EARTH'S NATURAL

HAZARDS
Disaster preparedness is the key

Cadag, Susana Loraine M.

Dag-uman, Megan E.

EMERGENCY HOTLINES
D i s a s t e r R e s p o n s e U n i t :
( 0 2 ) 8 8 5 6 - 3 6 6 5
( 0 2 ) 8 8 5 2 - 8 0 8 1
R e d C r o s s H o t l i n e :
1 4 3
( 0 2 ) 5 2 7 - 8 4 8 2 t o 8 9 / ( 0 2 ) 5 2 7 - 3 8 8 0 t o 8 5
P h i l i p p i n e N a t i o n a l P o l i c e ( P N P )
E m e r g e n c y H o t l i n e :
1 1 7
( 0 2 ) 7 2 3 - 0 4 0 1
B u r e a u o f F i r e P r o t e c t i o n ( B F P ) D i r e c t l i n e :
( 0 2 ) 4 2 6 - 0 2 3 6
( 0 2 ) 4 2 6 - 0 2 1 9
EARTH'S NATURAL
HAZARDS
Disaster preparedness is the key

Cadag, Susana Loraine M.

Dag-uman, Megan E.

EMERGENCY HOTLINES
D i s a s t e r R e s p o n s e U n i t :
( 0 2 ) 8 8 5 6 - 3 6 6 5
( 0 2 ) 8 8 5 2 - 8 0 8 1
R e d C r o s s H o t l i n e :
1 4 3
( 0 2 ) 5 2 7 - 8 4 8 2 t o 8 9 / ( 0 2 ) 5 2 7 - 3 8 8 0 t o 8 5
P h i l i p p i n e N a t i o n a l P o l i c e ( P N P )
E m e r g e n c y H o t l i n e :
1 1 7
( 0 2 ) 7 2 3 - 0 4 0 1
B u r e a u o f F i r e P r o t e c t i o n ( B F P ) D i r e c t l i n e :
( 0 2 ) 4 2 6 - 0 2 3 6
( 0 2 ) 4 2 6 - 0 2 1 9
 REFERENCES
What to do before, during, and after a typhoon. (2023, August 2).
BLUETTI-PH. https://www.bluettipower.ph/blogs/news/what-to-

do-before-during-after-a-typhoon-philippines
Worksheetsplanet. (2021, October 3). Volano Eruption Definition.
Worksheets Planet. https://www.worksheetsplanet.com/volcanoes-
INTRODUCTION pack-science-resources/volano-eruption-definition/
Zehnder, J. A. (2024, October 31). Tropical cyclone | Definition, Causes,
Formation, and Effects. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/tropical-cyclone
In the blink of an eye, everything can change, everything
,
can be turned upside-down—the calm sky can suddenly fill
with violent winds and rain, lightning and thunder, or the
ground can shake without warning and leave destruction in
their wake. How prepared are we for these unexpected
forces of nature that can strike without notice and have the
power to devastate our lives and communities?
TABLE OF CONTENTS REFERENCES
Krider, E. P. (2024a, October 20). Thunderstorm | Definition, Types,
Structure, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/thunderstorm

Natural hazards Lees, A. (2023, March 15). What is a Sinkhole? Tensar.

https://www.tensar.co.uk/resources/articles/what-are-sinkholes
Michigan Technological University. (2021, August 17). What should I
Geological hazards
do before, during, and after an earthquake?
1.1. Earthquakes https://www.mtu.edu/geo/community/seismology/learn/earthqu
1.2. Volcanic eruption ake-take-action/
1.3. Sinkholes Natural hazards. (n.d.). College of the Environment.
https://environment.uw.edu/research/major-initiatives/natural-
Hydrometeorological hazards
hazards/
Peter. (2021, April 20). How to survive an opening sinkhole | What if
2.1. Typhoons
show. What if Show. https://whatifshow.com/how-to-survive-an-
2.2. Thunderstorms
opening-sinkhole/
2.3. El niño and La niña
Simandan, V. (2023, July 31). 25 Facts about Sinkholes: All You need to
know. V.M. Simandan. https://www.simandan.com/sinkholes-facts/
What are El Nino and La Nina? (n.d.).
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html
What is an earthquake and what causes them to happen? | U.S.
Geological Survey. (2021, December 31).

https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-earthquake-and-what-causes-

them-happen
 REFERENCES
Anatomy of a volcano - Volcanoes, craters & Lava flows (U.S. National
Park Service (n.d.).

