Compare Slide 1 & 2 to observe which
part of the body develops a swelling?
When we compare slide 1 & 2, we could see in slide-2 the swelling or bulging in the
parent body. The slide-3 contains the fully grown bud which detaches from the parent
body and can develop into an independent organism.

2. What did you observe in slides/pictures 1, 2 and 3?

 The slide-1 shows the matured hydra.
 The slide-2 shows swelling or bulging of a small bulging or bud.
 The slide-3 shows the fully grown bud which detaches from the parent body and
can develop into an independent organism.

3. What is the main difference between slides 1 and 2 as well as 3 and 4?

 The slide-1 shows the matured hydra.
 The slide-2 shows swelling or bulging of a small bulging or bud.
 The slide-3 shows the fully grown bud with the formation of tentacles.
  The slide-4 shows the detachment of bud from the parent body and can develop
into an independent organism.

4. What did the swelling (bulge) part develop into?

 The swelling/bulge/bud develops into a new offspring or individual of hydra.

2. Write the similarities and differences between budding in yeast and hydra according to your
observations and diagrams given in the text.

Budding in Yeast Budding in Hydra

Similarities:
1. Formation of a bud or bulge-like 1. Formation of a bud or bulge-like
appearance. appearance.
2. It is a type of asexual 2. It is a type of asexual reproduction.
reproduction.
Differences:
1. The swelling or small bulging or 4. The swelling or small bulging or
bud-like appearance is seen on bud appears on the parent
the parent organism. organism.
2. The nucleus divides and the 5. The formation of tentacles
daughter nuclei will get moved appears on the bud.
into the bulging or bud. 6. The fully developed bud detaches
3. The fully matured bud detaches from the parent body and
from the parent body and develops into an independent
develops into new individuals. organism.

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1. Observe the slide of an amoeba with the help of a microscope and also observe the
diagram. Are you able to see a distinct round-shaped organelle in its centre?
Yes. The round-shaped organelle is prominently seen in the centre of the organism.

2. Do you know what is it?

The round-shaped structure is known as Nucleus.
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3. What function does it perform?

Nucleus plays an important role in the reproduction and controls all the activities of the
cell.

Activity-2: Observation of binary fission in Amoeba

1. Observe the given diagram carefully and fill the following table.

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Changes in the nucleus/body structure

st
1 diagram Amoeba – It is a microscopic unicellular organism. The prominent
round shaped nucleus is present at the centre of the cell.
2nd diagram The constriction appears at the centre of the nucleus.
3rd diagram The division of the nucleus occurs transversely into two smaller
daughter nuclei. The constriction is also seen at the middle of the
body.
4th diagram The constriction starts deepening.
5th diagram The constriction deepens still and will be ready to divide into two
daughter cells.
6th diagram Two daughter amoebas are formed and separated from each other
and lives independently.

2. How many amoebae are formed at the end?

Two daughter amoebas are formed at the end of binary fission process.
3. Are budding and fission the only methods of asexual reproduction in animals?
No. Apart from budding and fission, there are other methods of asexual reproduction in
animals.

4. Apart from budding and binary fission, there are some other methods by which a single
parent produces young ones. What are they?
Apart from budding and fission, there are other methods by which a single parent
produces young ones. They are regeneration, fragmentation and multiple fission.
i. Regeneration: Examples: Amoeba, hydra, sponges, planaria, earthworm and starfish.
ii. Multiple fission: Examples: Amoeba, few algae and plasmodium, monocystis
(protozoans).
iii. Fragmentation: Examples: Sponges, sea anemones and echinoderms.

1. Male flower and its parts

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The following are the parts of a male flower:

1. Pollen
2. Anther
3. Filament

2. Female flower and its parts

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The following are the parts of a female flower:

1. Stigma
2. Style
3. Ovary
4. Ovules
 3. Let’s recall how a seed is formed from a flower. Is it formed only from ovary?
Yes, the seeds are formed during the process of sexual reproduction from the ovules
present in the ovary.

4. Do pollen grains play any role in the formation of seeds?

 Yes. The pollen grains are produced by the stamens and contain the male
reproductive organs of plants.

 Pollen grains get transferred to the ovules through pollination process.

