EE 5 G 7-CO GENERATION AND TARIFF ECA

Q.1) What is co-generation? Describe the need of cogeneration. (W-15)

Co-generation is the system which produces two form of energy from one fuel. One of the form of energy
Must be heat and other may be electrical or mechanical.

 In conventional power plant efficiency is only 35% & remaining 65% of energy is lost.
 The conventional system uses energy of fuel to produce Electrical energy or Thermal
energy. Where as co-generation system produces both electrical energy & thermal
energy from same fuel.
 The overall efficiency of energy use in co-generation can be up to 85% and above.
 Lower volumes of CO2 emissions compared to the conventional system where separate production
of electricity & heat.
 In co-generation system, heat generated is by-product in electricity generating process.
This heat can be used for other processes. Due to this energy cost are lowered.
 Limited need of cooling water in co-generation system therefore reduces thermal pollution.

Q.2) State any four merits of co-generation system.

Merits of co-generation:
1) Co-generation can meet both power & heat needs.
2) A much more efficient use of primary energy can be achieved as compared to separate
production of electricity and heat.
3) Many times it is implemented in a very cost effective manner.
4) Increases overall efficiency of system
5) Reduction in emission of pollutants due to reduced fuel consumption.
6) Helps to maintain grid stability.
7) In co-generation heat is byproduct of electricity generation process.
8) Due to decentralization of electricity, it avoids transmission losses and makes system
more flexible.

Q.3) State the factors to be considered for selection of cogeneration techniques. (W-15)
OR
What is co-generation? Explain any five factors governing the selection of the co-
generation system. (W-14)
Following are the factors to be considered for selection of co-generation techniques:

1) Base electrical load matching: - The co-generation system is designed to meet the minimum electricity
demand. The remaining power required is purchased from the utility grid.

2) Base thermal load matching: - The co-generation system is designed to supply the minimum thermal
energy requirement. Stand by boilers/ burners are used if the demand for heat is higher.

3) Electrical load matching: - This is stand alone system. The co-generation system is designed such that
total electricity required is generated. Therefore this co-generation system is totally independent of the
electricity utility grid. Sometimes if energy demand is higher, auxiliary boilers are used.

4) Thermal load matching: - The co-generation system is designed such that the total heat energy require
is generated. If required energy demand is higher electricity purchased from grid.

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5) Availability of fuel : Cheap and easily availability of fuel helps to achieve good cogeneration.

6) Space requirement : The site if very limited in space does not support cogeneration system where as ample
space helps in installing the cogeneration system.

7) Initial and operating cost : Lower values encourages the installation of cogeneration system.

8) The quality of thermal energy: The quality of steam is decided by temperature & pressure of the steam.

It should be very good. (very high)

9) Electricity buyback: Sometime the electrical energy generated in cogeneration system is selled out to
supply company, after that whenever that factory is need of electrical power. It is purchased from
supply
Company by common electricity buyback agreement.

Q.4) Give classification of cogeneration system based on sequence of energy generation. (W-14)

1) Topping cycle: the energy from fuel burnt is used to first produce power and
then the thermal energy which is a by-product of the cycle and is used to supply process heat
or other thermal requirements. Normally suitable where the processes of the industry need
low heat (temperatures).

2) Bottoming cycle: the energy from fuel burnt is used at the high temperature thermal energy
required for the process of the industry and then the heat rejected is recovered and used to generate
power.

Q.5) List name of eight industries suitable for cogeneration.

Ans:
Following are the suitable industries for the cogeneration:
1. Aluminum industries 7. Sugar mills
2. Cement industries 8. Steel manufacturing plants
3. Paper and Pulp industries 9. Petrochemical sector
4. Rice mills 10. Ceramic industries
5. Distilleries
6. Gas Plants

Q.) Explain the classification of co-generation system on the basis of sequence of energy use
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and on the basis of technology.

Ans: Classification of co-generation system:

Q.6) Describe combined Cycle Topping Cycle scheme of cogeneration with neat diagram(W-15)

Explanation:
The combined cycle topping system is as shown in above fig. In this system the fuel & air is burnt in the
combustion chamber for e.g. diesel or gas engine by which mechanical energy is obtained & it is coupled to
the generator so in first stage electrical energy is generated.
But in next stage the exhaust gases are passed through the exhaust heat boiler which generates sufficient
steam pressure to drive secondary steam turbine which is coupled to the generator by which electrical
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energy is obtained in next stage also. In later stage the steam output from the turbine is provide to the heat
exchanger to produce the usable heat.

