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Flora of Siberia

Volume 10

G eraniaceae— Cornaceae
Floristic Regions of Siberia
Flora of Siberia
Volume 10

Geraniaceae—Cornaceae

Principal E ditor
Dr. G.A. Peschkova

Science Publishers
E n fie ld (N H ) J e rse y P ly m o u th
SCIENCE PUBLISHERS
An Imprint of Edenbridge Ltd., British Isles.
Post Office Box 699
Enfield, New Hampshire 03748
United States of America

Website: http://www.scipub.net

[email protected] (marketing department)

[email protected] (editorial department)
[email protected] (for all other enquiries)

ISBN-13: 978-1-57808-109-7 (hbk) (vollO)

ISBN-13: 978-1-57808-071-7 (set)

© 2006 Copyright reserved

Libraray of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Flora Sibiri. English
Flora of Siberia/series editor L.I. Malyschev;
[translator, P.M. Rao]. p. em.
Contents: v. 10. Geraniaceae-Cornaceae
ISBN 1-5 7 8 0 8 -1 0 9-2
1. Botany-Russia (Federationi-Siberia
2. Phytogeography-Russia (Federation)-Siberia-
Maps. I. M.G. Pimenov, N.V. Vlasova, V.V.
Zuev, G.A. Peschkova, K.S. Baikov, E.M.
Lyakh. II. Title.

Translation of: ©Flora Sibiri, Geraniaceae-Cornaceae [Volume 10],

Nauka Publishers, Siberian Publishing Co., 1996.

Compilers: M.G. Pimenov, N.V. Vlasova, V.V. Zuev,

G.A. Peschkova, K.S. Baikov and E.M. Lyakh

Editorial Board: I.M. Krasnoborov, L.I. Malyschev (Chief editor

of the series), G.A. Peschkova, A.V. Polozhii, A.K. Skvortzov
and B.A. Yurtsev

Translator: P.M. Rao

Technical Editor: Dr. Gurcharan Singh
General Editor: Margaret Majithia

Published by Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA

 PREFACE

This volume contains data on morphology, ecology, and chorology

of feral species and subspecies of 31 families of flowering plants.
The fam ilies have been arranged essentially according to the
Engler system. Conform ing to the latest views (Takhtadzhyan,
Sistem a m agnoliofitov [System of M agnoliophyta] 1987), some
fam ilies have, how ever, been subdivided into some sm aller
fam ilies. Thus, family B iebersteiniaceae has been separated from
fam ily G eraniaceae; fam ily Zygophyllaceae s.l. is represented in
Siberia by 4 sm aller (in volum e) fam ilies: Zygophyllaceae s.
str., R utaceae, N itrariaceae, and Peganaceae.
M uch of the work has been carried out by the colleagues at
the laboratory of taxonom y of higher plants and florogenetics of
the Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Division, Russian
Academ y o f Sciences, during 1991-1995, but the largest fam ily
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae (92 species and subspecies of 50 genera)
has been prepared by M.G. Pim enov of the B otanical Garden of
M.V. L om onosov M oscow State U niversity, who is highly
know ledgeable about this family.
As a result, this critical study has provided the specific
characteristics of taxonom y and chorology of 299 species and
subspecies belonging to 101 genera including 6 taxa that are
new for science and their diagnosis in Latin.
A part from the N ovosibirsk collection of M .G. Popov
H erbarium and the G eneral H erbarium of the C entral Siberian
B otanical G arden, S iberian D ivision, R ussian A cadem y of
Sciences, the collections of the follow ing leading botanical
organizations of R ussia have been studied to arrive at a more
com plete picture of the distribution of species and subspecies:
Herbarium of V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy
of Sciences (curator: D.V. G el’tm an), P N . Krylov H erbarium of
Tomsk State U niversity (curator: A.V. P olozhii), and D.P.
Syreishchikov H erbarium of M.V. Lom onosov M oscow State
U niversity (curator: LA. Gubanov).
 vi

The drawings given in this volume are original and have been
prepared for the M onograph of S iberian Species of Genus
Euphorbia by K.S. Baikov. U nfortunately, financial restraints
did not perm it increasing the num ber of illu stratio n s. L.Z.
Lukm anova rendered much assistance in the preparation of the
m anuscript.
The com pilers of the volum e express sincere gratitude to all
the above colleagues.
The study was supported by the financial assistance of the
R ussian Fund for Basic R esearch (grant 93-04-08000).
G.A. Peschkova
* sfe *

6 The follow ing abbreviations have been used in describing the

diagnostic features of plants:
auct. non...— auctores, non...(authors, not...)
class, hab.— classic habitat
comb, nova— com binatio nova (new com bination)
diam .— diam eter
f.— form a (form)
p.p.— pro parte (partly)
s.l.— sensu lato (in a broad sense)
sp.— species
s. str.— sensu stricto (in a narrow sense)
subsp.— subspecies
syn.— synonym
var.— varietas (variety)
The distribution range of plants has been described by listing
in a coded form the nominal floristic regions or the adm inistrative
divisions of Siberia (see Fig. 1) in the follow ing sequence:
W est. Sib.: TYU— Yam, Khm, Tb, KU, OM, TO, NO, KE,
AL— Ba, Go. C en. Sib.: KR— Ta, Pu, Tn, Kha, Ve, TU. E ast.
Sib.: IR— An, Pr, BU— Se, Yuzh, C hi— Ka, Shi, YAK— Ar, Ol,
Vi, Al, Yan, Ko, where
W est. Sib.— W estern Siberia
TYU— Tyumensk Province
Yam— Yamal-Nenets Autonom ous D istrict
 Vl l

Fig. 1 Map showing the nominal floristic regions of Siberia.

Khm— Khanty-M ansi Autonom ous D istrict

Tb— Tobol Floristic Region
KU— Kurgan Province
OM— Omsk Province
TO— Tomsk Province
NO— N ovosibirsk Province
KE— Kemerovo Province
AL— Altay Territory
Ba— Barnaul F loristic Region
Go— G orno-A ltay Republic
C en. Sib.— C entral Siberia
KR— K rasnoyarsk Territory
Ta— Taimyr F loristic Region
Pu— Putoran F loristic Region
Tn— Tunguska Floristic Region
Kha— Khakass Republic
Ve— Verkhneenisei (Upper Yenisey) F loristic Region
TU— Tuva Republic
 viii

East. Sib.— Eastern Siberia

7 IR— Irkutsk Province
An— A ngara-Sayan F loristic Region
Pr— Prilensk (Fore Lena)-K atanga F loristic Region
BU— B uryat Republic
Se— Severo-B uryat (N orthern Buryat) F loristic Region
Yuzh— Yuzhno-Buryat (Southern Buryat) Floristic Region
C hi— C hitin Province
Ka— K alar F loristic Region
Shi— Shilko-A rgun F loristic R egion (Dauria)
YAK— Sakha R epublic (Yakutia)
A r— A rctic F loristic Region
01— O lenek-N izhnelensk (Low er Lena) F loristic Region
Vi— V ilyui-V erkhnelensk (U pper Lena) F loristic R egion
A l— Aldan F loristic Region
Yan— Y ano-Indigirka F loristic Region
Ko— Kolym a F loristic Region
 CONTENTS

PREFACE -G.A. Peschkova v

Fam ily G eraniaceae -G.A. Peschkova 1
Fam ily B iebersteiniaceae -G .A . Peschkova 21
Fam ily O xalidaceae -G.A. Peschkova 22
Fam ily Linaceae -G.A. Peschkova 23
Fam ily R utaceae -G.A. Peschkova 31
Fam ily Zygophyllaceae -G.A. Peschkova 33
Fam ily N itrariaceae -G.A. Peschkova 37
Fam ily Peganaceae -G.A. Peschkova 38
Fam ily Polygalaceae -G.A. Peschkova 39
Fam ily Euphorbiaceae Baikov 42
Fam ily C allitrichaceae -AT. 5. Baikov 71
Fam ily Em petraceae -£ .S . Baikov 73
Fam ily C elastraceae -AT.5. Baikov 74
Fam ily B alsam iniaceae -AT.5. Baikov 76
Fam ily Rham naceae -AT. 5. Baikov 11
Fam ily T iliaceae -N .V Vlasova 80
Fam ily M alvaceae -N.V. Vlasova 82
Fam ily H ypericaceae -N.V. Vlasova 89
Fam ily Elatinaceae -N .V Vlasova 94
Fam ily Frankeniaceae -N .V Vlasova 97
Fam ily Tam aricaceae -N.V. Vlasova 98
(Key to Genera, G enera Ream uria L., Tamarix L.),
E.M. Lyakh (Genus M yricaria Desv.)
Fam ily V iolaceae -V.V. Zuev 104
Fam ily Thym elaeaceae -V.V. Zuev 130
Fam ily E laeagnaceae -V.V. Zuev 132
Fam ily Lythraceae -V.V. Zuev 134
Fam ily O nagraceae -N .V Vlasova 137
X

Fam ily Trapaceae -N .V Vlasova 155

or H ydrocaryaceae
Fam ily H aloragaceae -N.V. Vlasova 156
Fam ily H ippuridaceae - N .V Vlasova 159
Fam ily A piaceae -M .G . Pimenov 160
or U m belliferae
Fam ily C ornaceae -N.V. Vlasova 256
MAPS OF PLANT DISTRIBUTION 259
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES OF PLANTS 305
8 Fam ily GERANIACEAE

1. Appendages of carpel glumes bending arcuately upward

on m aturity. Flow ers 1-2 (3) each at tip of peduncles.
Leaves palm atisected or p alm atip artite....... 1. Geranium.
+ A ppendages of carpel glum es helically curled upward
on m aturity. Flow ers aggregated into an um bel at tip of
peduncles. Leaves pinnately com pound..........2. Erodium.

1. G eranium L.

1. Pedicels 2 (3) on common p e d u n c le ................................ 2.

+ Pedicels singly on common peduncle, rarely 2. Peduncles
em erging from axils of many cauline leaves ...................
.......................................................................... 17. G. sibiricum.
2. Leaf blades incised more or less deeply, but not up to
base, into (3) 5 -7 (9) lobes. Sepals more or less declinate
at anthesis. Petals with short, indistinct c l a w .............. 3.
+ L eaf blades divided into 3 -5 lobes up to base, m idlobe
on petiolule; all lobes deeply pinnatifid. Sepals erect at
anthesis, proximated. Petals with narrow long claw almost
equalling lim b ..................................... 16. G. robertianum .
3. Perennial plants m ostly with upright stems. Petals (6)
1 0 -1 5 (20) mm long, 1.5-2 tim es longer than sepals ...
4.
+ Annual plants with ascending slender stems. Petals about
3.5 mm long, equalling or scarcely surpassing sepals
15. G. pusillum.
4. Flow ers opening little, cam panulate. Petals em arginated
at t i p ...........................................................................................5.
+ Flow ers more or less opening wide. Petals rounded or
with scarcely noticeable notch at t i p ...............................6.
5. Pedicels pubescent with simple appressed h a ir s ..................
.........................................................................2. G. albiflorum.
+ Pedicels, apart from simple hairs, more or less com pactly
covered with glandular (fine, distant, with dark-colored
glandules at tip) h a i r s ................................. 8. G. krylovii.
6. Pedicels or only sepals g la n d u la r-h a ire d ....................... 7.
 2

+ Pedicels and sepals covered with simple hairs; glandular

hairs absent in p u b esc en ce ................................................ 16.
7. A nther filam ents abruptly enlarged in low er 1/4, with
cluster of short stiff hairs at base on either side, set on
circular flat outgrow ths of receptacle. Pedicels declinate
in f r u it s ..................................................................................... 8.
9 + Anther filam ents gradually enlarging from center to base,
w ithout cluster of short stiff hairs on outgrow ths of
receptacle. Pedicels erect in f r u it s ................................... 12.
8. Flow ers lilac-blue or lilac-violet, extrem ely rarely white
(albinos). Petals 15-22 (25) mm long, broad-obovate..9.
+ Flow ers white, very rarely with faint lilac-shade. Petals
11-15 mm long, narrow-obovate. Stems short appressed-
p ilo s e ......................................................................1. G. affine.
9. Pubescence of stems consisting of appressed or distant
very short hairs, quite often with significant adm ixture
of long distant glandular hairs or pubescence consisting
of a m ixture of distant long sim ple and glandular hairs
.................................................................................................................................................. 10.