 They fuse with the egg cells of female gametes (ovules) by fertilisation process
and forms zygote.

 The zygote eventually develops and forms an embryo and further into a fruit.
The ovary develops into fruits and the ovules develop into seeds.

1. What is the function of the tail in a sperm?

The tail of a sperm resembles flagellum and helps in the movement of a sperm towards
the egg for the process of fertilisation.

2. Look at the flow chart given below and fill in the blanks.

Male Female

Testis Ovary

Sperm Ovum

Zygote

EMBRYO

FOETUS

3. Observe the diagram of the female reproductive system. say where an ovum and sperm have
a chance of fusion?
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The ovum and sperm have a chance of fusion in the ‘fallopian tube or oviduct’.

4. What would happen if the fusion of sperm and ova doesn't take place?
The fertilisation process doesn’t take place if there is no fusion of sperm and ova.
5. Why animals give birth to their babies?
Animals give birth to their babies to maintain the continuity of their species on the earth.
6. What would happen if all the animals stop giving birth to their babies?
If all the organisms stop giving birth to their babies, there will not be any addition of species,
the death rate will continue and the entire species of all animals will disappear from the earth.

7. Fertilisation takes place by the fusion of gametes from mother and father. Does it affect the
resemblance of offsprings with their parents?

Sometimes, the characters of offsprings are same as the parents. Sometimes, the offsprings
contain the characters that are a mixture of both the parents. Some characters will be entirely
new which are not seen in either of the parents.

Activity-3: Observation of resemblance in parents and children

Divide your class into 4 or 5 groups. See that all groups have at least 5-6 members. Collect
photos of parents of all the members. Now compare the faces of your friends with their
parents. See what parts of your friend’s face resemble his/ her mother or father. The table
given below will help you to note the similar and dissimilar characters.
SL. Name of Name of the Character Character Characters
No. your organ resembles resembles father resembling with other
friend mother family members/
relatives
1. Pannaga a. Nose: Father Intelligence Writing Height
b. Eyes: Father Speaking skills
c. Eyebrows: Weight
d. Cheeks:
e. Hair : Mother
2. Sandy a. Nose : Father Music Speaking skills Height
 Lopez b. Eyes: Mother Dance
c. Eyebrows:
Mother
d. Cheeks:
Father
e. Hair : Father

1. Why do some characters of your friends resemble that of their mother or father?
The transfer of genetic material takes place from the parents (either mother or father)
to their offsprings through the process of reproduction. Hence there will be
resemblance of characters of parents in their offsprings.

2. Why sometimes ‘no characters’ match with their father or mother?

The characters from mother and father combine to form a new set of characters in
offsprings due to chromosomes recombination. Hence there will not be any exact
resemblance of either father or mother characters in the offsprings.

3. Why some characters of your friends may resemble with their aunt, uncle or
grandparents?
Due to the inheritance of genetic material, the characters of offsprings sometimes
resemble with their aunt, uncle or grandparents.

1. What is the name of the creature given below and where do you observe it?

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The image given above is a tadpole and they are seen in ponds.

2. Why frogs croak in a rainy season?

Generally, male frogs croak in the rainy season as a call to the female frogs for mating.

Project Work
Step: 1
Go to a nearby pond or a slow flowing stream where usually the sewage stagnates during rainy
season. Collect few eggs of a frog with the help of a wide mouthed bottle as shown in the figure
given below. While collecting eggs, take care that the clusters of eggs are not disturbed and
isolated.

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Step: 2
After collecting eggs, take a tub of 15 cm depth and a radius of 8-10 cms. Transfer the eggs
along with the weeds and algae that you have collected from the pond into the tub. Carefully
observe the eggs. You will find a blackish part in the middle of the eggs. That is the embryo of
the frog.

Step: 3
Observe the tub daily and note down the changes in your observation book. Draw diagrams
after observing for at least once in three days.

