PHYSICAL SCIENCES

GRADE 12

EXAM PAPER 2 PREPARATION

(CHEMISTRY FOCUS)

PART 4

(ELECTROCHEMISTRY)

❖Galvanic Cells
❖Electrolytic cells
9 NOVEMBER 2024 –
SESSION 4
LEARNING GOALS AS PER EXAM GUIDELINE

2
EXAM GUIDELINE

3
EXAM GUIDELINE

4
EXAM GUIDELINE

5
EXAM GUIDELINE

6
EXAM GUIDELINE

7
COMPLETELY ANALYZE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL BELOW

❑ What do we need to
emphasise as part of
reading the statement?
❑ What were the
learners' Blind spots &
How do we mitigate on
them.
❑ What must still be
emphasised/clarify?
❑ What must we not take
for granted?
COMPLETELY ANALYZE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL BELOW

❑ What do we need to
emphasise as part of
reading the
statement?
❑ What were the
learners' Blind spots &
How do we mitigate
on them.
❑ What must still be
emphasised/clarify?
❑ What must we not
take for granted?
COMPLETELY ANALYZE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL BELOW

❑ What do we need to emphasise as part of

reading the statement?
❑ What were the learners' Blind spots &
How do we mitigate on them.
❑ What must still be emphasised/clarify?
❑ What must we not take for granted?
COMPLETELY ANALYZE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL BELOW

❑ What do we need to
emphasise as part of
reading the statement?
❑ What were the
learners' Blind spots &
How do we mitigate on
them.
❑ What must still be
emphasised/clarify?
❑ What must we not take
for granted?
COMPLETELY ANALYZE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL MAY/JUNE 2017

❑ What do we need
to emphasise as
part of reading the
statement?
❑ What were the
learners' Blind
spots & How do
we mitigate on
them.
❑ What must still be
emphasised/clarif
y?
❑ What must we not
take for granted?
 KEYS FOR ANALYZING ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

• What type of cell is represented here? Galvanic or Electrolytic cell

• What energy conversion takes place in a specific cell?
• Label each anode and cathode electrode in a specific cell.
• Indicate polarity of anode and cathode in a specific cell.
• Write down the half reaction that will take place at the anode.
• Write down the half reaction that will take place at the cathode.
• Write the overall the overall (net) reaction for each cell.
• Indicate the standard conditions under which each cell operates.
• Indicate the ion migration through the solution in a specific cell.
• Determine the initial cell voltage of the electrochemical cell.
• Indicate direction of electron flow in a specific cell.
• Indicate all electrodes that gain (increases in) mass while the cell is in
operation.
• Indicate all electrodes that lose (decreases in) mass while the cell is in
operation.
• What happens to [ionic] at the anode compartment?
• What happens to the [ionic] at the cathode compartment?
• What is the equilibrium electrochemical cell potential?
• Write down the cell notation for this cell (For galvanic cells)
COMPLETELY ANALYZE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL MAY/JUNE 2017
COMPLETELY ANALYZE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL MAY/JUNE 2019
COMPLETELY ANALYZE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL MAY/JUNE 2017
COMPLETELY ANALYZE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL MAY/JUNE 2019
Structured questions: NC prep 2024
Solutions
Structured questions: KZN prep 2024
Solutions
Structured questions: NW prep 2024
Solutions
Structured
questions:
MP prep
2024
Solutions
Structured
questions
GP PRELIM
2024
Structured
questions
GP PRELIM
2024
Solutions
 WHAT ARE REDOX REACTIONS???

• A chemical reaction that involves transfer electron

OXIDATION REDUCTION
from one substance to another.
DEFINITION 1 Loss of electrons. Gain of electrons
DEFINTION 2 Increase in oxidation number. Decrease in oxidation number
HALF-EQUATIONS 𝑴 𝒔 → 𝑴 + + 𝒆− 𝑵+ 𝒂𝒒 → 𝒆− → 𝑵 𝒔 +
It starts with a reducing agent It starts with an oxidising
agent
SUBSTANCES Reducing agent –the substances that Oxidising agent –the
INVOLVED losses electrons(is oxidized) e.g M substances that gains
electrons(is reduced) e.g 𝑁 +

NET REACTION 𝑀 𝑠 + 𝑁 + 𝑎𝑞 → 𝑀+ 𝑎𝑞 + 𝑁 𝑠 29
(REDOX REACTION)
 Types of Electrochemical Cells

Electrochemical cells can be divided into two

basic groups:

• Electrolytic cells, in which electrical energy is

transformed into chemical energy; a constant
supply of electrical energy is needed.