NATURAL HAZARDS https://www.nps.gov/subjects/volcanoes/anatomy-of-a-

volcano.htm
Natural hazards refer to extreme and catastrophic Bongalota, R. M., and Salvador-Bongalota, C. (2019). Disaster
events caused by natural processes or forces, Preparedness 101. Abiva
resulting in significant damage, destruction, and Cool earthquake Facts | U.S. Geological Survey. (n.d.).
loss of life.
https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/cool-

These events occur without human intervention earthquake-facts

and can have severe impacts on the environment, Decker, B. B., Raikar, S. P., & Decker, R. W. (2024, October 21). Volcanic
infrastructure, and communities. eruption | Description, History, Mythology, & Facts. Encyclopedia

Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/volcanic-eruption
Earthquakes | Ready.gov. (n.d.). https://www.ready.gov/earthquakes
El Nino-La Nina Dynamics over Southeast Asia | Manila Observatory.
(n.d.). https://www.observatory.ph/publications/el-nino-la-nina-

dynamics-over-southeast-asia/
Henson, M. (2023, December 11). How to prepare for a sinkhole.
Housingadvice.org. https://housingadvice.org/blog/how-to-

prepare-for-a-sinkhole/
Joint Base Charleston. (n.d.). Be safe before, during and after a
thunderstorm.

https://www.jbcharleston.jb.mil/News/Article/1549392/be-safe-

1 before-during-and-after-a-thunderstorm/
TYPES OF NATURAL HAZARDS NOTES
GEOLOGICAL

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL

2
 TYPES OF NATURAL
DISASTERS NOTES

GEOLOGICAL
Geological hazards are natural events caused by
geological processes, such as earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, landslides, and tsunamis.

These hazards can damage infrastructure, disrupt

communities, and pose serious risks to human life.
Their impacts vary widely, but they often occur
suddenly and can have long-lasting effects on
affected areas.

3
 GEOLOGICAL HAZARD NOTES

EARTHQUAKES
Earthquakes are sudden, violent shaking of the
Earth's surface caused by the release of energy from
tectonic plates shifting beneath the ground. This
energy release creates seismic waves that radiate
outward, causing the ground to tremble.
Earthquakes can vary in strength and cause
significant damage to buildings, infrastructure, and
landscapes, especially in densely populated areas.

4
 EARTHQUAKES EL NIÑO AND LA NIÑA

WHAT TO DO?
HOW DO THEY HAPPEN?
AFTER
Earthquakes happen when tectonic plates within the Earth's
crust shift and build up pressure along faults or fractures. Assess the condition of your house after a storm and
When this pressure becomes too great, it is released suddenly, repair any damages.
causing the ground to shake.

The released energy travels as seismic waves, creating the Continue to monitor the local weather news and
tremors felt on the surface and sometimes leading to adapt accordingly.
significant damage.

5 42
 EARTHQUAKES EL NIÑO AND LA NIÑA

WHAT TO DO?
INTERESTING FACTS
According to the National Earthquake Information DURING
Center, 55 earthquakes happen every day, which is
about 20,000 annually. Be prepared for flooding if your area is prone to it.

The most powerful earthquake ever recorded was on

May 22, 1960, with a magnitude of 9.5 on the Richter Monitor weather forecasts in local news and watch
scale in the country Chile. out for warnings by the authorities.

In Japanese folklore, it is believed that a giant catfish

named Namazu is the cause of earthquakes because
of the movement of its tail.

Over 90% of earthquakes happen along the Ring of

Fire that stretches from New Zealand, through the
western coast of North and South America.