+ Pubescence of stems consisting of sim ple long distant

or slightly deflexed hairs; with more or less significant
adm ixture of long glandular hairs only in inflorescence,
m ainly on pedicels. G landular pubescence present
sometimes only on s e p a ls ............. 12. G. pratense s. str.
10. Stems covered with very short simple distant (velutinous
pubescence) or dow nw ard hairs, som etim es w ith
significant admixture of glandular hairs, 2 -3 times longer
than simple h a ir s .................................................................. 11.
+ Stems covered with distant long simple and glandular,
nearly equally long hairs, alm ost right from b a s e ............
.................................. 13. G. pratense subsp. sergievskajae.
11. Stems covered in lower half with very short simple distant
(velutinous pubescence) or downward appressed hairs
................................................. 19. G. transbaicalicum s. str.
+ Stems covered with long glandular hairs 2 -3 times longer
than sim ple hairs, apart from short sim ple hairs, right
from base or above first in te rn o d e ........................................
.................... 20. G. transbaicalicum subsp. turczaninovii.
 3

12(7). All anther filam ents or alternate filam ents on back with
stiff, 1.5-2.5 mm long c i l i a .............................................. 13.
+ A nther filam ents with short, less than 0.5 mm long, cilia
along m a rg in .......................................................................... 14.
13. Stems covered with short appressed downward hairs. Leaf
blades divided into 5 -7 narrow -rhom bic lobes up to
3/4—5/6 of their le n g th .............................. 6. G. erianthum.
+ Stems covered with long distant hairs. Leaf blades divided
into 3 -5 broad-rhom bic lobes up to 1/2 of their length
or slightly d e e p e r.......................................7. G. eriostemon.
14. Stems quite com pactly covered with short appressed
dow nw ard hairs. L eaf blades divided into 5 -7 lobes
alm ost up to base; lobes narrow -rhom bic, deeply
pinnatifid into oblong-lanceolate lobules/Flow ers bright
v io le t.................................................................... 9. G. laetum.
+ Stems with rather sparse long distant hairs, sometimes
subglabrous in low er portion. Leaf blades divided into
(3) 5 -7 broad-rhom bic lobes up to 3/4 of their length;
lobes in turn pinnatifid or large-toothed rather shallowly
................................................................................................... 15.
15. Pubescence of lower portion of stems and petioles of
radical leaves faint, consisting of simple deflexed hairs.
Flowers violet—raspberry-red or purple-pink.......................
...................................................................... 18. G. sylvaticum.
10 + Stems in lower portion and petioles of radical leaves
m ore or less com pactly covered w ith fairly long,
horizontally distant m ulticellular and glandular hairs.
Flow ers white or light pink, with dark-colored nerves ...
...........................................................................21. G. uralense.
16(6). Stems covered with more or less long distant or deflexed,
sometimes appressed hairs. Petals hairy inside at base
.................................................................................................. 17.
+ Stems covered with short, compactly appressed, downward
hairs. Petals more or less hairy or glabrous outside at
b a s e .......................................................................................... 19.
17. Leaves greyish beneath. Filam ents of anthers or only
sepals hispid along margin and b a c k ............................. 18.
+ Leaves green on both surfaces. A nther filam ents short-
ciliate. Sepals with short appressed hairs along nerves
........................................................................... 11. G. palustre.
4

18. Pedicels covered with short hairs bent at tip. Sepals

covered with long bristly distant hairs. Pubescence of
stems consisting of rather sparse, setaceous, more or
less long distant or replicated h a i r s .......................................
................................................................ 10. G. maximoviczii.
+ Pedicels covered with erect distant short hairs. Sepals
covered with short and long sem iappressed hairs.
Pubescence of stems consisting of very short distant hairs
................................................................22. G. wlassovianum.
19. A nther filam ents gradually enlarged from center to base.
Stems erect, branched in upper half. Leaf blades divided
alm ost right up to base .......................................................20.
+ A nther filam ents abruptly enlarged in lower 1/4. Stems
usually ascending, quite weak, branched right from base.
Leaf blades divided up to 2/3—3/4 of their le n g th ................
............................................................................ 4. G. collinum.
20. Rhizome with cluster of funiform roots. Flowers blue-
violet or white, on short erect stalks, aggregated into
m any-flow ered corym bose-paniculate inflorescences at
tip of stems and b ra n c h e s..................................................21.
+ Rhizome with cluster of spindle-shaped thickened roots.
Flowers pink or pale lilac, on long recurved stalks, rather
few, not forming corym bose-paniculate inflorescence ....
...................................................................... 15. G. dahuricum.
21. Flowers white, with dark nerves. Awns of sepals usually
not longer than 1 mm......................................3. G. bifolium.
+ Flowers pale blue, up to lilac. Awns of sepals 1 .2-2 mm
lo n g ..................................................14. G. pseudosibiricum.
1. G. affine Ledeb. 1831, FI. Alt. 3: 229.
Stems 2 5-45 cm tall, covered in lower portion with short
compactly appressed glandular hairs in inflorescence. Leaf blades
suborbicular in profile, 3 -9 cm long, 7 -1 0 cm broad, rather
sparsely covered with appressed hairs (only along veins beneath),
palm atisected into 7 lobes deeply, alm ost right up to base; lobes
once or twice pinnatifid into oblong-lanceolate lobules. Flowers
in corymbose inflorescence, on 10-15 (20) mm long stems, nutant
before anthesis, erect at anthesis, steeply recurved sideways
thereafter. Bracts 7 -1 0 (1 2 ) mm long, shorter than, rarely equalling
pedicels. Sepals with relatively short (1 -2 mm long) awn,
 5

glandular-haired. Petals 12-15 mm long, white, narrow obovate,

undivided at tip, rounded, with more or less com pact long hairs
at base. A nther filam ents abruptly enlarged tow ard base, with
11 short less perceptible hairs along margin in enlarged lower portion,
with clusters of com pact stiff hairs at base.
In thinned out larch forests, borders, m eadow y glades,
steppified southern slopes, in fine-rubble steppes. W est. Sib.:
AL-Ba, G o.— K azakh, and M ongol. Altay. D escribed from
m eadows along the upper course of Irtysh river in Nor.-East.
Kazakhstan.
Evidently, common in Kazakhstan and M ongol. Altay; nor. boundary of
distribution range runs in the territory of Altay mountain range. References to
the growth of this species in Krasnoyarsk region, in all probability, pertain to
white-flowered races o f G. pratense since the pubescence o f stems in them is
distant, not appressed, as in type in specimens.
2. G. albiflorum Ledeb. 1829, Ic. PI. FI. Ross. 1: 6, Table
18.
Stems (20) 3 0-60 cm tall, solitary, erect, subglabrous in lower
portion, increasingly com pact-pubescent toward tip with fine
appressed downward hairs. Radical leaves long-petiolate, blades
of radical and low er cauline leaves 7 -1 5 cm broad, up to 12 cm
long, orbicular-reniform , more or less deeply (up to 3/4 of radius)
palm atisected into 7 lobes; lobes rhom bic or obovate, acute,
rather shallow ly incised. Pedicels pubescent with distant sim ple
hairs, arcuate at tip, nutant before anthesis, erect thereafter. Sepals
elliptical, sometimes reddish, with scarious light or reddish margin,
with obtuse, rather thick awn at tip, pubescent with simple distant
hairs. Petals white, som etim es lilac or with lilac shade, 8 -1 2
mm long, obovate, emarginated at tip, pilose at base along m argin
and inside, upward (flow ers cam panulate). Stamens in largest
flow ers (usually bisexual) only slightly shorter than petals, with
norm al anthers, their filam ents gradually enlarging tow ard base,
ciliate; in other relatively sm all flow ers (fem ale), stam ens 1/2
of calyx, w ith underdeveloped anthers, their filam ents flat-
enlarged.
In subalpine meadows and black forests. W est. Sib.: KE (basins
of M ras-Su and Kondom rivers), AL— Go (predom inantly in
southern and south-w estern parts).— Mid. Asia, M ong. Altay.
D escribed from Kazakh section of Altay (vicinity of R idder
tow n— m odern Leninogorsk).
 6

3. G. bifolium Patrin 1824 in DC., Prodr. 1: 642— G. asiaticum

Serg.-G. pseudosibiricum auct., non J. M ayer p. p.
Stems 2 0 -6 5 (82) cm tall, covered all along their length
together with peduncles with simple compact appressed downward
hairs. Leaves long-petiolate, their blades 2 -6 cm long, 2-11 cm
broad, orbicular in profile, covered on both surfaces with fairly
com pact sem idistant hairs, deeply (alm ost up to base) divided
into 5 -7 lobes; lobes long-rhom bic, deeply pinnatisected into
lanceolate entire or unevenly dentate lobules. Pedicels 1-3 cm
long, covered with simple hairs curved at tip, erect. Sepals ovate,
with short, less than 1 mm long awn; outer sepals crinite, inner
subglabrous. Petals 7 -1 2 mm long, white or slightly lilac with
dark nerves, oblong-obovate, orbicular at tip, rather sparsely
crinite at base along margin and inside. Anther filaments gradually
enlarging toward base, with short poorly visible hairs along margin
and outer surface in low er half.
12 In dry valley and forest m eadows, meadowy slopes, in birch
forest stands, pine, and aspen forests. West Sib.: TYU-Tb, KU
(Utganskoe village in Petukhovsk region), OM (vicinity of Omsk,
Krasnoyarsk village on Irtysh), TO, NO, KE, AL-Ba (vicinity of
B arnaul— class, hab. and others), Go (northern part). Cen. Sib.:
KR-Tn (B aikit settlem ent on Podkam ennaya Tunguska river),
Kha, Ve.— Endem ic. Map 1.
4. G. collinum Stephan ex W illd. 1800, Sp. PI. 3: 705.
Stems 15-40 cm tall, rather few, weak, ascending or erect,
diffuse-branched, thickly covered like the plant as a whole with
compactly appressed fine hairs. Leaves rather stiff, greyish green,
long-petiolate, their blades 3 -6 cm in diam ., orbicular-reniform
in profile, deeply (for more than 3/4) palm atisected into (3) 5 -7
lobes; lobes subrhom bic, pinnatifid into lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate lobules or teeth. Pedicels declinate in fruits, covered
with com pactly appressed replicated hairs. Sepals up to 8 mm
long, oblong-ovate, covered with fine appressed hairs, with
3 -5 nerves and short awn. Petals 12-15 mm long, 6 -7 mm broad,
pale, pink-lilac, obovate, undivided at tip, barbate-pilose at base,
abruptly narrowing into short claw. Anther filam ents alternating,
opposite petals, abruptly enlarged at base, suborbicular, opposite
sepals, gradually enlarging from center to base, ciliate along
m argin, with clusters of unequal hairs at base on outgrow ths of
receptacle.
 7