1-3 days 4-6 days 7-9 days 10-12 days

Embryos before Embryos before

Eggs
Eggs hatching hatching

13-15 days 16-18 days 19-21 days 22-24 days

Development of
Hatched Tadpole Appearance of external
external gills
Embryos before hatching gills in tadpole
completely

25-27days 28-30days 31-33days 34-36days

 Development of
mouth Development of
Attachment of the intestine Development of hind
tadpoles to the water
limbs
plants

37-39days 40-42days 43-45days 46-48days

Development of forelimbs
Young frog and Adult frog
and replacement of gills Tail shortens and
with lungs. young froglet ready to disappearance of tail
leave the water

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Step: 4

To observe the tadpole, take a transparent glass and fill it with some water taken from the
previous tub where tadpoles are preserved for observation. Take a plastic dropper and fill in
some water along with a tadpole. Pour it in a watch glass and observe.

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Step: 5

1. How many days did it take for the eggs to hatch?

It took almost 15-16 days for the eggs to hatch into larva.

2. How does the tadpole look like?

The tadpole (larva stage of frog) looks like a fish.
3. When did you find gill slits in a tadpole?
The appearance of gill slits in a tadpole is seen in 19-21 days i.e., 7 th day of tadpole stage.
4. On which dates did you observe:
a. Heart: 28-30days
b. Intestine: 31-33 days
c. Bones: 34-36 days
d. Rectum: 34-36 days
e. Hind limbs : 34-36 days
f. Fore limbs: 37-39 days
Step: 6
Having observed hind limbs, keep pebbles in the tub as shown in the figure given below. It is for
accommodating the tadpoles to settle outside for some time. It is essential in this stage as
respiration through lungs starts.

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1. When did gill slits disappear?

The gill slits starts disappearing at 37-39 days.

2. When did the tail completely disappear?

The tail completely disappears in 43-44 days.

3. How many days did it take for a tadpole to transform into an adult frog?
It takes nearly 30-32 days for the tadpole to transform into an adult frog through
metamorphosis process.

4. Give some examples of other animals in which external fertilisation takes place in water.
Amphibians and Salmon are examples of animals that undergo external fertilisation in
water.

Self Assessment
Total: 25 Marks

I. Choose the correct option for each of the following. 1x5= 5 marks

1. The type of reproduction in amoeba is

A. Budding
B. Binary fission
C. Sporulation
D. Regeneration

2. The full form of IVF is ____________.

A. Intra vascular fertilisation
B. Intro vaginal fusion
C. In vitro fertilisation
D. In vivo fertilisation

3. The organism that undergoes internal fertilisation and is oviparous is

A. Frog
B. Cow
C. Butterfly
D. Hen

4. The young ones that are produced as a result of asexual reproduction are
A. Non identical to the parent
B. Identical to the parent
C. Non identical daughter cells
D. Identical to individuals from other parents

5. Which of the following results in the maintenance of parental identity?

A. Budding
B. Binary fission
C. Asexual reproduction
D. All the above

II. True or False 1x4= 4 marks

1. In internal fertilisation, the nourishment of young ones takes place even before birth.
 2. Tadpoles can produce gametes.
3. Sperms (male gametes) swim towards ova (female gametes).
4. Embryo develops from the zygote.

III. Answer the following questions in brief 2x4= 8 Marks

1. Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction.

2. What is cloning?
3. Is the fertilisation type in frogs and humans same?
4. Define metamorphosis.

IV. Answer the following questions in detail 4X2= 8 Marks

1. Draw a labelled diagram of an egg or a human ovum.

2. Explain the budding process in hydra.

Answers-Self Assessment
I. Choose the correct option for each of the following. 1x5= 5 marks
 1. B. Binary fission
2. C. In vitro fertilisation
3. D. Hen
4. B. Identical to the parent
5. D. All the above

II. True or False 1x4= 4 marks

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True

III. Answer the following questions in brief 2x4= 8 Marks

1. The type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes is called ‘asexual
reproduction’. Examples: Prokaryotes and mosses.

The type of reproduction that involves the fusion of male gametes and female gametes is called
‘sexual reproduction’. Examples: Humans, animals and most of the plants.

2. Cloning is the technique of production of one or more than one identical offspring, which is
genetically identical to its donor parent.

3. No. The fertilisation process in frogs is known as ‘external fertilisation’, whereas the
fertilisation in a human is known as ‘internal fertilisation’.