Q.7) With help of neat labeled diagram explain working of Gas turbine co-generation system?
Ans: (W-14)

Gas turbine cogeneration systems can produce all or a part of the energy requirement of the site. The
energy released at height temperature in the exhaust stack be recovered for various heating cooling
applications. The typical range of gas turbines varies from a fraction of a 500KW to around 25``0
MW. Gas turbine cogeneration has probably experienced the most rapid development in the recent
years due to the greater availability of natural gas, rapid progress in the technology, significant
reduction in installation costs, & better environment performance. Gas turbine has a low short start
up time and provides the flexibility of intermittent operation. Though it has a low heat to power
conversion efficiency more heat can be recovered at higher temperatures. If the heat output is less
than that required by the user it is possible to have supplementary natural gas firing by mixing
additional fuel to the oxygen –rich exhaust gas to boost the thermal output more efficiently . Steam
generated from the exhaust gas of the gas turbine is passed through a backpressure of extraction –
condensing steam turbine to generate additional power. The exhaust or the extracted steam from the
steam turbine provides the required thermal energy.

Open cycle gas turbine: Combustion chamber receives atmospheric air through compressor at increased
temperature and pressure. This is mixed with injected fuel and burnt in the combustion chamber.
Combustion gases are supplied to gas turbine at high temperature and pressure where expansion takes place.
This produces mechanical energy which is used to drive electric generator and compressor. Turbine reject
exhaust gases at temperature in the range of 450 to 600 oC to the heat recovery boiler and useful heat is used
for process.
High temperature gases offer an advantage of efficient heat recovery. The exhaust gases hereafter are
liberated (and not circulated) thus classification as open cycle.
Installation may take 9-14 months for smaller units up to 7MW and 2 years for larger plants.

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Open cycle gas turbine cogeneration system

Closed cycle gas turbine : In contrast to open cycle system instead of combustion chamber and
external heat source is used to add heat at constant pressure. Working fluid (either helium or air)
circulates through closed circuit. It is heated at necessary inlet temp. by heat exchanger before it is
passed to the turbine . Here the compression and expansion occurs same as in previous system.
Max. temp. point of cycle is where the combustion process ends . This temp. depends on the max.
temp. which turbine blades are designed to withstand. More this temp. more is the efficiency.
Estimated installation time for a capacity of 25MW is near about 4 – 5 years. Useful service life is
about 20 years .

closed cycle gas turbine cogeneration system

Q.8) Distinguish between open cycle and close cycle gas turbine cogeneration system. (W-15)

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Q.9) Draw layout of steam turbine cogeneration system and label it. (W-14)

OR
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In this type of topping co generation system, the fuel which may be in the form of
coal, oil, wood etc. is burnt to produce high pressure steam which is passed through a steam turbine.
The low pressure steam obtained from the exhaust of turbine can be utilized for
other purposes such as heating of any other products of industry, houses or it may also be used in generating
plant for heating f feed water .
Also the flue gases going to the chimney from boiler may be utilized in
economizer to heat feed water to boiler itself.

Q.10) Describe with suitable diagram ; the reciprocating engine cogeneration system.
Ans) Reciprocating engine cogeneration system:
1) Spark Ignition Gas System:
Explanation
 Spark ignition gas system is generally manufactured upto 4 MW. Generally for small capacity co-gen
plant.
 In this system, Natural gas is provided & for burning of the gases the spark ignition method is applied.
 The spark ignition method is similar to petrol or diesel engine. This is used to extract low pressure
steam.
 In this co-generation system the duel fuel mode is not available. Efficiency of the plant is almost 35%.

2) Compressed Ignition Co-gen System:

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Explanation
 Compresses ignition engine is suitable for large capacity co-generation system upto 15 MW.
Efficiency of this co-generation plant is almost 40%.
 In this co-gen system, the duel fuel mode can be used. The additional firing can be possible by excess
air, for this co-generation system complex cooling system is implemented.
 The engine is directly coupled to the generator to get the electrical energy in 1 st stage & in another
stage the engine temperature is utilized for conversion of steam & hot water for further process
applications

The tariff is the rate at which the electrical energy is sold. There are various types of tariffs followed
in the market.
Tariff – Introduction:
Electrical energy produced by the power system is delivered to a large number of customers. The
tariff becomes the attention for the electric supply company. The company has to ensured that the
tariff such that it not only recovers total cost of producing electrical energy but also earns profit on
the capital investment.