The earliest recorded evidence of an Earthquake was

traced back to the Shandong province in China in 1831
BC.

6 41
 EARTHQUAKES EL NIÑO AND LA NIÑA

WHAT TO DO? WHAT TO DO?

BEFORE BEFORE

Plan and prepare. Monitor climate forecasts about the ENSO cycle.

Create an emergency supply kit with necessary items like a first aid kit, Be prepared for heavy rainfall, water shortages, and droughts.
food, water, flashlights, etc.

Create or review emergency plans and create an emergency kit.

Familiarize yourself with your house's exit routes and storage areas
where important items are stored.

7 40
 EARTHQUAKES EL NIÑO AND LA NIÑA

WHAT TO DO?
INTERESTING FACTS
DURING El Niño and La Niña can have significant economic and
Be calm, avoid panicking environmental impacts, including damage to infrastructure,
agriculture, and fisheries.

El Niño occurs every 2 to 7 years and can last for years.

Stay inside the house if the place is safe, if not, safely
leave immediately. If outdoors, stay away from buildings.
It has been reported that the longest El Niño lasted for
If near the shore, evacuate to a higher ground.
approximately 18 months or 1 year and 4 months.

The longest record of La Niña occurring is longer than El Niño

Perform the DUCK, COVER, and HOLD. which was for approximately 33 months or almost 3 years.

Be wary of falling objects.

8 39
 EARTHQUAKES
EL NIÑO AND LA NIÑA
WHAT TO DO?
LA NIÑA
AFTER

. Listen to the news and follow instructions given by local authorities. HOW DO THEY HAPPEN?
On the other hand, during La Niña, trade winds get stronger and push
warm water towards the west, on the east coast of the Philippines. The
Do not go inside damaged buildings as large debris may fall on you and warmer-than-usual sea surface temperature means that typhoons or
potentially injure you. storms are more likely to occur. The strength of typhoons is also
heightened during the rainy season.

Due to this increased rainfall, the risk of flooding and landslides is more
likely to happen, affecting communities.
Check yourself and others for injuries

9 38
 GEOLOGICAL HAZARD EL NIÑO AND LA NIÑA

EL NIÑO

HOW DO THEY HAPPEN?

During El Niño, trade winds weaken, and warm water is pushed
VOLCANIC ERUPTION back to the east, on the west coast of America. Because of this,
A volcanic eruption is a natural phenomenon in which countries like the Philippines experience cooler sea
molten rock, gas, and other materials are ejected temperature leading to slower rates of water evaporation,
from a volcano's vent or fissure onto the Earth's therefore less storms are likely to occur.
surface or into the atmosphere.
Due to this, reduced rainfall often leads to water shortages or
Volcanic eruptions are a result of the buildup of droughts, affecting communities.
pressure within the Earth's crust, often associated
with the movement of tectonic plates.

10 37
 VOLCANIC ERUPTION HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
HAZARD
PARTS OF A VOLCANO

EL NIÑO AND LA NIÑA

El Niño and La Niña are the opposite phases in the El
Niño-Southern Oscillation Cycle (ENSO) which is a
recurring climate pattern in the tropical Pacific Ocean.

El Niño and La Niña can both have major impacts on

weather, agricultures, and economies in the Philippines.
1. Magma chamber: The underground cavity where molten rock (magma) is
stored before an eruption.

2. Main Vent: The opening through which magma travels from the magma
chamber to the surface.

3. Crater: The bowl-shaped area at the top of the volcano, formed by explosive
eruptions.

4. Lava flow: Molten rock that erupts from the volcano and flows down its
sides.

5. Ash cloud: A plume of ash, gas, and rock fragments expelled during an
eruption.

6. Conduit or pipe: The channel through which magma moves upward to the
surface.
11 36
 THUNDERSTORM
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
WHAT TO DO?
HOW DO THEY HAPPEN?
AFTER
A volcanic eruption takes place when magma’s temperature
get very hot under the Earth’s surface.
Inspect whether your home has been damaged.
When magma reaches extreme temperatures, lava, rocks, dust,
and gas from the Earth’s interior are thrown out of the volcano.