4. The changes involved in the transformation of young one or larva into an adult is known as
‘metamorphoses. Example: Frog.

IV. Answer the following questions in detail. 4X2= 8 Marks

1.
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2.
 The asexual reproduction that takes place in hydra is known as ‘budding’.
 The formation of buds occurs on the body surface.
 The bud gradually grows and increases in its size.
 The bud detaches from the parent when it is completely grown and lives independently
by attaching to any substratum.

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Additional Questions
 Objective type questions (One mark questions)
I. Multiple Choice Questions
1. Reproduction in amoeba results in _____________ daughter cells.

A. One
B. Four
C. Two
D. Many

2. The fusion of two functional gametes in humans results in the formation of

_____________.

A. Spore
B. Bud
C. Clone
D. Zygote

3. Sexual reproduction involves

A. Fusion of male gametes alone
B. Fusion of male and female gametes
C. Fusion of female gametes alone
D. Fusion of two female gametes with one male gamete

4. Metamorphosis is the process of

A. Transformation of larva into an adult
B. Development of new individuals from buds
C. Formation of larva from adult
D. Transformation of larva into eggs

5. The correct sequence of the life cycle of a housefly is

A. Eggs Larva Pupa Adult
B. Pupa Eggs Larva Adult
C. Larva Pupa Eggs Adult
D. Eggs Pupa Larva Adult

6. Generally in humans, a single egg is released into the oviduct once every
 A. 15 days
B. Month/30 days
C. 7 days
D. 45 days

7. The tail in the sperms is meant for

A. Production of hormones
B. Lubrication
C. Nourishment of the sperms
D. Motility of the sperms

8. The fusion of a sperm and an egg results in the formation of

A. A single nucleus
B. Two nuclei
C. Four nuclei
D. Many nuclei

9. Which of the following diagrams represents binary fission?

A.

B.

D.

10. Which of the following organisms undergoes sexual reproduction?

 A. Amoeba
B. Frog
C. Yeast
D. Hydra

11. The correct sequence of reproductive stage in humans is

A. Ova Embryo Zygote Foetus
B. Ova Zygote Embryo Foetus
C. Foetus Ova Zygote Embryo
D. Ova Foetus Zygote Embryo

12. Asexual reproduction results in offsprings that have greater similarity among
themselves. This is because
A. It does not involve any gametes
B. It happens before sexual reproduction
C. It involves only one parent
D. All of the above

13. Identify the part that acts as a site of fertilisation.

A. i
B. ii
C. iii
D. iv

ii

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14. The following are various stages of budding in hydra. Which of these is the correct
sequence of reproduction in hydra?

I 2 3 4

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A. 1, 2, 3 and 4
B. 3, 2, 1 and 4
C. 2, 4, 3 and 1
D. 1, 4, 3 and 2

15. The picture given below depicts reproduction stage in hydra. Which of the following
organisms can reproduce the same way?

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A. Yeast
B. Amoeba
C. Paramecium
D. All the above

16. Which of these characteristics of hydra is also found in amoeba?

A. Ability to form buds
B. Ability to attach to the substratum
C. Regeneration capacity
D. None of the above
17. Which of the following statements about human reproduction is correct?
A. The female gametes are produced throughout their lifetime
B. The male gamete is smaller than the female gamete
C. The production of male gametes is less than the production of female gametes
D. Female gametes are motile

18. Sexual reproduction results in

A. Population stability
B. Genetic stability
C. Genetic diversity
D. Chromosomal stability

19. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. Yeast, hydra and amoeba reproduce by sporulation method
B. Hydra reproduces both asexually and sexually
C. Budding occurs in yeast and hydra
D. Yeast reproduces by budding and by binary fission

20. Read the following two statements in which one of them is Assertion (A) and the other
is Reason (R).
Assertion: Amoeba reproduces by fission

Reason: All unicellular organisms undergo asexual mode of reproduction

Identify the correct response

A. A is true and R is false

B. A is false and R is true
C. Both A and R are false
D. Both A and R are true

21. Read the following two statements in which one of them is Assertion (A) and the other
is Reason (R).
Assertion: Ovary is the primary female reproductive organ