Define the terms:

ELECTRICITY DUTY: An amount levied by government (state) depending on the energy units
consumed (duty charge per unit consumed) or as percentage. This goes into the government account.

CONNECTED LOAD: It is the sum of the power ratings (W or kW or MW) of all devices and
machines existing (installed) in the premises of consumer. It is used to decide the fixed charges to be
levied.

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ELECTRICITY TAX: An amount levied by the state govt. normally as a percentage of the total
electricity bill which includes all amounts that go to the electricity supply agency.
TARIFF STRUCTURE: It is the methodology by which a consumer is billed for electricity which
may include the components such as fixed charges, MD charges, pf incentives/penalty, load factor
incentives/penalty, energy charges, TOD consumption charges etc.

LOAD FACTOR: ratio of the average load (kW) (over a specified period of time) to the maximum
load (kW) (in the same period of time). Thus it may be determined daily, monthly, yearly etc. or as
needed.

MAX. DEMAND: it is the highest demand (in kVA) of the premises under consideration over a
specified period of time. Used to decide the demand charges in tariff.

AVERAGE LOAD: it is the average (kW) of the loads drawing power over a specified period of
time determined by any recognized scientific method. Daily average load = (units supplied in 24 hrs-
kWh)/ (24 hrs).

Monthly average load = (units supplied in one month- kWh)/ (24x days in month).

PLANT CAPACITY FACTOR: It is the ratio of actual energy produced (generated) to the maximum
possible energy that could have been produced (generated) during a given period.

Actual energy generated

Plant capacity factor =
Maximum possible energy (KWH) that could have been generated

PLANT USE FACTOR : It is the ratio of number of unit (kWh) generated to the product of plant
capacity and the number of hours for which plant was in operation.

OR i.e Station output in kWh

plant use factor 

Plant capacity  hours of use

DIVERSITY FACTOR: The ratio of the sum of the individual consumers, maximum demand
to the maximum demand on power station

Sum of individual consumers maximum demand

Diversity Factor =

Maximum demand on power station

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BILLING DEMAND : The demand on which the actual Billing is done which is recorded in the
billing period i.e. one month.

CONTRACT DEMAND : It is demand of power made by the consumer and mutually agreed
through written documents between the consumer and the supply authority it is in KW or KVA

SANCTIONED LOAD : It is the load which a consumer is going to use for his machinery,
equipments etc and is mutually agreed between the consumer and supply agency.
 It is also measured in KW or KVA

FUEL SURCHARGE : It is the amount rhat utilities aaply on bills varying price of fuel or coal. The
price of fuel or coal changes every month based on demand and supply of coal and thus cost of
producing electricity changes accordingly

State any four objectives of tariff.

Following are the objectives of tariff of a supply agency:
1) Recover capital investment made.
2) Cost of operation, supplies, maintenance & losses must be recovered.
3) The cost incurred must be judiciously distributed amongst the consumers.
4) Cost of metering, billing, collection & miscellaneous services must be
recovered.
5) Encourage consumers for using power during the off peak hours so that
plant efficiency & load factor are high.
6) Discourage users from drawing higher loads than contracted.
7) Should have a provision of penalty for low power factor.
8) Gain suitable profit on the capital investment.

What are the various costs which have to be taken into account in fixation of Tariff ?
Ans: Following are the various costs which have to be taken into account in fixation of Tariff:
2. Fuel Cost
3. Maintenance cost
4. Operation cost
5. Other tax citation
6. Depreciation cost
7. Return of investment
8. Profit
9. Other duties
The following terms are always required to decide & implement the tariff
10. Unit consumed by consumer.
11. Total connected load of every consumer
12. Fixed charges
13. Electricity charges & tax
14. Tariff structure
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15. Service tax etc.

16. This above charges are also converted into fixed demand charges, running charges and
semi fixed charges to decide the tariff.
Tariff types:
1 Flat demand tariff
2 Simple tariff
3 Flat rate tariff
4 Step rate tariff
5 Block rate tariff
6 Two part tariff
7 Maximum demand tariff
8 power factor tariff
9 Three part tariff

FLAT DEMAND TARIFF:

In early days when the use of electricity was mainly restricted to very few applications such as for
lampsetc. And the number of hours of use of the lamps were fixed , they were charged on the basis
of number of lamps installed or total load connected in KW and fixed number of hours of use in a
month, or in a quarter of a year.
If x is the number of lamps or load connected in KW and a is is the rate per lamp or per KW of
connected load then
Energy charges = Rs a*x
SIMPLE TARIFF:
When there is a fixed rate per unit of energy consumed, it is known as simple tariff (Uniform Rate
Tariff).
 This is the most simplest of all tariff.
 In this type, the price charged per unit is constant.
 It means, the price will not vary with increase or decrease in number of units used.
DISADVANTAGES:
The cost per unit delivered is high.
There is no discrimination among various types of consumers.