• Galvanic cells, in which chemical energy is

transformed into electrical energy; spontaneous
chemical reactions drive the cell.
 Comparison of galvanic and electrolytic cells.

Galvanic cell Electrolytic cell

Basic A chemical reaction A flowing
Principle causes charges/electrons charge/electron
to flow causes a chemical
reaction to occur

Energy Chemical energy Electrical energy

Conversion converted to electrical converted to
energy chemical energy
Polarity of •Anode is negative (-) •Anode is
electrodes •Cathode is positive (+) positive(+)
•Cathode is
negative(-)
Comparison of galvanic and electrolytic cells.
Galvanic cell Electrolytic cell
Appearance •No external source of •Must have a cell or
electricity i.e. no battery battery in the
or cell in circuit external circuit to
•Consists of two half-cells supply electrical
containing different energy.
electrodes, each of which •Consists of two
is in a solution of its salt. electrodes, either
•There must either be a inert (does not take
salt bridge or some sort of part in the reaction)
porous membrane or active (takes part
separating the two half- in the reaction ) in
cells to allow for the the SAME solution
passage of ions between (i.e. electrolyte).
cells.
Comparison of galvanic and electrolytic cells.
Galvanic cell Electrolytic cell
Spontaneous/ •A spontaneous •A Non-
Non reaction produces Spontaneous
spontaneous electrical energy reaction is produced
by electrical energy
E0cell •E0cell = Positive(+) •E0cell = Negative (-)
Uses Batteries •Extraction of
Aluminium
•Purification of
metals
•Electroplating
•Chloro-alkali
process
What DIFFERENCES can you spot between the two types of cells?

Galvanic cell Electrolytic cell

GALVANIC CELL/VOLTAIC CELLS
•It is an electrochemical cell which converts electrical energy
into chemical energy.
•The reactions in this cell are spontaneous and self-sustained.
• The cell is made up of two physically separate half-cells that
is the anode half-cell and the cathode half-cell.
• Anode -is the electrode where oxidation occurs. It can be
inert or reactive.
• Cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs.
GALVANIC CELL/VOLTAIC CELLS
• Each electrolyte is dipped into a corresponding electrolyte e.g Zinc in Zinc
sulphate and Copper in Copper(II) sulphate.
• When choosing electrolytes, always us a nitrate since all nitrates are soluble.
• We are going to analyse galvanic cells operating under standard
conditions(not STP) :
-Temperature of 250C/298K
-Concentration of electrolyte of 1mol.dm-3
-Pressure of 1atm /1,013 x105 pa for gases.
GALVANIC CELL/VOLTAIC CELLS
GALVANIC CELL/VOLTAIC CELLS
GALVANIC CELL/VOLTAIC CELLS
Relation of Current and Potential to Rate and Equilibrium
• The redox reactions in the galvanic cells are REVERSIBLE. However, they
have very large Kc values, hence they are usually represented as
IRREVERSIBLE
• The galvanic cell has the capacity to deliver current until the reaction
reaches chemical equilibrium or has run to completion.
• According to Le Châtelier's principle, all the factors that favour THE
FORWARD reaction INCREASE the voltage of the galvanic cell e.g. Increasing
the concentration of the reactants or decreasing the concentration of the
products INCREASES voltage
Relation of Current and Potential to Rate and Equilibrium

• According to Le Châtelier's principle, all the factors that favour the

REVERSE reaction DECREASE the voltage of the galvanic cell e.g.
Increasing the concentration of the PRODUCTS or decreasing the
concentration of the REACTANTS DECREASES voltage
Consider the net reaction for the Zn-Cu cell

𝑍𝑛 𝑠 + 𝐶𝑢2+ 𝑎𝑞 ⇋ 𝑍𝑛2+ 𝑎𝑞 + 𝐶𝑢(𝑠)

According to Le Chartelier’s principle and increase in [ 𝐶𝑢2+ ] favours the
forward reaction which is spontaneous thus increasing emf.
Relation of Current and Potential to Rate and Equilibrium

NOTE

• Internal resistance is opposition to the flow of

charge through the electrodes and electrolytes in
a cell
• Increased surface area of the electrodes increases
the rate of the reaction by lowering the internal
resistance and increasing the maximum current
that the cell can deliver, but does not affect the
emf of the cell.
 The EMF of a Cell
Determining the emf of a cell:
• The EMF of a cell is the maximum potential difference between two half-
cells in a galvanic cell.
• If determined under standard conditions, it is referred to as the
standard EMF : E°cell
• The standard emf of a cell can be determined from Table 4A (or 4B), by
applying one of the following formulae (these are given on exam info sheet)