Reason: Ovary is the site where the embryo develops

Identify the correct response

A. A is true and R is false

B. A is false and R is true
 C. Both A and R are false
D. Both A and R are true

22. The advantages of the production of hundreds of eggs during external fertilisation is
A. To get the exact number of individuals
B. To stimulate the males for the release of sperms
C. To store some of the eggs for the next reproductive cycle
D. To increase the possibility of fertilisation

23. A gynaecologist suggested Mary that an unblocked fallopian tube plays an important
role in the process of reproduction in females. What could be the reason for this
suggestion?
A. It helps in the release of an ova by the ovaries
B. It helps in the maturation of the ovaries
C. It helps in the process of fertilisation
D. It helps in the development of a zygote

24. Which of these statements related to fission in amoeba is true?

A. The division of cells takes place only horizontally
B. The division of cells takes place only vertically resulting in two daughter cells
C. The division of cells takes place in any plane
D. The division of cells takes place in any plane resulting in many daughter cells

25. The production of individuals in asexual reproduction is

A. Faster than sexual reproduction
B. Slower than sexual reproduction
C. The same as in sexual reproduction
D. Cannot be predicted

26. A student observed a slide of budding in hydra under a microscope. Which of these
following observations made by the student is correct?
A. The buds of hydra are larger than the parent
B. The buds of hydra are smaller than the parent
C. A cluster of buds are seen at the same point
D. Buds are seen all over the body of hydra
II. Multiple Responses
1. Which of the following statements is true with respect to a human sperm?
A. It is a single cell
B. It is oval in shape
C. It is immobile
D. It is produced by the penis
E. It consists of a head, a middle piece and a tail
F. It consists of a jelly layer, a head, a cell membrane and a tail

2. Which of the following organisms undergoes internal fertilisation?

A. Fish
B. Sheep
C. Lion
D. Pigeon
E. Frog
F. Butterfly

3. Which of the following organisms is viviparous?

A. Fish
B. Lizard
C. Cat
D. Cow
E. Frog
F. Butterfly

4. Identify the statements that correspond to fission:

A. Nuclear division takes place
B. The daughter cells are not identical to the parent cell
C. The daughter cell protrudes and gets pinched off from the parent cell
D. The cell contents are equally distributed among the daughter cells
E. The daughter cells may remain attached to the parent
F. Fission always takes place vertically

5. Which of the following statements is true with respect to cloning?

A. Two different cells from the same individual are used in cloning
B. The progeny that results through cloning is an exact clone of a parent
C. Organisms with specific and desired characteristics are not produced
 D. The progeny gets the characteristics of the parent whose nucleus was used in the
process
E. Fertilisation occurs
F. The progeny gets the characters of the parent whose egg cell was used in the
process

Answers-Additional Questions

Objective type questions (One mark questions)

I. Multiple Choice Questions

1. C. Two
2. D. Zygote
3. B. Fusion of male and female gametes
4. A. Transformation of larva into an adult

5. A. Eggs Larva Pupa Adult

6. B. Month/30 days
7. D. Motility of sperms
8. A. A single nucleus

9. C. Copyrighted Image. Needs to be recreated

10. D. Hydra
11. B. Ova Zygote Embryo Foetus
12. C. It involves only one parent
13. A. i
14. A.1, 2, 3 and 4
15. A. Yeast
16. D. None of the above
17. B. The male gamete is smaller than the female gamete
18. C. Genetic diversity
19. C. Budding occurs in yeast and hydra
20. D. Both A and R are true
21. A. A is true and R is false
22. D. To increase the possibility of fertilisation
23. C. It helps in the process of fertilisation
24. C. The division of cells takes place in any plane
25. A. Faster than in sexual reproduction
26. B. The buds of hydra are smaller than the parent

II. Multiple Responses

1. A. It is a single cell

E. It consists of a head, a middle piece and a tail

2. B. Sheep

C. Lion

3. C. Cat

D. Cow

4. A. Nuclear division takes place

D. The cell contents are equally distributed among the daughter cells

5. B. The progeny that results through cloning is an exact clone of a parent

D. The progeny gets the characteristics of the parent whose nucleus was used in the process.

III. Two Marks Questions

1. What do you mean by bisexual animals? Provide any two examples.

Animals that contain both male and female reproductive organs in them are called
bisexual animals or hermaphrodite. Examples: Earthworm and Land slug.