In wet saline and arid solonetzic meadows. W est. Sib.: KU

(U shakovsk village, K islyanka settlem ent), AL— Ba, Go (Kurai
village).— Europe (south), Caucasus, Mid. Asia, West. Asia (Iran),
West. China. D escribed from Altay. M ap 2.
Plants with pedicels devoid o f glandular pubescence are distributed in the
plains o f Altay Siberia. These should probably be treated as G. londesii Fischer.
Plants with glandular-haired pedicels are quite common in Gorn. Altay and
Kazakhstan as well as in Mid. Asia.
5. G. dahuricum DC. 1824, Prodr. 1: 642.
Stems usually few, 20-60 cm tall, erect, angular, rather sparsely
covered with appressed replicated short simple hairs (som etim es
glabrous in lower portion). Radical leaves long-petiolate, perishing
by anthesis, with short appressed pubescence. Leaf blade profile
reniform -orbicular, deeply (alm ost up to base) divided into 5 -7
obovate-cuneate lobes, in turn incised into lanceolate-linear
cuspidate, 2-5 mm broad lobules. Pedicels slender, horizontally
declinate after anthesis, ascending at tip. Sepals ovate, with
thickened spinule at tip, appressed-puberulent, with stray longer
hairs on back and margin. Petals 10-13 mm long, pale lilac or
pink, with dark-colored nerves, ciliate at base, orbicular at tip.
A nther filam ents with linear-lanceolate base, short-ciliate along
margin.
In steppified, more often in river birch forests, scrubs, on
borders. East. Sib.: C hi— Shi (eastern half).— Far East, East
M ongolia, Nor.-East. China (M anchuria). Described from Dauria.
Map 3.
6. G. erianthum DC. 1824, Prodr. 1: 641.
Stems solitary, 25 -7 0 cm tall, covered with short appressed
downward hairs, branched in inflorescence. Radical leaves long-
petiolate, more or less com pactly covered with short appressed
hairs, pubescence on underside more sparse and long. Leaf blade
13 profile orbicular, 6 -1 0 cm in diam ., deeply divided into 5 -7
ovate-lanceolate large-toothed or more or less deeply incised
lobes; term inal lobules or teeth usually cuspidate. Flow ers
aggregated into com pact um bellate inflorescence. Pedicels short,
usually covered with compact short distant hairs, with insignificant
adm ixture of long distant glandular hairs, erect in fruits. Sepals
lanceolate-oval, with thick obtuse spinule at tip, pubescent with
com pact short and diffuse long hairs. A dditionally, pubescence
usually with long m u lticellu lar glan dular hairs, som etim es
abundantly. Petals 15-18 mm long, narrow- to broad-ovate, light
8

or dark violet (som etim es white), orbicular at tip, long-ciliate

along m argin below center, with com pact barb of long hairs on
both surfaces right at base. Anther filam ents highly enlarged
tow ard base, with very long rather sparse cilia on outer surface.
In arid forests, scrubs, borders and meadows. East. Sib.: Chl-
Shi, YAK-Vi, Al, Yan (N el’kan settlem ent).— Far East, Nor.
Am erica. D escribed from Kamchatka. Map 12.
7. G. eriostem on Fischer ex DC. 1824, Prodr. 1: 641.
Stems (5) 20 -7 0 (85) cm tall, erect, branched in upper portion,
covered with long distant hairs, very rarely glabrous; pubescence
in inflorescence consisting of com pact glandular capitate distant
hairs. Radical leaves on long distant-haired petioles, their blades
bristly-haired beneath and along veins, pentagonal-rounded in
profile, 3 -1 5 cm in diam ., incised up to half or slilghtly deeper
into 3-5 ovate or subrhom boid cuspidate unevenly large-toothed
lobes. Flowers on short erect stems. Sepals 8-10 mm long, ovate,
with very short (up to 1 mm long) awn, com pact-ciliate along
m argin, distant-haired on back, adm ixed with glandular hairs.
Petals broad-ovate, 10-15 (17) mm long, horizontally declinate,
reddish or bluish violet, rounded at tip, with a hairy brush at
base along m argin, crinite outside. A nther filam ents covered in
low er half along margin and outer surface with rather sparse and
very long (up to 3 mm) rather stiff distant hairs. In East. Sayan
(Sagan-Shuluta river on Tunkinsk m ountain range), 2n = 28.
In birch, larch, pine, and m ixed forests, scrubs, borders, and
forest glades. East. Sib.: IR-An, BU— Se, Yuzh, C hi— Ka (Kyker
settlem ent, Itakenda river estuary), Shi.— Far East, East. Asia.
Described from Dauria. Map 5.
8. G. krylovii Tzvelev 1993 in N ovosti sist. vyssh. rast.
[Developm ents in the Taxonomy of H igher Plants] 29: 95— G.
sylvaticum var. albiflorum Krylov 1881 in Tr. O-va estestvoisp.
Kazan, un-ta, 9, 6:59— G. albiflorum auct., non Ledeb. p. max.
P-
Stems (10) 15-80 cm tall, erect, covered with very short
appressed replicated hairs, quite often subglabrous in low er
portion. R adical leaves long-petiolate, their blades orbicular
reniform in profile, 3 -1 5 cm broad, 2 -1 2 cm long, divided up
to 2/3—778 of their length into 5 -7 (upper into 3) broad-rhom bic
or oblong-ovate lobes, in turn rather shallowly pinnatifid or large-
toothed, appressed-pilose on upper surface; pubescence very
 9

14 sparse beneath, m ainly along veins. Peduncles with (1) 2 -3 each

som ewhat open (cam panulate) flowers on erect glandular-pilose
stems. Sepals elliptical or lanceolate, with short (up to 1.5 mm)
awn. Petals (7) 10-15 (17) mm long, oblong-obovate to broad-
ovate, crinite, white, pale lilac or pale violet, som etim es lilac,
w ith d ark -colored nerves along m argin and inside. A nther
filam ents in bisexual flow ers gradually enlarged tow ard base,
puberulent in lower portion along margin and their outer surface,
slightly shorter than petals; anther filam ents in sm all (fem ale)
flow ers 1/2 of sepals, with underdeveloped anthers. On Putoran
plateau (Talnakh lake), 2n = 26; in West. Sayan (upper course
of Kashkaret river), East. Sayan (Tunkinsk mountain range), Fore-
baikal (Turkulik river, upper courses of Shum ilikha river), and
Stanovoi upland (Severo-M uisk m ountain range) 28.
In larch, m ixed, and pine forests, forest borders, glades, along
valley m eadow s, scrubs; ascends into high m ountains, being
common in alpine and subalpine m eadows, in sparse forests,
dw arf birch thickets, and grassy tundras at foot of bald peaks.
W est. Sib.: TYU— Yam, KE, AL— Go. Cen. Sib.: KR— Ta, Pu,
Tn, Kha, Ve, TU. East. Sib.: IR— An, Pr, BU— Se, Yuzh, C hi—
Ka, Shi (M aloe Sokhondo bald peak), YAK— Vi, Al.— Arctic
Europe, Polar Ural, Mid. Asia, West. China, Nor. M ongolia.
D escribed from Perm province territory (on brook at M artaisk
K am en’).
H ighly variable species. Size and color o f flowers, degree and type of
laciniation of leaf blades vary. In southern M ongolian parts o f Tuva and Altay,
plants have stems with quite compact pubescence of short replicate hairs all
along their length. In dark coniferous forests o f Kuznetsk Ala Tau, geranium
is prominent with large sizes o f stems and leaves; further, leaves are rather
shallowly divided, with almost overlapping lobes. In alpine regions o f Sayan,
specially in East. Sayan and on Baikal coast, plants with very large, lilac or
lilac-tinted flowers are common. Leaves divided very deeply, quite often up to
7/8 o f their radius. On Putoran plateau, Stanovoi upland, and in mountains of
Yakutia, plants are sm all-sized because o f severe climatic conditions; leaf blades
deeply divided into oblong-ovate, distinctly separated lobes (somewhat resembling
leaves o f open anemones); flowers are perceptibly larger (petals 14-17 mm
long) and almost invariably with faint lilac or violet shade; inflorescence
impoverished. In low-mountain regions o f Siberia, plants almost invariably
with many white, small flowers, leaves deeply divided with contiguous rhombic
or broad-ovate cuspidate lobes and stems subglabrous in lower portion, and
glandular-pilose in inflorescence.
 10

9. G. laetum Ledeb. 1830, Ic. PL FI. Ross. 2, 16 Table 148—

G. pseudosibiricum var. laetum (Ledeb.) Trautv.
Stems (15) 20-65 (85) cm tall, erect, more or less com pactly
covered with appressed downward hairs. Radical leaves long-
petiolate, cauline leaves short-petiolate or subsessile, concentrated
in upper half of stem, appressed-pilose on both surfaces, greyish
beneath. L eaf blades divided into 5 -7 lobes alm ost up to base;
lobes in turn pinnatifid into oblong-lanceolate lobules. Peduncles
many-branched, forming luxurious, flaccid, corymbose-paniculate
in florescence. P edicels covered w ith short sim ple bent or
appressed hairs with fairly significant adm ixture of distant
glandular hairs with dark heads. Sepals ovate, with 1-2 mm
long cusp at tip; outer sepals along m argin and som etim es even
outside, with long tangled, more or less distant hairs; inner sepals
with rather few short, appressed hairs. Petals (7) 10-15 mm
long, obovate, orbicular or with faint notch above, bright violet,
with very dark nerves, with rather sparse long hairs at base
along m argin and inside. A nther filam ents gradually enlarging
tow ard base, short-ciliate.
Along borders, meadows, and meadowy slopes and forest yards
15 in mountain-forest belt. West. Sib.: AL— Ba, Go, KE (Nabykhtash
ulus— nomad village of tents in M ongolia— on M ras-Su river).
Cen. Sib.: KR— Ve (along valley of Chazyryk and Mai. Anzas
rivers in West. Sayan), TU (Shui river, tributary of Barlyk on
Tsagan-Shibetu m ountain range).— Kazakhstan portion of Altay.
D escribed from Altay. Map 4.
See also note under G. pseudosibiricum .
10. G. m axim oviczii Regel et M aack 1861 in Regel, Tent. FI.
Ussur.: 38, Table 3, fig. 4 -6 .
Stems 1 0-60 cm tall, weak, erect or ascending, branched;
together with leaf petioles, rather sparsely covered with more or
less long bristly distant replicate hairs. Leaf blades orbicular
reniform , deeply but not up to base (up to 3/4-4/5 of radius)
divided into 3 -5 lobes; lobes elongated-rhom bic, with large
incised teeth in upper half, diffusely covered on both surfaces
with appressed hairs. Flow ers on 2 -3 cm long stem s, covered
with short appressed, rarely distant hairs slightly curved at tip;
in fruits, hairs horizontally declinate and ascending at tip. Sepals
 11