FLAT RATE TARIFF:

 When different types of consumers are charged at different uniform per unit rates, it is said to be
Flat rate Tariff.
 In this type, the consumers are grouped into different classes.
 Each class is charged at different uniform rate.
 the different classes of consumers may be taken into account of their diversity and load factors.
 Since this type of tariff varies according to the way of supply used, separate meters are required
for lighting load, power load etc.

STEP RATE TARIFF:

The step rate tariff is a group of flat rate tariffs of decresing unit charges for higher range of
consumption, say for example

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Rs 4.0 per unit if the consumption does not exceed 50KWh.

Rs 3.50 per unit if the consumption exceed 50KWh but does not exceed 200KWh.
Rs 3.0 per unit if the consumption exceed 200KWh.

This type of tariff takes into account the fact of lower generation cost owing to higher energy
consumption consequent to improvement of load factor and there for promotes the use of
electricity.

DISADVANTAGE :- There is tendency of the consumer any how cross the step, to enter the
next one in order to reduce the total energy cost.
BLOCK RATE TARIFF:
When a given block of energy is charged at a specified rate and the succeeding blocks of energy
are charged at progressively reduced rates is called as block rate tariff.
In this type, the energy consumption is divided into many blocks and price per unit is fixed in
each block.
The example may be as follows : Suppose that a consumer 100 units he may be charged at Rs3/ unit
for first 20 units, at Rs 2/unit for next 30 units and at Rs1.50/unit for the remaining.

ADVANTAGE:- The consumer is charged at low rate if he uses more electricity. Which will
increases the load factor of the system and hence cost of generation is reduced.

DISADVANTAGE:- It does not take into account the maximum demand of the consumer.

TWO PART TARIFF:

When the rate of electrical energy is charged on the basis of maximum demand of the consumer and
the units consumed it is called two-part tariff.
 In this type, the total charge to be made from the consumer is split into two components.
i.e, fixed charges and running charges.
 The fixed charges depend upon the number of units consumed by the customer. Thus the
consumer is charged at a certain amount per kW of maximum demand + a certain amount per
kWh of energy consumed.
Total charges = Rs (X x kW + Y x kWh)
ADVANTAGE:
1. It is easily understood by the consumer.
2. It recovers fixed charges which depend upon the maximum demand of the consumer
independent of the units consumed.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Consumer has to pay the fixed charges irrespective of the fact whether he has consumed or not the
electrical energy.

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2. There is always error in assessing the maximum demand of the consumer.

THREE PART TARIFF:

When the total charges to be made from the consumer is split into three parts, fixed charge,
semifixed charge and running charge, it is known as three-part tariff. This type of tariff is applied
to big consumers.

Total charges = Rs.(a + b*Kw + c*Kwh)

a= Fixed charge. It includes interest & depreciation & labor cost.
b= charge per kW of maximum demand.
C= charge per Kwh of energy demand.
MAXIMUM DEMAND TARIFF:
 It is similar to two part tariff except that maximum demand (KVA) is actually measured by
installing maximum demand meter (in KVA).
 M.D. Meter (it is an electromagnetic or electronic trivector meter) is installed in the
premises of consumer, in addition to energy meter. In this tariff the drawback of two part tariff is
removed. This tariff is almost applicable to all bulk supplies and large industrial consumers, who
have a control over their maximum demand.
 If the any consumer crosses this limit of maximum demand then he has to pay additional penalty in
his billing.
 It is not suitable for small consumers and domestic light and fan connection, as the cost of M.D
indicator for such consumers will be too high in comparison to energy bill, which they have to pay.

POWER FACTOR TARIFF :-

 The tariff in which P.F. of industrial consumer is taken into consideration is known as Power
Factor Tariff.
 If the P.F. of consumer is less than P.F. declare by Supply Company (say below 0.9
Lag), than penalty will be charged in energy bill.
 If the P.F. of consumer is more than P.F. declare by Supply Company (say above
0.95lag) than discount will be given in energy bill.
 As usual consumer has to pay actual energy consumption charges.