Eo cell = Eo reduction – Eo oxidation

= Eo oxidising agent – Eo reducing agent
= Eo cathode – Eo anode
For the Zinc-Copper cell:
Zn / Zn2+ // Cu2+ / Cu
The zinc electrode is the reducing agent and the
anode as oxidation occurs at that electrode.
Eo cell = Eo Cathode – Eo Anode
= 0,34 – (-0,76)
= +1,10V
 The EMF of a Cell

E°cell = E°reduction – E°oxidation or E°cell = E°oxidising agent – E°reducing agent

or E°cell = E°cathode – E°anode

• An example: An electrochemical cell is constructed using the following half- reactions:

Pb2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Pb(s) and Au3+(aq) +3e- ⇌Au(s)

a) Which is the anode and which the cathode?
b) What is the standard cell potential?
Au3+ + 3e– ⇌ Au + 1,50 • Using our simple rule …
2H+ + 2e– ⇌ H2(g) 0,00 • Anode – oxidation: Pb (lead)
Pb2+ + 2e– ⇌ Pb – 0,13
• Cathode – reduction: Au (gold)
• E° = E°(cathode) – E°(anode) = + 1,50 – (–0,13) = 1,63 V.
Remember:
➢ When the cell EMF is POSITIVE, the reaction is SPONTANEOUS.
➢ If the EMF is negative, the reaction is non-spontaneous.
Zn half-cell: the zinc Cell notation A Galvanic Cell
electrode is placed in a
beaker containing a Zn(s)|Zn2+||Cu2+|Cu(s)
solution of zinc nitrate – Cu half-cell: the Cu
voltmeter – always a clue to a
breaking up into zinc electrode is placed in a
galvanic cell
ions (Zn2+) and nitrate beaker containing a
ions (NO3-) solution of copper ions
(Cu2+).

Anode: oxidation
– a loss of
Cathode: reduction –
electrons. The
a gain of electrons.
electrons released
The metal ions (Cu2+)
stay on anode,
accept electrons and
while metal cations
are deposited on the
(Zn2+) move into
+ electrode.
solution

Salt bridge: a tube filled with a very soluble

salt – it completes the circuit and maintains External circuit: wires connecting the two half-cells – in this
electrical neutrality in both half-cell with their case, including a voltmeter. Note the direction of electron flow
electrolyte solutions – from the negative electrode to the positive electrode.
 Cell notation
The following guidelines apply to the writing of the cell notation for cells involving gases:

1. The H2|H + cell is treated just like any other half-cell.

(Textbooks stating that it always written on the left is INCORRECT.)

2. Cell terminals (electrodes) are written on the outside of the cell notation.
3. Order always:
RA|oxidized species||OA|reduced species.

4. If inert electrodes are used:

Pt|RA|oxidized species||OA|reduced species|Pt.

NB:
(Pt (or C) appears only if an inert electrode is used, as in the stand. H2|H+ half-cell.)
Pt | reducing agent | oxidised species || oxidising agent | reduced species | Pt
 Cell notation Cont…

Correct order Examples:

1. Mg|Mg2+||H+ |H2 |Pt (Correct)

2. Pt|H2/H+ ||Cu2+ /Cu (Correct)

3. Mg|Mg2+ || F2|F-|Pt (Correct: order RA, oxidized species, OA, reduced species)

4. Pt|Cℓ- |Cℓ2|| F2 |F- |Pt (Correct: order RA, oxidized species, OA, reduced species)

Incorrect Order Examples:

5. Mg|Mg2+||F- |F2/Pt (Wrong - order)
6. Pt|Cℓ2|Cℓ- ||F- |F2|Pt (Wrong - order)
How to Use tables of Standard Reduction Potentials.
In this document we will utilise Table 4B
• All reactions in Table 4B are written as REDUCTION reactions.
• The double arrows indicate the reaction can proceed in either direction.
• Oxidation half reaction reactions are written from RIGHT TO LEFT with a SINGLE arrow.
e.g. 𝑴𝒈 𝒔 → 𝑴𝒈𝟐+ 𝒂𝒒 + 𝟐𝒆−
• Reduction reactions are written as they are(FROM LEFT TO RIGHT) with a SINGLE arrow.
𝑪𝒍𝟐 𝒈 + 𝟐𝒆− → 𝟐𝑪𝒍− (𝒂𝒒)
• Species on the Right-Hand Side are reducing agents arranged in
decreasing order of reducing ability from the strongest (Li) to the
weakest reducing agent (F-).
• Species on the LEFT-Hand Side are OXIDIZING AGENTS agents arranged in increasing
order of OXIDIZING ability from the weakest (Li+) to the strongest oxidising agent (F2).
• The STRONGER REDUCING AGENT undergoes OXIDATION. e.g Mg is above 𝐶𝑙 − is
stronger reducing agent than 𝐶𝑙 − (Mg is above 𝐶𝑙 − 𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4𝐵).
How to Use tables of Standard ReductionPotentials.
• The STRONGER OXIDISING AGENT undergoes REDUCTION e.g 𝐶𝑙2 is a
stronger oxidising agent than 𝑀𝑔2+ ( 𝐶𝑙2 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑀𝑔2+ ).
• For a redox reaction to be SPONTANEOUS ,the reactants must be a
stronger reducing and oxidising agent compared to those on product
side.

e.g. 𝑍𝑛 𝑠 + 𝐶𝑢2+ 𝑎𝑞 → 𝑍𝑛2+ 𝑎𝑞 + 𝐶𝑢(𝑠) is spontaneous

because :
Zn is a stronger reducing agent than Cu and 𝐶𝑢2+ 𝑎𝑞 is a stronger
reducing agent than 𝑍𝑛2+
 Standard Reduction Potentials
There are two tables of standard electrode potentials on the information sheet viz. Table 4A and Table 4B:

Tabel 4A Tabel 4B
half reactions E0(V) half reactions E0(V)

strong F2(g) + 2e- 2F- +2,87 weak weak Li+ + e-  Li -3,05 strong
OA RA OA RA

2H+ + 2e- H2(g) 0,00 2H+ + 2e-H2(g) 0,00

weak Li+ + e- Li -3,05 strong strong F2(g) + 2e- 2F- +2,87 weak
OA RA OA RA
Abbreviated Table of Standard Reduction Potentials

Considering the TABLE OF STANDARD

ELECTRODE POTENTIALS (Table 4B)
• All reactions are written as
reduction reactions (gaining
electrons)
• A large + value implies the
substance gains e- easily (it is
easily
reduced and thus is a good
oxidising agent)
 Standard Reduction Potentials
There are two tables of standard electrode potentials on the information sheet viz. Table 4A and Table 4B:

Table 4A Table 4B
half reactions E0(V) half reactions E0(V)

strong F2(g) + 2e- 2F- +2,87 weak weak Li+ + e-  Li -3,05 strong
OA RA OA RA

2H+ + 2e- H2(g) 0,00 2H+ + 2e-H2(g) 0,00

weak Li+ + e- Li -3,05 strong strong F2(g) + 2e- 2F- +2,87 weak
OA RA OA RA
 When using the table (4B):

How do we use these tables?

• A half reaction is only written with a single arrow

• A reduction half reaction is read from left to right F2(g) + 2e- → 2F -.
• The oxidation reaction is read from right to left Li → Li+ + e-.
• Substances on the left hand side are oxidising agents
• Substances on the right hand side are reducing agents.
• Negative E0 values mean that the substances donate electrons easily
• The positive E0 values mean that the substances accept electrons easily.
• When combining half reactions, the half reaction located higher up the
table is written in reverse (from right to left) since it undergoes oxidation
(there is a loss of electrons by a substance) and the one lower down from
left to right (i.e. It gains electrons – undergoes reduction)
 Full Redox potential Table 4B

Any substance on
the right will
spontaneously react
with something
above it on the right
of the table – and
vice versa.
COMPLETELY ANALYZE GALVANIC CELL
 KEYS FOR ANALYZING ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