with 3 -5 nerves, with about 2 -3 mm long cusp, covered with

rare long bristly hairs. Petals 12-15 mm long, blue-violet, twice
longer than sepals, orbicular at tip, cuneate toward base, crinite
along m argin and inside. A nther filam ents gradually enlarged
tow ard base and ciliate there along margin.
In hum id forests, scrubs, m oist m eadows, foot of m ountain
slopes, som etim es in clearances. East. Sib.: IR— Pr, BU— Se
(Toksimo settlem ent in M uisk valley), C hi— Ka (Srednii Kalar
settlem ent), Shi, YAK— Vi (Peledui settlem ent in Olekm insk
region, C hapaevo settlem ent in L ensk region, K ytyl-D yura
settlem ent in O rdzhonikidzevsk region).— Far East, Nor.-East.
China (M anchuria), Korean peninsula. D escribed from southern
part of lower Amur. Map 6.
11. G. palustre L. 1756, Cent. PI. 2: 25.
Stems 2 0 -7 0 cm tall, rather few, weak, erect or ascending,
with many dichotom ous branches, covered like the plant as a
whole with distant replicate sim ple hairs. Leaves long-petiolate,
leaf blades 4 -8 cm long, 6 -1 2 cm broad, deeply (up to 4/5)
p alm atisected into 5 -7 subrhom boid/dentate-incised lobes.
Inflorescence as a whole few -flow ered, diffuse; pedicels usually
deflexed, com pact-pubescent. Sepals 10-12 mm long, aristate
(awns about 2 mm long), glabrous, with short appressed hairs
only along nerves. Petals 12-18 mm long, purple or lilac, obovate,
orbicular or slightly em arginated at tip, covered at base on upper
(inner) surface with long distant hairs. Anther filam ents gradually
enlarging tow ard base, ciliate below center.
In m oist m eadows, borders, and m arshy willow groves, very
rare. West. Sib.: KU (Obutki village in M akushinsk region,
K ostygin Log v illa g e).— Europe, C aucasus. D escribed from
European part of Russia.
12. G. pratense L. s str. 1753, Sp. PI. 1: 681.
Stems (15) 3 0 -8 0 cm tall, more or less com pactly covered
with long, uneven, horizontally distant or deflexed sim ple hairs
16 (som etim es adm ixed in upper portion with short and com pact
hairs), glandular in inflorescence or in pedicels (rarely only on
sepals). R adical and low er cauline leaves on long distant-haired
petioles; leaf blades 4 -1 0 cm long, 6 -1 6 cm broad, appressed-
pilose on both surfaces, subcircular in profile, deeply (but not
up to base) divided into 5 -7 lobes; lobes broad-rhom bic, deeply
pinnatifid in upper half into lanceolate subacute lobules. Pedicels
12

as a rule glandular-pilose, rarely com pactly covered with sim ple

appressed hairs, drooping before anthesis, erect at anthesis,
deflexed in fruits. Sepals with 3 -6 mm long awn, glandular-
pilose, som etimes appressed-pilose, with stray glandular hairs at
base. Petals 15-22 mm long, 10-17 mm broad, lilac-blue, broad-
obovate, orbicular at tip, with com pact ciliate hairs along m argin
at base. Anther filam ents in low er third abruptly enlarged, and
with unequal hairs there along m argin, with cluster of stiff cilia
on both surfaces at base. In Altay and B uryatia (Davsha bay),
2 n = 28, 28 + n.
In floodplain and dry valley meadows, meadowy slopes, forest
glades, borders, sometimes in forests, scrubs, and on fallow lands.
West. Sib.: TYU— Yam, Khm, Tb, KU, OM, TO, NO, KE, AL—
Ba, Go. Cen. Sib.: KR— Pu, Tn, Kha, TU (foothill regions of
West. Sayan). East. Sib.: IR— An, Pr, BU— Se (Nor. B aikal),
Yuzh, YAK— Vi, Yan.— Europe, C aucasus, Mid. Asia, Far East,
West. China, Nor. M ongolia. D escribed from Nor. Europe.
13. G. pratense subsp. sergievskajae Peschkova, status et
nom en nova— G. pratense var. typicum f. molle Serg. 1934 in
Sist. zam. Gerb. Tomsk, un-ta [Notes on Taxonom y at the
H erbarium of Tomsk State U niversity] 1: 3— G. pratense var.
dissectum Serg. p. p.
Stems covered with distant long glandular hairs all along their
extent or at least above first internode. Pubescence of sim ple
hairs also present, it consisting of hairs of different lengths,
along with long distant hairs, as long as or longer than glandular
hairs; short bent or appressed hairs also present quite often,
som etim es they form ing quite com pact longitudinal bands
alternating with sections devoid of short pubescence. Leaves
quite often divided into segm ents and lobes narrow er than in
type subspecies.
In forest glades, borders, floodplain m eadows, river uremas
(bottom land deciduous forests), pebble beds on river beds, in
larch and birch forests, predom inantly in mountain habitats under
conditions of high soil and atm ospheric humidity. West. Sib.:
TO (vicinity of Tomsk), KE (Osinovaya Griva village in Topkinsk
region, Chuvashka village in N ovokuznetsk region), AL— Go.
Cen. Sib.: KR— Tn (valleys of Angara and Nizh. Tunguska rivers),
Kha, Ve, TU (north-eastern part). E ast. Sib.: IR— An, Pr, BU—
Se (coastal regions of B aikal), Yuzh, YAK— Vi, Al, Yan, Ko.—
Endemic.
 13

14. G. pseudosibiricum J. M ayer 1786 in Abh. Bohm. Ges.

Wiss. 1: 238— G. coeruleum Patrin— G. bifolium auct., non Patrin.
Stems (12) 2 0-60 (90) cm tall, erect, highly branched in upper
portion, covered all along their length with appressed short
downward hairs. Radical leaves long-petiolate, all of them greyish
beneath due to more or less appressed pubescence. Blades of
radical and lower cauline leaves deeply partite into 5 -7 (9) lobes;
lobes narrow - or oblong-rhom bic, in turn pinnatifid into linear
or lanceolate lobules sm ooth-edged or with few teeth. Pedicels
erect, com pactly covered with appressed sim ple hairs. Sepals
oblong, aristate, with 3 nerves, scarious along m argin, more or
17 less pilose on back. Petals (6) 10-17 mm long (up to 20 mm
long in var. uschkanense (M. Popov) Peschkova comb, nova—
G. coeruleum var. uschkanense M. Popov, 1996 in Popov and
Busik, Konsp. fl. pober. oz. Baikal [Conspectus of Flora on
B aikal Lake Coast] 213, pale lilac, up to deep lilac, orbicular at
tip, pilose at base. A nther filam ents in bisexual flowers usually
longer than calyx, gradually enlarging from center to base and
ciliate; shortened, almost half of calyx in female flowers, enlarged
up to 3/4 of its length, with tiny underdeveloped anthers. In
Altay, East. Sayan (Tunkinsk mountain range) and Baikal (Davshe
bay), 2 n = 28.
In forest and forest-steppe belts of m ountains, steppified forbs
forests, scrubs, forest glades, borders, meadowy and steppe slopes,
clearings, occasionally ascending along m ountain river valleys
into high m ountains. West. Sib.: TYU-Tb, OM (Omsk vicinity,
Yur’eva village), TO, NO (B arabinsk vicinity, Berezovo village
in M aslyaninsk region), AL— Go. Cen. Sib.: KR— Tn, Kha, Ve,
TU. East. Sib.: IR— An, Pr, BU— Yuzh, C hi— Shi (Arei lake in
U letovsk regions), YAK— Vi.— Urals and Fore Urals (except
northern part), Mid. A sia (north), M ongolia. D escribed from
steppes betw een Tomsk and K rasnoyarsk.
In Fl. Rossica (1841, 1), while characterizing G. pseudosibiricum described
by J. Mayer in 1786, K.F. Ledebur cites G. bifolium and G. coeruleum announced
later by E. Patrin (Prodr. 1824, 1) and also his own species G. laetum published
in 1830 as synonyms. Later, L.P. Sergievskaya (Sist. zam. Tomsk, un-ta [Notes
on Taxonomy at Tomsk State University] 1934, 1) recognizes one more species
G. asiaticum in the lowlands of Western Siberia. Investigations o f E.G. Bobrov
(Fl. SSSR, 1949, 14) established that the species identified by L.P. Sergievskaya
14

is identical to Patrin’s G. bifolium. In our opinion, Ledebur’s announcement

was without adequate basis and his species G. laetum was a produ ct o f
hybridization o f alpine G. k rylovii and predominantly low-mountain G.
pseudosibiricum . Only in Altay, where the distribution range of G. laetum is
essentially concentrated and alpine open associations are in contact with meadow-
steppe and steppe associations, conditions exist for the hybridization o f parent
species G. krylovii and G. pseudosibiricum and for the formation of an ecological
niche for the resultant daughter species G. laetum. Elsewhere in Siberia, alpine
meadowy associations are separated from meadows and steppes o f forest-steppe
and lower forest belts by a more or less broad taiga strip (thus excluding
contact o f the ranges of the above-mentioned parent species) and G. laetum is
not found there. Only in Baikal (where G. albiflorum sometimes descends up
to the coast because of the cooling effect o f the lake), specim ens o f G.
pseudosibiricum are occasionally found, their pedicels bearing rather few
glandular hairs but such plants are very rare and grow together with G.
pseudosibiricum ; these can be treated as G. pseudosibiricum var. subuschkanense
(M. Popov) Peschkova, comb, nova = G. coeruleum var. subuschkanense M.
Popov (in Popov and Busik, Konsp. fl. pober oz. Baikal [Conspectus of Flora
on Baikal Lake Coast] 1966, 213). These cannot be treated as G. laetum (in
which flowers are bright violet, awn of sepals is longer, not only pedicels but
quite often even peduncles have glandular hairs), although there is close
resemblance between the 2 in the presence of glandular pubescence on pedicels.
In G. coeruleum Patrin, as emerging from the protologue, stamens are half of
calyx. Plants characterized by these features are quite common in Siberian
territory, specially in Eastern Siberia. Evidently, this provided justification to
M. Popov to regard that G. coeruleum grew in Central Siberia (according to
him, this region includes Buryatia, Irkutsk, and Chitin provinces). As a matter
of fact, as pointed out by D.A. Webb and I.K. Ferguson (Fl. Europ., 1968, 2),
plants exclu sively with female flow ers are quite often found among G.
pseudosibiricum . Stamens in them are shortened, half of calyx, their filaments
enlarged for almost 3/4 of their length, anthers small, underdeveloped. Petals
6 -7 mm long, slightly longer than calyx. Evidently, it was such plants that
were described as G. coeruleum Patrin. L.P. Sergievskaya (1934, op. cit.) treated
them as G. pseudosibiricum var. parviflorum Serg. They grow quite often together
with plants o f G. pseudosibiricum and bear completely normal bisexual flowers.
Bisexual as well as only female flowers can often be found on the same plant.
There is therefore no justification to separate G. coeruleum and it should be
 15

left with the priority name G. pseudosibiricum . Thus, K. Ledebur combined 3

undoubtedly very close but totally independent races under G. pseudosibiricum
J. Mayer: G. bifolium common in the plains o f southern West. Siberia and
Krasnoyarsk region, G. laetum characteristic o f Gorn. Altay and contiguous
sections, and G. pseudosibiricum extensively distributed in the southern forest-
steppe and forest-covered foothills o f Siberia, from Urals in the west to
Yablonovyi mountain range in the east.

18 15. G. p u sillu m L. 1759, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 1144.