Provide first aid to injured people if you have been trained and know
how.

Listen to the news and follow instructions given by local authorities.

Hot Magma
under the surface

12 35
 VOLCANIC ERUPTION THUNDERSTORM

WHAT TO DO?
INTERESTING FACTS
More than 500 volcanoes in the world are currently DURING
active, and more than half of it is in the part of the "Ring Avoid using electronic devices that are plugged into
of Fire". the wall.

There are also volcanoes on other planets like Venus. But

some are cryovolcanoes that erupt water instead of lava,
like on our planet Seek shelter, and if you're inside your home, do not
leave.
The word "volcano" came from the Roman God of fire,
"Vulcan."
Avoid staying near windows and don't lean on
The hot liquid rock from a volcano is called "magma" if it concrete walls or floors.
is inside, but if it is outside, it is called "lava".

Monitor the local news and stay updated.

The temperature of Lava can reach temperatures of
1,250⁰ Celsius.

13 34
 VOLCANIC ERUPTION THUNDERSTORM

WHAT TO DO? WHAT TO DO?

NA PLAN B NA PLAN B
PLA PLA

BEFORE BEFORE
Create an emergency plan and kit to prepare. Create an emergency plan and kit to prepare.

Secure your home by making sure that there are no flammable

materials outside your house.
Remove dead trees and branches around your house and trim trees
around your house that may be hit with lightning.

Know if your area is at risk of being in danger.

Watch the local news and stay informed; evacuate if necessary. Listen to the local news for reports and warning about the
thunderstorm.

14 33
 VOLCANIC ERUPTION
THUNDERSTORM
WHAT TO DO?

INTERESTING FACTS
DURING
Expect ash fall and wear a mask even inside your home Lightning strikes by thunderstorms are hotter than the surface
of the sun at a recorded 30,000 Kelvin, compared to the sun's
surface which is only at 5,500 Kelvin.
Be aware of lava flow and get out of its path.
Lightning from thunderstorms can still strike even though
there is no rain. This happens when the lightning bolt travels
horizontally away from the thunderstorm and strikes where
Continue to stay inform about the Volcano's activity.
there is no rain.

An estimated 16 million thunderstorms happen globally every

Monitor the local news and stay updated. year.

Lightning strikes more than 8 million times a day worldwide;

which is 93 times every second.

The myth that lightning doesn't strike in the same place is a

myth, it does, especially if it is tall, poi

15 32
 VOLCANIC ERUPTION
THUNDERSTORM
WHAT TO DO?
HOW DO THEY HAPPEN?
AFTER Thunderstorms form when warm, moist air rises quickly into
cooler air, causing the moisture to condense into clouds and
Stay indoors to avoid ash fall. release energy. This creates powerful updrafts and
downdrafts, which can lead to heavy rain, strong winds, and
even hail.
Lightning and thunder occur as electrical charges build up in
Listen to reports about the volcano's activity and follor evacuation the storm cloud and discharge between the cloud and the
orders. ground or within the cloud itself.

Check if your home has been damaged and do not go outside until
authorities say it is safe to do so.

16 31
 GEOLOGICAL HAZARD HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
HAZARD
SINKHOLES
Sinkholes are depressions or holes in the ground
caused by the collapse of a surface layer, often
triggered when underground water dissolves THUNDERSTORM
soluble rock (like limestone) beneath the soil.
A thunderstorm is a weather event marked by rain,
This happens when there is a hollow cavity
lightning, thunder, and sometimes hail or strong winds. It
underground and when the ground above can no
forms when warm, moist air rises rapidly, cools, and
longer support its weight, it collapses, forming a
condenses into clouds, releasing energy that intensifies
sinkhole.
the storm.

Thunderstorms can be short but powerful, often bringing

heavy rain and creating electrical activity in the form of
lightning.

17 30
 SINKHOLES TYPHOON

HOW DO THEY HAPPEN? WHAT TO DO?