(a) KVA Maximum demand tariff :

It is modified form of two part tariff. In this case maximum demand is measured in KVA instead of
KW. This type of tariff encourages the consumer to operate their machines and other equipments at
improved power factor because low power factor will cause more demand charges.

(b) KWh and KVARh Tariff :

In this type of tariff KWh and KVARh are measured and charged separately. Since KVARh decreases
with the increase in pf , therefore the consumer tries to improve the pf of his installation in order to
decrease the charges on account of KVARh recorded.

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(c) Sliding Scale tariff :

In this case the average power factor is fixed say at 0.8 lagging. Now if the power factor of a
consumer falls below by 0.01 or multiples there of, some additional charges are imposed. A
discount may be allowed in case the power factor is above 0.8. Such tariffs are rarely used.
Q) Explain how TOD and peak-off tariff can helps for energy conservation.
Electric supply agencies always try to achieve high plant efficiency by operating near
full load for as much time as possible. They encourage users to draw more power
when the load on their plants is low for which they keep tariff rates graded such that,
lower the demand on their plants/substations lower will be the tariff rate to
encourage the consumers draw power then.
TOD tariff gives opportunity for the user to reduce their billing. During off peak hours
they provide an incentive to shift consumption from peak to off peak periods. The off
peak hours tariff charges are quite low in comparison to peak hour’s tariff. TOD tariff
structure is implemented for industrial consumers as their load demands are very
high. As the supply agencies get loaded as much near to the rated load for longer times
of the day their overall efficiency gets higher helping to conserve energy.

STATE THE INCENTIVES AND PENALTY RELATED WITH P.F TARIFF.

Power factor incentive: (W-14)_
It is given to consumers who have maximum demand based tariff and provided
with meters to measure their power factor. Whenever the average power factor
is more than 0.95, an incentive shall be given at the rate of the following
percentages of the amount of the monthly bill including energy charges,
reliability charges, FAC, and Fixed/Demand Charges, but
excluding Taxes and duties.
Sr no PF range PF level Incentive %
1 0.951 to 0.954 0.95 0
2 0.955 to 0.964 0.96 1
3 0.965 to 0.974 0.97 2
4 0.975 to 0.984 0.98 3
5 0.985 to 0.994 0.99 5
6 0.995 to 1.00 1.00 7

Power factor penalty:

When the power factor falls below 0.9the consumer is penalized at the rate of
1% of
the monthly bill for every fall of 0.01 of the power factor below 0.9.

Q.) Describe how load factor can contribute in reducing energy bill. (W-15)

Load factor can contribute in reducing energy bill following reason :

 Load factor above 75% up to 85% will be entitled to a rebate of 0.75% on energy

charges for every percentage point increase in load factor from 75% to 85%

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 Consumers having a load factor above 85% will be entitled to a rebate of I%

 Consumers will be entitled to a total rebate of 15% .

 Generate load curve which helps to observe energy use trend ( Monitor power
consumption and max. demand)
 Rescheduling of loads, storage of products, shedding of non-essential loads.
OR

Load factor and diversity factor play an important role in the cost of supply of electrical energy.
Higher the value of load factor and diversity factor, lower will be the overall cost per unit generated.
Higher load factor means greater average load, resulting in greater number of units generated for a
given maximum demand. Thus the standing charges which are proportional to maximum demand and
independent of number of units generated, can be distributed over a larger number of units supplied
and therefore overall cost per unit of electrical energy generated will be reduced. The capital cost of
power station depends upon the capacity of the power station. Lower the maximum demand of the
power station , the lower is the capacity required and therefore lower is the cpital cost of the plant.
With a given number of consumers the higher the diversity factor of their loads, the smaller will be
the capacity of the plant required and consequently the fixed charges due to capital investment will be
much reduced.

Q.) What is power factor tariff? Explain how it help in energy

conservation?

Forcing electricity consumers to maintain higher power factors leads to better performance of the
electric power system in terms of power availability, system efficiency etc. This is achieved by the
power factor related tariff offered to consumers making them to maintain higher power factor. The
power factor related tariff will bill consumers on the basis of their kVA MD and (kWh & kVARh).
By maintaining a higher power factor the consumers will be drawing lower currents for specified real
power loads. Thus the line losses are low leading to increased system efficiency. Thus lower losses
means lesser energy drawn and conservation of energy.