Annual or biennial, 10-30 (50) cm tall plants, pubescent with
short distant hairs, adm ixed in upper portion with even shorter
glandular hairs. R adical and low er cauline leaves on up to 10
cm long petioles, covered on both surfaces with sem iappressed
fairly long hairs; their blades orbicular in profile, up to 5 cm in
diam ., divided up to 3/4 into 5 -7 cuneate lobes, incised along
upper m argin into crenate teeth or obtuse lobes; upper leaves
much smaller, more deeply divided, and subsessile. Fruit stems
pubescent with short sim ple and glandular hairs, deflexed, fruits
upright. Sepals about 3 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, w ithout awn,
covered with long ciliate hairs and more com pact and very short
simple and glandular hairs. Petals barely surpassing sepals, about
3.5 mm long, oblong-obcordate, p ale-lilac or pink. A nther
filam ents som ewhat enlarged toward base, with very short hairs
along margin below center, some filaments usually without anthers.
As weed in kitchen gardens, along roadsides, on fences. West.
Sib.: KU (cited by K.P. F edotova, Konsp. fl. Kurg. obi.
[C onspectus o f F lora of Kurg. P rovince] 1988).— E urope,
Caucasus, M editerranean, Fore Asia, and Asia Minor. D escribed
from England.
16. G. robertianum L. 1753, Sp. PL: 681.
Annual or biennial plants with unpleasant odor, rather sparsely
covered with distant sim ple and glandular hairs. Stems 15-60
(75) cm tall, solitary, erect or ascending, dichotom ously branched
in upper half. Lower cauline leaves long-petiolate, their blades
pentagonal in profile, palm atipartite; lobes alm ost bipinnate,
 16

deeply p innatifid into undivided or incised-dentate lobules.

Pubescence of leaves consisting of flattened long hairs, usually
appressed, rarely distant. Pedicels in fruits transversely declinate
and upright, covered with distant glandular hairs. Sepals ovate-
lanceolate, gradually narrow ing into fairly long, acute, erect,
closed, with long, m ulticellular glandular hairs along m argin and
back. Petals 10-13 (15) mm long, pink, orbicular at tip, with
long claw, glabrous at base as well as anther filam ents. Fruit
valves plicate-rugose, glabrous together with thyrse.
In black (cedar-fir and aspen-fir) forests, quite often with
linden, as well as in linden groves. W est. S ib.: KE, AL— Go.—
Europe, Caucasus, Mid. and West. Asia, M editerranean, Nor.
A m erica (introduced). D escribed from Nor. Europe. Map 7.
17. G. s ib iric u m L. 1753, Sp. PI. 1: 683.
B iennial or perennial plants, covered w ith appressed or
sem idistant sim ple hairs, com pletely (even on sepals) devoid of
glandular pubescence. Stems (5-10) 2 0 -6 0 cm tall, weak, many-
branched alm ost from base or above. Leaves rath er sm all
(1 .5 -5 cm in diam .), on slender greyish petioles; their blades
tri-pentagonal, divided into 3 -5 lobes; lobes rhom bic, irregularly
p in n atifid acutely or subobtusely in upper half. Peduncles
em erging singly from axils of cauline leaves, one-flow ered (very
rarely with 2 flow ers). Pedicels slender, deflexed at anthesis,
ascending at tip. Sepals 5 -6 mm long, short-awned, rather sparsely
covered along nerves with hairs of uneven length, usually scabrous
betw een nerves. Petals up to 7 mm long, pale lilac or whitish,
obovate, almost equalling or slightly longer than sepals, orbicular
or faintly em arginated at tip, with rather few short and fine hairs
or glabrous at base. A nther filam ents oblong-ovately enlarged
tow ard base, with very short and uneven hairs along m argin,
very rarely glabrous.
In floodplain and arid valley m eadow s, river bed sand and
pebble beds, scrubs and floodplain forests, rarely in steppes, on
rocky exposed slopes, as weed along roadsides, around houses,
on railroad em bankm ents, fallow and cultivated lands. W est.
S ib.: KU, OM, TO, NO, KE, AL— Ba, Go. C en. S ib.: KR— Tn,
9 Kha, Ve, TU. E a s t S ib.: IR— An, Pr, BU— Se, Yuzh, YAK— Vi,
A l.— E urope, C aucasus, M id. A sia, Far East, West. C hina,
M ongolia, East. Asia, Nor. Am erica (introduced). Described from
Siberia.
 17

18. G. sylvaticum L. 1753, Sp. PI.: 681.

Stems 2 5 -6 0 (80) cm tall, erect, strong, with rather sparse-
distant hairs, som etim es subglabrous, branched in upper half,
usually with pubescence of long sim ple and glandular distant
hairs, with adm ixture of short and soft crispate hairs in
inflorescence. Leaves on more or less long distant-haired petioles,
their blades 4 -1 2 cm long, 6 -1 7 cm broad, appressed-pilose in
upper half, with hairs below only along veins, deeply divided
into 5 -7 lobes, upperm ost leaves into 3 lobes; lobes broad-
rhom bic, rather shallow ly pinnatifid or large-toothed. Flow ers
on erect stems before and after anthesis. Sepals oblong-ovate,
with short (about 3 mm long) awn, covered with distant hairs.
Petals obovate, 13-15 mm long, violet— raspberry-red or purple-
pink; dried petals blue-violet, orbicular at tip, with fairly long
and com pact hairs at base along m argin and on inner surface.
A nther filam ents gradually enlarged tow ard base, covered with
short uneven cilia below center along m argin and outer surface.
In aspen-birch, aspen, and mixed dark-coniferous-aspen forests,
meadowy glades, borders, clearances, occasionally in scrubs and
along valley meadows. West. Sib.: TYU-Khm, Tb, KU, OM,
TO, NO, KE, AL— Ba, Go. Cen. Sib.: KR—Tn, Kha (Priiskovyi
settlem ent on Sarala river), Ve. East Sib.: IR— An (only in far
w est— in Taishetsk and Alzam aisk regions).— Europe, Caucasus,
Fore A sia and A sia Minor. D escribed from Nor. Europe. M ap 8.
19. G. transbaicalicum Serg. s. str. 1934 in Sist. zam. Gerb.
Tomsk, un-ta [Notes on Taxonomy at the H erbarium of Tomsk
State U niversity] 1: 4.
Stems (10) 2 0 -5 0 cm tall, strong, erect, com pactly covered
with very short, distant (velutinous pubescence) hairs of nearly
equal length or com pactly appressed, downward hairs. Leaves
on long, increasingly contracted petioles above along stem, their
blades orbicular-reniform or suborbicular, 4 -7 cm long, 7 -1 2
cm broad, deeply, alm ost up to base, palm atisected into 7 -9
lobes; lobes narrow (up to 3 -4 mm broad at base), ovate-rhombic,
deeply pinnatisected into lanceolate lobules, in turn incised into
narrow linear teeth. Pedicels on short stems, 2 -7 mm long, erect
at anthesis, nutant before and after anthesis. Sepals oblong-ovate,
with (2) 3 -4 mm long awn. Petals 16-22 mm long, 10-15 mm
broad, broad-obovate, lilac-blue, orbicular at tip, with com pact
long hairs at base. A nther filam ents abruptly enlarged in low er
 18

20 portion, covered with short cilia along margin and with 2 clusters
of stiff hairs at base. In Buryatia (Sagan-Shuluta river on Tunkinsk
m ountain range), 2n = 28.
In steppe meadows, meadowy slopes, river valleys, along banks
of lakes, in forests. West. Sib.: AL— Go (K osh-A gachsk region;
Kokorya settlem ent; B aizyn’ river, D zhilkytal area). Cen. Sib.:
TU (southern steppe regions). East. Sib.: BU— Se (Eravinsk and
K izhinginsk regions), Yuzh, C hl-Shi (Klichka settlem ent— class,
hab. and others, m ostly in southern steppe portion), YAK— Al
(Am ga river, Lyagus village: estuary of M unduruchchu river).—
Nor.-East. M ongolia, Nor.-East. C hina (M anchuria).
Specim ens from West, and Cent. Siberian regions are distinguished by
perceptibly lesser laciniation of leaf blades and much longer pedicels, considerably
surpassing bracts.

20. G. transbaicalicum subsp. turczaninovii (Serg.) Peschkova

status novus— G. transbaicalicum var. turczaninovii Serg. 1934
in Sist. zam. Gerb. Tomsk, un-ta [Notes of Taxonomy at the
H erbarium of Tomsk State U niversity] 1: 4.
D iffers from type subspecies in the presence of glandular
pubescence alm ost all along stem length, the density of glandular
hairs increasing upward all along stem. Sim ple hairs usually
equally long, very short, distant or appressed, glandular, invariably
horizontally distant, and 2 -3 times longer than sim ple hairs.
In steppe m eadows in river valleys and m eadowy exposed
slopes. Cen. Sib.: KR— Kha (Kyzlas settlem ent in Askizsk region
and U st’-K ondyrla village in Beisk region), TU (predom inantly
southern regions). East. Sib.: BU— Yuzh, C hi— Shi (Khila village
in Aginsk region— class, hab. and others). Endem ic.
Poorly differentiated ecological-geographic race related to G. pratense subsp.
sergievskajae through intermediates, more common in the northern forest-steppe
regions o f Chitinsk province and Buryatia. In Tuva, found in the same regions
as the type subspecies but the characteristics of subspecies are not always
distinctly manifest (in particular, leaf lobes and lobules are broader and less
laciniated, pedicels usually longer than bracts).

21. G. uralense Kuvajev 1990 in Novosti sist. vyssh. rast.

[D evelopm ents in the Taxonomy of H igher Plants] 27: 102— G.
albiflorum auct., non Ledeb., p. p.
 19

Stems (35) 4 0 -7 0 cm tall, covered together with petioles of

rad ical leaves with fairly long, horizontally distant sim ple
m ulticellular and glandular hairs; pubescence more com pact in
upper portion. Leaf blades 4-13.5 cm broad, heptagonal in profile,
their lobes broad, serrate. Flow ers 2 -3 cm in diam ., or erect,
upright glandular-haired stem s, w ide-open, rarely som ew hat
cam panulate. Sepals 7 -8 mm long, glandular-pubescent, oblong-
ovate, scarious along margin, term inating in 1-2.2 mm long awn.
Petals 14-15 mm long, obovate, slightly emarginated at tip, usually
white or pink, with very dark-colored nerves. A nther filam ents
gradually enlarged tow ard base and short-ciliate in enlarged
portion along margin.
N ear upper forest boundary on borders of birch stands and
valley m eadows. W est. Sib.: TYU— Khm (head of Nanksory-Ya
river— class, hab., basin of Sev. S os’va river: upper courses of
Yatrin river and estuary of N yays’-M an’ya river).— Nor. Urals.
22. G. wlassovianum Fischer ex Link 1822, Enum. Hort. Berol.
Alt. 2: 197.
Stems 20-65 cm tall, branched, rather sparsely distant-haired,
subglabrous downward. Leaves on long distant-haired petioles,
shortening with height of their joining with stem but distinctly
21 perceptible even higher. L eaf blades 3 -7 cm in diam ., reniform -
orbicular, short appressed-pilose on both surfaces, pale-colored
beneath, low er leaves divided into 5 -7 and upper into 3 lobes;
lobes broad-oblong, subrhom boid, trifid or incised-dentate in
upper half. Pedicels up to 5 -7 cm long, com pactly covered with
more or less short simple (not glandular) distant hairs, horizontally
declinate after anthesis, ascending upward together with carpel.
Sepals oblong, with 3 -5 nerves, and short cusp, covered with
short appressed hairs, sometimes adm ixed with long bristly hairs.
Petals (12) 15-20 mm long, pale lilac, with dark nerves, orbicular
at tip, cuneately narrow ing tow ard base, there with long ciliate
hairs along m argin and inside (som etim es even outside). A nther
filam ents gradually enlarged toward base, with long cilia in lower
h alf along m argin, filam ents of inner circle with ciliate hairs on
outer surface, occasionally ciliate hairs present on surface of
anther filam ents of outer circle.
In forests, scrubs, hum id and m oist m eadows, along swamps,
banks of rivulets and brooks. East. Sib.: IR— An, Pr, BU— Se,
Yuzh, C hi— Shi (D oroninsk settlem ent on Ingode river— class.
 20

hab. and o th ers).— Far East, M ongolia, N or.-E ast. C hina

(M anchuria). Map. 9.