Sinkholes occur when water dissolves underground rock, such as
limestone, creating empty spaces and weakening the ground AFTER
above.
Stay away from flood water.
Over time, as these cavities grow larger, the surface layer
becomes too unstable to support its own weight. Eventually, the
ground collapses, forming a sinkhole that can vary in size from
small depressions to large chasms. Prioritize you, your families, and your pets health and
safety.

Listen to the news and follow instructions given by

local authorities.

18 29
 SINKHOLES TYPHOON

WHAT TO DO?
INTERESTING FACTS
DURING
China's Xiaoxhai Tiankeng is the largest and deepest sinkhole
Stay informed about the typhoon and prepare.
ever recorded and it measures about 660 meters deep with a
volume of 130 million cubic meters.
Avoid using electrical appliances or devices.
The ancient Maya civilization of Mesoamerica used sinkholes
as sacrificial sites to satisfy their rain deity Chaak, during
droughts. Stay indoors as much as possible.

Sinkholes can occur randomly; these are called cover-collapse

sinkhole which is the most dangerous type. Stay away from dangerous areas.

Sinkholes can happen naturally over time, but they can also
happen due to human activities like mining and heavy traffic.

A sinkhole has become a tourist attraction for divers called tbe

Deep Blue in Belize which is 300 metersacross and 125 meters
deep.

19 28
 SINKHOLES TYPHOON

WHAT TO DO?
WHAT TO DO?

BEFORE
BEFORE
Listen to weather updates about the typhoon.
Check for signs like cracks appearing on the floors and walls of your
house. Also check if water is pooling.
Create an emergency supply kit with necessary items like a first aid kit,
food, water, flashlights, etc.

Check if you area is prone to sinkholes.

If the authorities announce that you should evacuate, you must listen
and do so.

Be alert during heavy rainfall as that may cause sinkholes to occur

Secure your home and make sure that everything is sturdy and
won't break easily.

20 27
 SINKHOLES TYPHOON
WHAT TO DO?
INTERESTING FACTS
DURING
Call local authorities and inform them about the Typhoon Haiyan was considered the strongest typhoon to ever
situation. make landfall in the Philippines in 2013. It reached to 314
kilometers per hour and killed atleast 6,300 people.

Evacuate immediately. Typhoon Tip or also known in the Philippines as Typhoon

Warling, was considered the largest tropical cyclone with a
diameter of 2,220 kilometer.

Warn others about the danger and stay away from it as far as
Typhoons, hurricanes, and cyclones rotate due to the coriolis
possible.
effect caused by the rotation of the Earth.

The eye of the typhoon is characterized to have a calm

weather.

During the second Mongol Invasion of Japan in the 13th

century, a massive typhoon destroyed the Mongol fleet, aiding
the heavily outnumbered Japanese defenders.

21 26
 SINKHOLES
TYPHOON
WHAT TO DO?
HOW DO THEY HAPPEN?
AFTER
Typhoons form over warm ocean waters when warm, moist air
Stay away from the sinkhole and do not go near it.
rises, creating a low-pressure system that pulls in more air and
moisture, fueling powerful storm clouds.
Earth's rotation causes this air to spiral, intensifying into a
Report the sinkhole to local authorities. typhoon with strong winds and heavy rains.

The middle of the typhoon is called the eye with the eyewall
surrounding it.
Barricade around the area of the sinkhole so people and
vehicles stay away from it or accidentally fall in.

22 25
 TYPES OF NATURAL HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
DISASTERS HAZARD

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL TYPHOON
A typhoon is a large, powerful, and rotating storm system
A hydrometeorological hazard is a process or characterized by strong winds and intense rainfall. It is a
phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological, or tropical cyclone that forms over warm ocean waters.
oceanographic nature that has the potential to cause
harm to people, property, and the environment. Typhoons are known by different names in different regions.
For example, in the Atlantic Ocean or Eastern Pacific Ocean,
Examples of this hazard include storm surges, typhoons, they are called hurricane, while in the Indian Ocean, they are
landslides, ENSO cycle, droughts, and floods or flash referred to as cyclones.
floods.

23 24