• What type of cell is represented here? Galvanic or Electrolytic cell

• What energy conversion takes place in a specific cell?
• Label each anode and cathode electrode in a specific cell.
• Indicate polarity of anode and cathode in a specific cell.
• Write down the half reaction that will take place at the anode.
• Write down the half reaction that will take place at the cathode.
• Write the overall the overall (net) reaction for each cell.
• Indicate the standard conditions under which each cell operates.
• Indicate the ion migration through the solution in a specific cell.
• Determine the initial cell voltage of the electrochemical cell.
• Indicate direction of electron flow in a specific cell.
• Indicate all electrodes that gain (increases in) mass while the cell is in
operation.
• Indicate all electrodes that lose (decreases in) mass while the cell is in
operation.
• What happens to [ionic] at the anode compartment?
• What happens to the [ionic] at the cathode compartment?
• What is the equilibrium electrochemical cell potential?
• Write down the cell notation for this cell (For galvanic cells)
Zn half-cell: the zinc Cell notation A Galvanic Cell
electrode is placed in a
beaker containing a Zn(s)|Zn2+||Cu2+|Cu(s)
solution of zinc nitrate – Cu half-cell: the Cu
voltmeter – always a clue to a
breaking up into zinc electrode is placed in a
galvanic cell
ions (Zn2+) and nitrate beaker containing a
ions (NO3-) solution of copper ions
(Cu2+).

Anode: oxidation
– a loss of
Cathode: reduction –
electrons. The
a gain of electrons.
electrons released
The metal ions (Cu2+)
stay on anode,
accept electrons and
while metal cations
are deposited on the
(Zn2+) move into
+ electrode.
solution

Salt bridge: a tube filled with a very soluble

salt – it completes the circuit and maintains External circuit: wires connecting the two half-cells – in this
electrical neutrality in both half-cell with their case, including a voltmeter. Note the direction of electron flow
electrolyte solutions – from the negative electrode to the positive electrode.
GALVANIC SUPER QUESTION – CONSOLIDATION OF CONCEPTS

60
 GALVANIC
ACIDS CELL :CONSOLIDATION
AND BASES OFPROMATHS
:CONCEPTS CHECK: CONCEPTS TEST 3 2023
ACIDS AND BASES :CONCEPTS CHECK: PROMATHS TEST 3 2023
 GALVANIC
ACIDS CELL : CONSOLIDATION
AND BASES :CONCEPTS CHECK:QUESTIONS
PROMATHS TEST 3 2023
ACIDS AND BASES :CONCEPTS CHECK: PROMATHS TEST 3 2023
 GALVANIC
ACIDS CELL :CONCEPTS
AND BASES CONSOLIDATION
:CONCEPTS CHECK: PROMATHS TEST 3 2023
ACIDS AND BASES :CONCEPTS CHECK: PROMATHS TEST 3 2023
GALVANIC CELL : CONSOLIDATION QUESTIONS
ELECTROCHEMICAL
CELL :
CONSOLIDATION
QUESTIONS
 Review of Concepts: Electrolytic Cells
Understanding the Processes and Redox Reactions Taking Place in
Electrolytic Cells

• Describe the movement of ions in the solution.

• State the direction of electron flow in the external circuit.
• Write equations for the half reactions taking place at the anode and
cathode.
• Write down the overall cell reaction by combining two half reactions.
• Describe, using half reactions and the equation for the overall cell
reaction as well as the layout of the particular cell using a schematic
diagram, the following electrolytic processes
- The decomposition of copper(II) chloride
- Electroplating, e.g. the electroplating of an iron spoon with
silver/nickel
- Refining of copper
- The electrolysis of a concentrated solution of sodium chloride

66
 Summary:
Electrolysis of Concentrated NaCl Solution
The half reactions and cell reactions for the electrolysis of a saturated
sodium chloride solution are as follows:

• Anode (oxidation): 2Cℓ-(aq) → Cℓ2(g) + 2e-

• Cathode (reduction): H2O(ℓ) + 2e- → H2(g) + 2OH-(aq)

• Net-cell reaction: 2Cℓ-(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) → 2OH-(aq) + Cℓ2(g) + H2(g)

• Cell reaction with spectator ions:

2NaCℓ(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cℓ2(g) + H2(g)
 2. Decomposition of CuCl2 Solution
• The principles of electrochemistry (as above) are
used in a variety of industrial processes. One is
the decomposition of copper chloride (CuCl2).
• CuCl2 ionises in water to form Cu2+ and Cl- ions.
When a current is passed through the solution,
Cu2+ is reduced, forming a metal layer around the
cathode
Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu (reduction reaction)
• At the same time, Cl- ions migrate to the positive anode, losing the
extra electron to be oxidised forming chlorine gas.
2Cl–(aq) → Cl2(g) + 2e– (oxidation reaction)
• The net reaction: CuCl2(aq) → Cu(s) + Cl2(g)
E°(cell) = E°(cath.) – E°(anode)
= +0,34 – (+1,36) = – 1,02 V
• The reaction is non-spontaneous, as the need for a battery implies.
3. Electroplating
 What is Electroplating ???
• Electroplating consists of depositing a thin layer of
one metal on top of another, either to protect the
inner layer or for the sake of appearance.
• The object which is being electroplated can be made
of any metal, but most often it is made of brass,
nickel or steel.
 Electroplating Procedure
• The object to be electroplated is made at the cathode,
i.e. it is connected to the negative terminal of the
battery.
• The anode is usually a pure sample of the metal which is
being used for plating. The anode is therefore active and
ionises.
• The electrolyte must contain ions of the metal which is
being used for plating.
• Examples of electroplating are chromium plating, silver
plating and nickel plating.
Example 1 – Silver Plating
Electroplating A Spoon with Silver
 Electroplating A Spoon with Silver