2. Erodium L’Her.

1. Plants with developed leafy stmes, w ithout rem nants of

dead leaves at base. Flow ers com paratively small, petals
4 -8 mm long ......................................................................... 2.
+ Plants acauline, with dense rosette of radical leaves and
leafless peduncles; root neck covered with fibrous
rem nants of dead leaves. Flow ers larger, petals 8 -1 6
mm long ...................................................... 3. E. tataricum .
2. L eaf blades elongated, 2 -3 tim es longer than breadth,
alm ost bipinnate, with 5 -7 pairs of lobes. Pubescence
of plants consisting of flat hairs and fine glandules. Sepals
with short (up to 0.5 mm long) a w n ...... 1. E. cicutarium.
+ Leaf blades ovate, not longer than 1.5 times their breadth,
pinnatisected, with 2 or 3 pairs of lobes. Pubescence of
plants consisting of sim ple long hairs. Sepals with much
longer (1 .5 -3 mm) awn ............... 2. E. stephanianum .
1. E. cicutarium (L.) L’Her. 1789 in Aiton, Hort. Kew, 2:
4— Geranium cicutarium L. 1753, Sp. PL: 680.
Annual plants usually with rather few procumbent or ascending,
1 0 -5 0 cm tall stem s, covered with flat eglandular and tiny
glandular hairs. Leaves petiolate, alm ost bipinnate; leaf blades
oblong in profile, 4 -1 5 cm long, 1.5-5 cm broad, with 5 -7
pairs o f lobes; low er lobes highly separated, upper lobes alm ost
contiguous, all of them deeply pinnatisected into narrow -incised-
dentate lobules. Um bels of 5 -7 flow ers, their stems in fruits
declinate, ascending at tip. Sepals 4 -5 mm long, in fruits up to
7 mm long, short-aristate (awn up to 0.5 mm long). Petals of
unequal length (5 -8 mm), obovate, pale purple. Carpels with
m arginate pit at tip and rather short (2.5-4.5 cm) beak.
22 Weed on roadsides, on fallow land, in plantations, along fences,
som etim es in irrigated meadows and in steppes. West. Sib.:
TYU— Khm, Tb, KU, OM, TO, NO, KE, AL— Ba, Go. Cen.
Sib.: KR— Ta (D udinka settlem ent), Kha, Ve, TU (Bor-Taiga
village in D zun-K hem chiksk region). East. Sib.: IR— An, Pr,
BU— Yuzh, C hi— Shi, YAK— Vi, Al, Yan.— Europe, Caucasus,
M editerranean, A sia; introduced in A m erica and A ustralia.
D escribed from Europe.
 21

2. E. s te p h a n ia n u m W illd. 1800, Sp. PL: 625.

Biennial, rarely perennial plants with ascending or procumbent,
up to 60 cm tall stems, pubescent with short appressed hairs,
quite often adm ixed, specially on sepals, with long sim ple hairs.
Leaves petiolate, bipinnate, their blades broad-ovate in profile,
3 -8 cm long, 2 .5 -6 .5 cm broad, with 2 or 3 pairs of lobes
decurrent on rachis; lobes in turn m ore or less deeply divided
into unequal lanceolate undivided or dentate lobules. Um bels of
2 -4 flow ers, their stems declinate in fruits, ascending at tip.
Sepals 6 -8 mm long, 8 -1 0 mm long in fruits, with 1.5-3.5 mm
long cusp. Petals of equal length, nearly equalling sepals, obovate,
lilac-blue. C arpels with im m arginate pit at tip and fairly long
(4 -8 cm) beak.
In sandy and rocky steppes, on southern steppe slopes, along
dried up beds of brooks, in poplar groves along river valleys,
quite often as weed on roadsides and on fallow land. W est.
Sib.: AL— Go. Cen. Sib.: KR— Kha, Ve, TU. East. Sib.: IR—
An, BU— Yuzh (Chikoi river— class, hab. and others), C hi— Shi,
YAK— Vi (vicinity of O lekm insk), Al (Chagda settlem ent).—
Mid. Asia, Tibet, M ongolia, East. Asia.
3. E. ta ta r ic u m W illd. 1800, Sp. PL: 625.
M onoecious stem less perennial plants. R oot rachiform ,
com paratively stout. Root neck covered with fibrous rem nants
o f dead leaves. All leaves radical, lo n g -p etio late, diffusely
pubescent with sim ple hairs, glabrescent with age, green. Their
blades oblong-lanceolate in profile, bipinnately divided into linear
subobtuse lobules or lobules with 1 or 2 teeth. Peduncles 5 -2 0
cm tall, com pactly covered with fine sim ple hairs adm ixed,
specially on pedicels and calyx, with com pact fine glandular
and diffuse long sim ple hairs, with um bel of 2 -6 flow ers at tip.
Sepals 6 -7 mm long, up to 9 mm long in fruits, with short,
about 1 mm long cusp. Petals som ewhat unequal, 8-16 mm long,
obovate, violet-purple. C arpels with im m arginate pit and up to
3 -4 cm long beak.
In rocky and rubbly steppes. C en. Sib.: KR— Kha.— Endemic.
D escribed from Tatarii i Sibiri [Tataria and Siberia]. M ap 10.

Fam ily B IE B E R S T E IN IA C E A E
1. B ie b e rste in ia Stephan

1. B. o d o ra Stephan 1806 in Mem. Soc. Nat. M oscou, 1: 126,

Table 9.
 22

Plants com pactly covered w ith fine sim ple and capitate
glandular hairs on short stout stems, fresh ones sm elling strongly.
M uch of the low er portion of stems (up to 20 cm) becom ing
woody, com pactly covered with lingnescent rem nants of year-
23 old leaf petioles, with leaf clusters at tip; current shoots 10-15
(30) cm tall, with 1 or 2 cauline leaves. R adical leaves short-
petiolate, their blades linear-lanceolate in profile, 6 -1 0 (13) cm
long, 1 -2 (2.5) cm broad, im paripinnate, lobes many, compact,
broad-ovate, deeply pinnatifid on oblong obtuse lobules. Flowers
at tip of stems in com pact few-flowered, initially nutant racemes.
Pedicels covered with com pact long fine hairs. Bracts broad-
elliptical or obovate, obtuse; m oreover, 2 lanceolate bracteoles
present on stems of low er flowers near center. Petals yellow,
broad-obovate, narrow ing into short claw, som etim es serrate at
tip, 1.5 times longer than elliptical obtuse sepals. Anther filaments
crinite.
On rock talus, m oraine, rocks, and rocky slopes in high-
m ountain belt. W est. S ib.: AL— Go (Chuya river— class, hab.
and others). C en. S ib.: TU (only in far south— w est-in M ongun-
Taiginsk region).— Mid. Asia (Saur mountain range), West. China
(Junggar Ala Tau). Map 11.

Fam ily O X A LID A C EA E

1. O xalis L.

1. O. aceto sella L. 1753, Sp. Pl. 1: 433.

Creeping, rather loosely pubescent, 5 -1 0 cm tall perennial
plants. Rhizom e slender, tender, with isolated accum ulations of
toothlike rem nants of leaf bases, leaf clusters of current year at
tip on long slender petioles, jointed near base; their blades ternate.
L eaflets 1-2.7 cm long, 1.5-3 cm broad, broad-obovate,
em arginated, tender leaflets longitudinally folded. Peduncles 1-
flow ered, em erging from leaf axils, equalling or slightly longer
than peduncles, with 2 tiny oblong bracts above center. Sepals
lanceolate, about 4 mm long. Petals of spring flowers 12-15 mm
long, obovate, white, with pink or lilac nerves, very rarely lilac-
pink; about 6 mm long tiny cleistogam ous budlike flow ers with
greenish petals forming later. Capsule about 8 mm long, angular-
ovate, glabrous. Seeds light brown, oblong-ribbed.
 23

In humid shady, predominantly dark-coniferous forests, forming

loose beds. West. Sib.: TYU— Tb, TO, NO, KE, AL— Go. Cen.
Sib.: KR— Tn, Kha, Ve, TU (Systyg-Khem river in West. Sayan).
East. Sib.: IR— An, Pr, BU— Se (Fore B aikal m ountain ranges),
Yuzh (so uth-eastern coast of B aikal), YAK— A l.— Europe,
Caucasus, East. Asia, Nor. Am erica. D escribed from Europe.

Fam ily LINACEAE

1. Linum L.

1. Sepals w ithout glandular cilia along m argin. Perennial

p la n ts .........................................................................................2.
24 + Sepals with black glandules along margin. Annual Plants
........................................................................7. L. stelleroides.
2. Flowers hom ostylic (styles of all flow ers at anthesis
equalling or longer than stamens by not more than anther
le n g th )....................................................................................... 3.
+ Flowers heterostylic (styles at anthesis in flowers of some
specim ens perceptibly longer while in flow ers of others
considerably shorter than stam ens). Fruit stems upright
..................................................................................................... 5.
3. Fruit stems declinate laterally or n u ta n t........................ 4.
+ Fruit stems s u b e re c t................................. 4. L. pallescens.
4. Flow ers blue-violet. Sepals 4 -5 mm long, with (1 )3
nerves at base; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, long-
cuspidate, inner sepals, slightly shorter and broader than
outer. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, as a rule, acute;
tender leaves long-cuspidate, bright green. P edicels
slender, recurved and highly (subhorizontally) declinate
laterally even at a n th e sis............................9. L. violascens.
+ Flow ers blue, quite often with violet shade. Sepals 2 .5 -
3.5 (4) mm long, with (3) 5 (7) nerves at base; outer
sepals ovate, short-cuspidate at tip, inner sepals broad-
ovate, subobtuse, w ith short cusp. Leaves linear or
lanceolate, subacute or subobtuse, with short cusp at
tip, m ore often glaucescent green, som etim es green.
Pedicels more or less thick, faintly curved in fruits, but
distinctly declinate laterally. After dehiscence of capsules,
horizontally re cu rv e d ...................................6. L. sibiricum.
 24