2. Mention the male and female gametes of humans and their location.

‘Sperms’ are the male gametes of humans and ‘ova’ are the female gametes of humans.
The male gametes are located in testis and female gametes are located in ovary.

3. How do sperms get energy?

Mitochondria present in the middle piece of a sperm provide energy to the sperms.

4. What is binary fission?

 Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which the division of nucleus takes
place resulting in the formation of two daughter cells. (Binary=Two; Fission=Division).

5. Mention the types of asexual reproduction in animals.

1. Budding: Ex: Hydra and Yeast

2. Binary Fission: Ex: Amoeba

3. Regeneration: Ex: Planaria and Starfish

4. Multiple fission: Ex: Amoeba and Plasmodium

5. Fragmentation: Ex: Sponges and Sea anemones

IV. Four Marks Questions

1. Draw a neat labelled diagram of a human sperm.

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2. Draw a neat labelled diagram of a male and female flower of any plant of your choice.

Male Pumpkin Flower Female Pumpkin Flower

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3. Explain briefly about the male reproductive system of humans.

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 The male reproductive organs are located just below the abdomen.
 It includes the following parts: i) a pair of testis (testes in plural) ii) Two sperm ducts
or Seminal ducts iii) Penis.
 The testes are egg shaped and produce millions of sperms or male gametes.
 The sperms are single celled microscopic structures.
 The sperm consists of head, a middle piece and a tail.
 The head of the sperm consists of nucleus and the mitochondria help in providing
the energy.
 The tail of the sperm helps in the movement.
 The testes are connected with a pair of ‘seminal ducts or sperm ducts’.
 The sperms travel through the seminal ducts through which sperms travel through
and ejaculate with the help of penis.
4. Explain briefly about the female reproductive system of humans.

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 The female reproductive organs are located just below the abdomen.
 It includes the following parts: i) a pair of ovaries ii) Oviducts or Fallopian tubes
iii) Uterus.
 Ovaries are located one on each side of the uterus inside the abdomen just below
the funnel shaped opening of the fallopian tube.
  The ovary produces the female gametes known as ‘eggs or ova’.
 The ovum is a single celled structure.
 The ovum contains a central nucleus, cytoplasm and is covered with an outer
covering.
 Ovaries release a single matured egg every month into the oviduct.
 The development of the baby takes place in the ‘uterus’.

5. Explain the process of cloning.

 Cloning is the production of one or more than one identical offspring, which is
genetically identical to its donor parent.
 First time, the cloning of an animal was successfully performed by Ian Wilmut and his
colleagues at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland.
 The first mammal to be cloned was Dolly (cloned sheep) on 5th July 1996.
Process of cloning:
 A cell was collected from the mammary gland of a female Finn Dorset sheep.
Simultaneously, from Scottish blackface ewe, an egg was obtained.

 The nucleus was removed from the egg.

 The nucleus of the mammary gland cell from the Finn Dorset sheep was inserted into
the egg of the Scottish black face ewe whose nucleus had been removed.

 The egg thus produced was implanted into the Scottish black face ewe.
 Dolly was born due to the development of the egg.
 Dolly produced several offsprings of her own through normal sexual means and was a
healthy clone of the Finn Dorset sheep.

 Dolly died on 14th February 2003 due to certain lung disease.

Glossary
 Reproduction: The characteristic feature of living organisms to produce young ones of
their own kind
 Oviparous: Animals that lay eggs
 Viviparous: Animals that give birth to young ones
 Epidermal: The outer layer of the skin
 Microscopic: Organisms that are visible only with the help of a microscope
 Fertilisation: The process of fusion of female and male gametes
 Zygote: The diploid structure formed as a result of fusion of female and male gametes
 Foetus: The fully developed embryo
 Offsprings: The young ones of living organisms
 Unisexual animals: Animals that contain only one type of reproductive organ, whether
male or female
 Bisexual animals: Animals that contain both male and female reproductive organs in
them
 Metamorphosis: The changes involved in the transformation of young one or larva into
an adult