Anode (+): a pure silver plate

Cathode (-): iron spoon (object to be electroplated).
Electrolyte: a mixture of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and potassium
cyanide (KCN).
• The cyanide ensures a constant silver concentration, and
increases the electrical conductivity of the electrolyte.
• The Ag+ ions can move freely in the electrolyte.

silver plating
 Electroplating A Spoon with Silver
Reaction at the Anode:
Ag (s) is oxidized at the anode to form Ag+ .
Ag (s) → Ag+ (aq) + e– , Ox. half reaction
• The mass of the Ag electrode decreases and there is a
constant supply of Ag+ ions in the solution.
Reaction at The Cathode:
Ag+ in solution are reduced at the cathode to form Ag (s)

Ag+ (aq) + e– → Ag (s), Red. half reaction

• The cathode (iron spoon) coated with a layer of silver.
• The mass of the cathode increases.
 Summary:
Electroplating A Spoon with Silver
• At the anode: Ag(s) → Ag+(aq) + e-
• Oxidation will occur whereby Ag metal atoms that
made up the metal electrode will be oxidised to Ag+.
• At the Cathode: Ag+(aq) + e- → Ag(s)
• Reduction will occur whereby Ag+ ions are
attracted to the cathode (the spoon) are reduced to
Ag metal which now coats the spoon with a thin
layer of pure silver.
• Net ionic reaction:
Ag(s) + Ag+(aq) → Ag+(aq) + Ag(s)
 Example 2 – Nickel Plating
Electroplating a Nail with Nickel

Ni (s) → Ni2+ (aq) + 2e–

Ox. half reaction
Ni2+ (aq) + 2e– → Ni (s)

Red. half reaction

 Summary:
Electroplating a nail with Nickel
• At the anode: Ni(s) → Ni2+(aq) + 2e-
• Oxidation will occur whereby Ni metal atoms that
made up the metal electrode will be oxidised to Ni2+.
• At the Cathode: Ni2+(aq) + 2e- → Ni(s)
• Reduction will occur whereby Ni2+ ions are attracted
to the cathode (the nail) are reduced to Ni metal
which now coats the nail with a thin layer of Nickel.
• Net ionic reaction:
Ni(s) + Ni2+(aq) → Ni2+(aq) + Ni(s)
 Summary:
Electro-refining of Copper
Reaction at the Anode:
Cu (s) atoms are oxidized at the anode to form Cu2+ .

Cu (s) → Cu2+ (aq) + 2e– , Ox. half

• The mass of the copper anode decreases and there is a constant supply of Cu2+ ions in the
solution.
• The Cu2+ ions are attracted to the cathode and move through the solution.
Reaction at The Cathode:
• Cu2+ in solution are reduced at the anode to form Cu (s) NB!
The concentration of the electrolyte during the
Cu2+ (aq) + 2e– → Cu (s), Red. half reaction reaction remains the same.
For each Cu (s) atom that oxidizes into Cu2+ at the
anode, another Cu2+ ion in solution is reduced to Cu
• The mass of the cathode increases. (s) atom at the cathode.
RATE OF OXIDATION = RATE OF REDUCTION
Structured questions FS PRELIM 2024
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Structured questions: KZN prep 2024
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Structured
questions
MNED
PRELIM
2024
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questions
NC PRELIM
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Structured
questions
MP PRELIM
2024
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Structured questions NSC NOV 2023
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Structured questions MAY/JUNE 2024
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 CONSOLIDATION: LAST PUSH DOCUMENT

Guide learners to work through as many of the associated

exercises as possible on their own from the PROMATHS
LAST PUSH MATERIAL and the Past Exam Papers
THANK YOU