5. Sepals (3.5) 5 -7 .5 mm long; outer sepals acute or

cuspidate, inner sepals quite often o b tu s e .................... 6.
+ Sepals 2.5-3 (4) mm long; outer sepals cuspidate or
subobtuse, inner sepals suborbicular, with short cusp at
t i p ........................................................................ 5. L. perenne.
6. Leaves subobtuse or short-cuspidate. Inflorescence
im poverished, with 1-3 (5) flowers at tip of flow ering
s h o o ts ........................................................................................ 7.
+ Leaves usually long, som etim es short-cuspidate.
Inflorescence more or less m any-flow ered, consisting of
5 -1 0 or more flow ers at tip of flow ering s h o o ts ......... 8.
7. Leaves oblanceolate or linear, broadest near center, more
often distant. All sepals more or less identical, with 1
(3) n e rv e s ............................................................ 2. L. boreale.
+ Leaves narrow -linear or linear-lanceolate, broadest in
low er portion at base, usually appressed or transversely
upright, short-cuspidate. Inner sepals considerably broader
and slightly longer than outer; all sepals with 3 (5) nerves
........................................................................ 8. L. taymirense.
8. Leaves short-cuspidate, broadest in lower portion. Flowers
3 -3 .5 cm in diam., blue-violet, quite often fading on
drying. Plants of alpine South. S ib e ria ......1. L. altaicum.
+ Leaves usually long-cuspidate, specially tender leaves
in upper portion of stem, broadest in m idportion. Flowers
3.5-5 cm in diam., blue-light blue. Plants of north-eastern
part of S ib e ria ........................................... 3. L. kom arovii.
1. L. altaicum Ledeb. ex Juz. 1949 in FL SSSR 14: 717,
113— L. sibiricum auct., non DC., p.p.— L. perenne auct., non
L„ p.p.
Root short, strong, highly branched, lignescent. Stems more
25 or less several, form ing mats together with year-old shoots.
Flow ering shoots 15-20 cm tall, erect from ascending base,
branched in upper third, covered in low er portion with tiny
subobtuse colorless, subim bricate caducous leaves; rest of leaves
0 .5 -3 cm long, 1-5 mm broad, linear-lanceolate, yellow -green
or bright green, asym m etric, broadest in lower portion, with 1-3
nerves, short-cuspidate at tip, horizontal or transversely upright.
Inflorescence im poverished. Flow ers quite large, 3-3 .5 cm in
diam ., on upright, up to 2 cm long stems. Sepals 4 .5 -7 mm
 25

long, with 3 -5 nerves at base; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate,

with narrow white scarious m argin; inner sepals broader and
longer, orbicular or elliptical, with broad white margin, short
cusp at tip. Petals 1.4-2.2 cm long, about 4 tim es longer than
sepals, lilac-blue. Short stamens and styles 4 .5 -6 mm long, usually
not longer than calyx; stam ens 7 -8 mm long. Capsules 7 -8 mm
long, broad-ovate or subspherical, straw yellow or brownish.
In alpine and forest meadows, rocks, small rock streams, along
banks o f brooks, in high m ountains and in m ountain tundras.
West. Sib.: AL— Go.— Mid. Asia, Mong. Altay, and West. China.
D escribed from Kazakh part of Altay (vicinity of R idder tow n—
presently L eninogorsk). Map 15.
2. L. boreale Juz. 1949 in Fl. SSSR, 14: 718, 111.— L. perenne
var. boreale (Juz.) Serg.— L. sibiricum var. alpinum auct., non
Krylov, p.p.
Perennial plants with stout, highly branched woody root. Stems
10-30 (35) cm tall, usually few, more or less form ing mats, few-
branched, more often sim ple, com pact-leafy in low er portion
with tiny elliptical or spatulate leaves preserving for long; rest
of cauline leaves 0 .4 -1 .5 (2) cm long, 0 .5 -3 mm broad, broad-
or oblanceolate, broadest near center or above it; low er leaves
obtuse or subobtuse at tip, upper leaves subacute or short-
cuspidate. Flow ers single or m ore, on 0 .7 -1 .5 cm long (up to
2 cm long in fruits) erect slender stems. Sepals 4 -6 mm long,
ovate or narrow -ovate, dark- or blackish green, with 3 -5 nerves
(only central one of them m ost prom inent, lateral nerves weakly
exserted); outer sepals oval, cuspidate, w ithout m argin or with
very narrow w hite-scarious m argin, inner sepals ovate, obtuse,
narrow — w hite-scarious. Petals 1-1.8 cm long, lilac-blue. Long
stam ens and styles 6 -8 mm long, short stam ens and styles 4 -5
mm long, nearly equalling sepals. Capsules 6 -8 mm long, ovate,
narrow ing tow ard tip.
On sandy and pebble bed banks of rivers, on forbs short-
grass m eadows on slopes tow ard valleys, som etim es on rubbly
m ountain slopes and rock exposures in m ountains and tundras of
high latitudes. West. Sib.: TYU— Yam.— Urals (Nor. and Polar).
D escribed from Urals (K onzhakovsk K am en’).
3. L. kom arovii Juz. 1949 in Fl. SSSR, 14: 719, 112— L.
perenne auct., non L., p.p.—L. sibiricum auct., non DC., p. p.
 26

Perennial plants with relatively thick, more or less flexuose

woody root. Stems (15) 2 0 -6 0 (80) cm tall, usually few, erect,
strong, corym bose-branched in upper third or fourth; short sterile
shoots present at base and under inflorescence, compactly covered
with som ewhat short distant leaves. Leaves in low er portion of
flow ering shoots tiny, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, subobtuse,
26 readily falling, colorless; rest of leaves 0 .8 -3 cm long, 0 .8 -3
mm broad, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long and fine-cuspidate
at tip, with (1) 3 -5 veins, intensely green, distant or transversely
upright, not compact. Flowers more often many, rarely few, large,
3 -4 , up to 5 cm in diam ., on slender erect 1.3-2 cm long stems,
up to 3 cm long in fruits. Sepals 5 -7 .5 mm long, acute or
subobtuse, green, with 3 -5 som ewhat thick pale nerves. Petals
1 .5-2 cm long, blue. Short stamens and styles 5 -6 mm long,
usually equalling sepals or barely longer; long stamens and styles
1.5 times longer (8 -1 0 mm long). Capsules 6 -8 mm long and as
broad, broad-ovate, straw yellow.
On river bed sand and pebbles, valley m eadows, rocky steppe
slopes, som etim es in forests and along their fringes, rarely on
roadsides and in waste lands. Cen. Sib.: KR— Tn, Ve (Kezhm a
settlem ent on Angara river). East. Sib.: IR—Pr, BU— Se, YAK—
01 (estuary of M enkere and B elyanka rivers), Vi (Namsk ulus—
nom ad village of tents in M ongolia— near Yakutsk— class, hab.
and others), Al— Endem ic. Map 14.
4. L. pallescens Bunge 1829 in Ledeb., Fl. Alt. 1: 438.
B iennial or perennial glaucescent plants with rather thick
yellow -w hite root. Stems usually few, rarely solitary, (12) 2 0 -
40 (60) cm tall, erect from ascending base, branched from center
and slightly higher; stems strong, rather thick, with transversely
upright branches; som etim es, stems and branches slender and
long. Vegetative shoots with rather few compactly arranged leaves,
quite often absent. Leaves 3 -3 0 mm long, 0 .5 -3 .5 mm broad,
stems aggregated at base, declinate, linear, obtuse, glaucous,
rather thick, much longer in upper portion, narrow -linear, more
or less distant, short-cuspidate. Inflorescence more often few-
flow ered, loose, corym bose, after anthesis with highly distant
flow ers on fairly long (6-25 mm) erect stems, elongating up to
3.5 cm in fruits. Sepals 3 -4 .5 mm long; outer sepals oblong,
acute, with 3 nerves and narrow scarious m argin, inner sepals
broader, obtuse, with 5 nerves and broad white scarious m argin,
 27

som etim es with short cusp at tip. Petals 7 -1 2 mm long, narrow-

obovate, pale-blue or white. Stamens more or less equalling styles,
scarcely longer than or equalling calyx. C apsules about 5 -6 mm
long, ovate-globose, alm ost twice longer than sepals.
In desert, solonetzic as well as sandy steppes, chee grass
thickets, near fields, fallow lands. W est. S ib.: AL— Go (Chuya
river-class, hab. and others). C en. S ib.: TU.— Mid. Asia, West.
C hina, M ongolia. D escribed from Irtysh and C huya rivers.
Map. 16.
5. L. p eren n e L. 1753, Sp. PI. 1: 277— L. brevisepalum Juz.—
L. sibiricum auct., non DC., p.p.
Root more or less stout, highly branched, vertical or transverse.
Stems 2 0 -8 0 cm tall, one or more, erect or ascending at base,
rigid, sim ple or branched in upper h alf or quarter, sterile
com pactly leafy shoots rather few or altogether absent. Leaves
0 .4 -5 cm long, 0 .5 -3 mm broad, distant or transversely upright,
linear or linear-lanceolate; lower leaves short, upper leaves long-
cuspidate, glaucescent or green, with 1 (3) faintly projecting
nerves. Inflorescence m any-flow ered with short, sparse, broad-
lanceolate leaves. Flow ers 2 -3 cm in diam ., on erect, relatively
short stems, elongating in fruits up to 1.5-2.5 cm. Sepals 3 .5 -
27 4.5 (5) mm long; outer sepals ovate, subobtuse or cuspidate,
with narrow white scarious m argin or w ithout it; inner sepals
broad-ovate or with broad white scarious m argin, short cusp at
tip. Petals 1 -2 cm long, 0 .8 -1 .5 cm broad, light blue, som etimes
white. Short stam ens and styles 4 -6 mm long, som ewhat longer
than calyx; longer stam ens and styles 6 .5 -9 mm long. C apsules
3 -7 mm long, 4 -6 mm broad, broad-ovate, alm ost twice longer
than calyx.
In arid and m eadow y steppes, on rocky southern slopes,
steppified meadows, river bed sand, occasionally in poplar forests
in valleys, steppified pine forests, and fallow lands. W est. S ib.:
AL— Ba. C en. S ib.: KR— Kha, Ve, TU. E a st. S ib.: IR— An, Pr,
BU— Yuzh (Tunkinsk region).— Europe, Kazakhstan, Asia Minor.
D escribed from Siberia. Map 19.
L. brevisepalum Juz. described from the vicinity o f Shira lake area of
Minusinsk region o f Khakass evidently represents only a variety o f L. perenne
L. confined to most arid habitats on sandy soil.
28

6. L. sibiricum DC. 1824, Prodr. 1: 427—L. baicalense Juz.—

L. perenne auct., non L., p.p.
Perennial plants with lignescent w hitish tap root. Stems single
or 1 or 2 (rarely m ore), rather thick, strong, cylindrical, erect
from ascending base, branched more often in upper fourth, sterile
shoots absent or solitary. Leaves 0 .4 -2 .5 (3) cm long, 0 .3 -2 mm
broad, lowermost leaves scalelike, small, caducous; rest of leaves
linear or lanceolate, cuspidate, distant, with 1 nerve. Inflorescence
with 6 -3 0 flow ers, leafy; more or less laterally recurved, 1.5-
2.5 cm long pedicels em erging from leaf axils. Sepals 2 .5 -4 mm
long; outer sepals ovate, cuspidate, inner sepals broad-ovate,
subobtuse, with short cusp; all sepals with 3 -5 projecting nerves
in low er part, blackish dark green, with glaucous bloom, with
narrow white scarious m argin. Petals 8 -1 4 mm long, 5 -9 mm
broad, 2 -3 tim es longer than calyx, dark blue. Styles as long as
or slightly longer than stam ens (usually by not m ore than anther
length). C apsules 5 -7 mm long, 4 -6 mm in diam ., 2 -3 tim es
longer than calyx, broad-ovate, yellow or brown.
In steppes, along southern m ountain slopes, steppified pine
groves and in solonetzic arid m eadows. Cen. Sib.: TU (eastern
half). East. Sib.: IR — An, Pr, BU— Se, Yuzh, C hi— Shi.— East.
M ongolia, Nor.-East. China (M anchuria). Described from Siberia.
Map 17.
A study of the phototype of L. sibiricum DC. preserved in the
H erbarium of the Institute of Biology, R ussian Academ y of
Sciences (BIN, RAN) (St.-Petersburg) showed that plants along
with homostylic flowers bear highly characteristic, slightly curved
pedicels, declinate laterally, opposite to the side on which they
em erge. L. baicalense Juz. described later exhibits very sim ilar
characteristics.
7. L. stelleroides Planchon 1848 in London Journ. Bot. 7:
178.
A nnuals with rather short (1 2 -2 0 cm) slender rodlike stems,
branched in upper portion. Leaves 5 -1 3 mm long, 0 .5 -1 .5 mm
broad, n arrow -linear or lin ear-lan ceo late, short-cuspidate,
glaucescent, with 1-3 nerves, transversely upright. Inflorescence
p an iculate, few -flow ered, rach illa of d ifferent length, erect,
rodlike, with tiny leaves, form ing characteristic clusters at tip of
stem. Flow ers not more than 1 cm in diam ., on slender stems 3 -
4 tim es longer than calyx. Sepals 3 -4 mm long, orbicular-ovate,
 29