Describe the application of Tariff system to reduce the energy bill.

Following are the application of Tariff system to reduce the energy bill:
Following are some points from which energy bills can be reduced by roper tariff:-
1. EC by improving Reducing Fixed /Demand charges :
 By reducing unnecessary load, optimization of power consumption by
equipments, proper load distribution /scheduling.
2. EC by improving Reducing Energy charges:
 Switching off unwanted load, shifting load to off-peak period, Using energy
efficient lamps and apparatus.
3. EC by improving Prompt payment of bills and taking advantages of incentive /
discount.
 (Prompt payment discount of 1% on monthly energy bill excluding taxes &
duties).
 creating awareness of Self discipline among consumers for less energy
Consumption
4. EC by improving Power Factor Incentive:
 By improving p.f. and maintaining at > 0.95, (incentive is 1% of amount of
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monthly bill including energy charges, ASC, FAC & fixed /demand charges but
excluding taxes & duty for every 1% improvement in p.f. above 0.95)
5. EC by improving Load Factor Incentive:
 load factor above 75% up to 85% will be entitled to a rebate of 0.75% on energy
charges for every percentage point increase in load factor from 75% to 85%
 Consumers having a load factor above 85% will be entitled to a rebate of 1%
 Consumers will be entitled to a total rebate of 15% .
 Generate load curve which helps to observe energy use trend ( Monitor power
consumption and max. demand)
 Rescheduling of loads, storage of products, shedding of non-essential loads.
6. EC by Avoiding penalty for exceeding contract demand:
 In case a high tension consumer exceeds his contract demand he will be billed at
the appropriate demand charges for demand actually recorded and will be charged
at the rate of 150% of the prevailing demand charges for the excess demand over
the contract demand
 Re calculate and estimate existing connected load and assuming proper DF, decide
max. demand.
7. EC by improving Reactive power compensation:
 Some utilities charge for reactive power consumption.
 By providing capacitor bank and maintaining optimum p.f.( also reduces max.
demand)

If minimum demand of consumer is 500 kW, p.f 0.8 lag and load factor 70%. The tariff
applied is 80/ kVA of maximum demand and 20 paise per kWh consumed. Calculate annual
bill of consumer.
Ans: Given Data:
MD =500 kw P.f = 0.8 lagging load factor = 70% = 0.7
Tariff rate = RS. 80 / KVA, Energy cost = Rs. 20 paise /Kwh
1. Units consumed /year: Max. Demand x L.F. x Hrs in years
= (500) x (0.7) x (8760)
= 30.66 x 105 Kwh
2. Max. Demand in KVA = 500/p.f. = 500/0.8 = 625 KVA
3. Annual Bill = Max. Demand charges + Energy charges
= (625 x 80) + (20/100 x 30.66 x 105)
Annual Bill = Rs. 663200/

Q.2) An industrial consumer having a maximum demand of 100 kW

maintains a load factor of 65 %. The tariff rates are Rs. 900 per kVA of
maximum demand per annum plus Rs. 2.85 per kWh of energy
consumed. If average power factor is 0.8 lag, calculate the total energy
consumed per annum and annual electricity bill.

Average load = (LF) x (MD in kW) = 0.65 x 100 = 65 kW.

MD (kVA) = (MD in kW)/ (avg. pf) = 100/0.8 = 125 kVA.
Annual units consumed N = Average load x no. of hrs in a year
= 65 x 365 x 24 = 569400 kWh
Annual bill = MD charges + Energy charges
= 125 x 900 + 569400 x 2.85

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= Rs. 112500 + 1622790

= Rs. 1735290/-

c) A consumer has a maximum demand of 100 kW at 30% load factor. If tariff is Rs.90/kW of
maximum demand plus 10 paise per kWh. Find overall cost per kWh.
Ans:
Assume given MD tariff is monthly.
Average load = MD x Load factor = 100 x 30/100 = 30 kW. Monthly units
consumed = average load x hours in month
= 30 kW x (30 x 24)hrs = 21600 kWh.

Energy charges per month = 21600 x 10/100 = Rs 2160/-

MD charges per month = MD x MD tariff = 100 x 90 = Rs 9000/-.
Monthly bill = MD charges + energy charges
= 9000 + 2160 = Rs 11160/-.
Overall cost per unit per month = monthly bill/(monthly units consumed),
= 11160/21600 = s 0.5166 = 51.66 pai e.

Prof. Rafat Jabeen 17