green, with very narrow m argin, with short stiff cusp at tip;
28 outer sepals with rather few black glandules along m argin; inner
sepals with solitary glandule at tip. Petals 8-1 0 mm long, pale
violet, obovate, caducous. Stamens as long as styles. Capsule
about 5 mm long, ovate, up to twice longer than calyx, their
valves term inating in w ell-developed cusp.
In solonetzic steppe meadows. E ast. S ib.: C hi— Shi (Aginsk
region: Suduntui creek valley near Nozhii lake).— East. Asia.
D escribed from China.
8. L. tay m iren se Peschkova sp. nova— L. perenne var. boreale
(Juz.) Serg., p.p.
Radix sat crassa, flexuosa plus m inusve ram osa, lignescens.
Caules (12) 15-30 (30) cm alti, tenues plerum que ascendentes,
num erosi vel per aliquot in caespitulum congesti, basi ram is
vegetativis bene evolutis praediti, inferne foliis elongato-ellipticis
vel oblongis, apice acutiusculis plus m inusve dense obsiti, folia
superius sita sparsiora anguste linearia vel lineari-lanceolata,
0 .5 -1 .5 cm longa, 0.5-1 (2) mm lata, breviter acutata, m argine
valde revoluta, v iridia, oblique ascendentia, rarius
subhorizontaliter reflexa, dim idio inferiore vel basi latissim a.
Flores inflorescentias corym bosas paucifloras (1-5 floras) apice
caulis et ram orum lateralium superiorum form antes, pedicellati,
pedicellis tenuibus subfiliform ibus 1-1.5 (2) cm longis. Sepala
(4) 5 -7 mm longa, exteriora oblongo-ovata, breviter acum inata,
m argine m em branaceo angustissim o vel nullo circum cincta,
in terio ra late ovata, exterioribus subduplo latiora, m argine
paleaceo lateribus lato ad apicem angustiore cincta, om nia 3-5
nervia. P etala 14-18 mm longa, exsiccata alba vel sordide
caerulea, in alabastris pallide cyanea. Stam ina brevia et styli 5 -
6 mm longi, stam ina longa 7 -8 (9) mm longa. Capsulae 7 -8 mm
longae, late ovoideae stram ineae vel pallide fuscae, sepalis sesqui
longiores.
Typus. Prov. K rasnojarsk, autonom us Taimyr, distr. Dudin-
kensis, pag. Potapovo, declive arenosum siccum, ad ripam dextram
fl. E nissej, No. 88, 24 VI 1985, S. B ubnova (NSK).
A ffinitas. Species Lino boreali Juz. affinis, a quo foliis
caulinis mediis anguste linearibus vel linaeri-lanceolatis dim idio
in ferio re vel prope basin latissim is (nec oblanceolatis vel
linearibus, prope m edium latissim is) necnon sepalis interioribus
 30

exterioribus conspicue lateoribus et sublongioribus, om nibus 3

(5) nerviis (nec omnibus plus minusve aequim agnis 1 (3) nerviis)
differt.
Root quite stout, flexuose, more or less branched, lignescent.
Stems (12) 15-30 (40) cm tall, quite slender, usually ascending,
many or few aggregated into mat, with developed vegetative
shoots at base, more or less com pactly covered in lower portion
with elongated-elliptical or oblong cuspidate leaves; leaves less
com pact above, narrow -linear or linear-lanceolate, 0 .5 -1 .5 cm
long, 0.5-1 (2) mm broad, short-cuspidate, highly convoluted
downward, green, transversely upright, rarely subhorizontally
declinate, broadest in low er half or at base. Flow ers in loose,
few -flow ered (1 -5 ) corym bose inflorescences at tip of stem and
upper lateral branches, on slender, subfiliform , 1-1.5 (2) cm
long stems. Sepals (4) 5 -7 mm long; outer sepals oblong-ovate,
short-cuspidate, with very narrow membranous margin or without
it; inner sepals broad-ovate, alm ost tw ice broader than outer,
with broad scarious m argin on sides, narrow ing tow ard tip; all
sepals with 3-5 nerves. Petals 14-18 mm long, exsiccated, white
29 or dirty blue, light blue in flow er buds. Short stam ens and styles
5 -6 mm long, long stam ens 7 -8 (9) mm long. C apsules 7 -8 mm
long, broad-ovate, straw -yellow or light brown, 1.5 times longer
than sepals.
In tundra and forest-tundra zones of A rctic in arid sandy
sections along river valleys and their steep turf-covered slopes.
Cen. Sib.: KR—Ta (Potapovo settlem ent— class, hab. and others),
Pu, Tn (Tura settlem ent on Nizh. Tunguska river). East. Sib.:
YAK— Ar, Yan.— Endem ic. Map 18.
9. L. violascens Bunge 1829 in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 1: 439.
P erennial plants with rather thick dirty white lignescent tap
root. Stems 35-65 cm tall, erect, strong, many or few, branching
in upper portion. Leaves 1-2.5 (4) cm long, 0 .5 -2 mm broad,
narrow -linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, with 1 vein, green,
separated or transversely upright; lower leaves much shorter and
subobtuse. Inflorescence more or less m any-flow ered, loose;
flowers on slender elongated stems, declinate or laterally curved
in fruits, em erging from axils of upper cauline leaves. Sepals
3 .5 -4 .5 mm long, dark-, alm ost black-green, all sepals long-
cuspidate, with 1-3 nerves; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, scarcely
membranous along margin; inner sepals slightly shorter, but much
broader and with broad m em branous margin. Petals 1-1.5 cm
 31

long, thrice longer than sepals, violet-blue or violet. Stam ens

more or less equalling styles, about 5 mm long, slightly longer
than calyx. Capsules ovate, subacute; ripe capsules som ewhat or
up to 1.5 tim es longer than calyx, light yellow, up to brown.
On steppe slopes, in steppe scrubs and poplar groves in valleys.
W est. Sib.: AL— Go (K atun’ and Chuya rivers— class, hab. and
others). Cen. Sib.: TU (Bazhyn-Alaak and Chyraa-Bazhi villages
in D zun-K hem chinsk region).— Kazakh section of Altay. Map
20 .

Fam ily RUTACEAE

1. Low plants with undivided oblong-lanceolate leaves and

yellow flowers ...................................... 1. H aplophyllum .
+ Large plants with im paripinnate leaves and lilac-pink
f lo w e rs ............................................................ 2. D ictam nus.

1. H aplophyllum A. Juss.

1. H. dauricum (L.) A. Juss. in Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,

12 : 464— Peganum dauricum L. 1753, Sp. PL: 4 45— Ruta
daurica (L.) DC.
Root sucker plants with relatively slender root and m ulticipital
caudex. Stems (8) 10-25 (30) cm tall, many, slender, strong,
rodlike, compact-leafy, subglabrous or diffuse-puberulent, simple.
Leaves 1-2.5 cm long, 1-3 mm broad, sessile, linear-lanceolate
or inversely oblong, narrow ing tow ard base, covered on both
surfaces with pitted glandules. Inflorescence terminal, corymbose.
Flow ers slightly more than 1 cm in diam ., on stems, pubescent
with very short bent hairs. Bracts small, linear. Calyx very small,
with 5, about 1 mm long ciliate teeth. Petals yellow, elongated-
30 elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, 5-8 mm long, abruptly narrowing
into short claw. Anther filaments in lower enlarged portion ciliate.
Capsules 3 -5 mm in diam ., with 3 -4 lobes, slightly flattened on
top, with fine punctate glandules, on short stout stem.
In feather grass and tansy steppes on plains, rarely on rocky
steppe slopes and on top of conical hills. East. Sib.: BU— Yuzh,
C hi— Shi.— M ongolia, Nor.-East. C hina (M anchuria). D escribed
from Siberia. Map 26.
Cited before for Altay based on P. Pallas’ collections, evidently erroneously.
Not reported there subsequently.
32

2. D ictam n u s L.

1. Rachis, even under term inal im paripinnate leaflet alm ost

w ingless or vaguely narrow -w inged. Style glabrous.
C ornicles on outer lobes of capsule 7 -1 2 mm long, erect
or b e n t ........................... ...........................1. D. angustifolius.
+ Rachis, specially under term inal im paripinnate leaflet
distinctly winged. Style distant-pilose, som etim es only
in low er portion. C ornicles on outer lobes of capsule 4 -
7 mm long, erect or b e n t ........................2. D. d asy c arp u s.
1. D. an g u stifo liu s G. Don ex Sweet 1831, Brit. Fl. Gard. 7,
Table 93— D. albus subsp. turkestanicus Winter.
Large (up to 120 cm tall) perennial plant. Stems strong, erect,
glabrous in low er portion, puberulent above; further, in
inflorescence, more or less com pactly covered with dark fine
verrucose glandules with short cusp at tip. Leaves large, stiff,
im paripinnate. L eaflets 5 -7 pairs, 5-11 cm long, 2 -4 cm broad,
oblong-ovate, quite short-cuspidate at tip, denticulate along
m argin, with short pubescent and diffuse fine-pitted glandules
beneath. Rachis vaguely winged. Inflorescence terminal, racemose,
loose, 1 5-30 cm long, its branches com pact-puberulent and,
moreover, covered with fine verrucose glandules on rather slender
stem s or sessile, specially abundant on pedicels and fruitlets.
Flow ers about 3 -4 cm long, slightly irregular. Sepals 7 -9 mm
long, lanceolate-linear, puberulent. Petals 3-3.5 cm long, lilac,
lanceolate, tapered into more or less long and narrow claw. Anther
filam ents in low er portion short, and fine-pubescent, glabrous
above, covered near tip with fine sessile verrucose glandules.
Capsules on thick stem, 1-3 mm long, with 4 or 5 lobes. Lobes
with long erect or curved (5) 7-1 2 mm long cornicles at tip on
outer surface; cornicles short and erect on inner surface.
On steppe slopes and in scrubs. W est. S ib.: AL— Go (near
Kolyvansk Plant, Tigereksk and B eloretskii settlem ents).— Mid.
Asia, West. China. D escribed from specim ens grown from seeds
of Altay plants.
2. D. d a s y c a rp u s Turcz. 1842 in Bull. Soc. Nat. M oscou, 15:
637.
Large perennial upright, 80 cm or more tall plant. Stems
subglabrous or glabrous in lower portion, diffusely distant-haired
above; m oreover, in inflorescence, covered with dark varrucose
 33

31 glandules with short cusp at tip. Leaves large, im paripinnate.

L eaflets 3 -5 pairs, 2 -8 cm long, 1-4 cm broad, oblong, tapered-
cuspidate, serrulate along m argin, more or less pilose, rarely
glabrous beneath. Rachis distinctly winged. Inflorescence terminal,
racem ose or paniculate-racem ose, up to 35 cm long, its branches
compactly covered all along their length with distant simple hairs
and, additionally, with verrucose glandules, sessile on short stout
stem s, specially abundant in upper portion of inflorescence.
Flow ers up to 4 cm long, som ewhat irregular. Sepals 5 -6 mm
long, lanceolate, puberulent. P etals 2 -3 .5 cm long, lilac,
lanceolate, tapered into more or less long, narrow claw. A nther
filam ents about 3 cm long, distant-haired from base to center or
slightly above, glabrous at tip, covered with thick verrucose
glandules. Style distant-haired. C apsules on thick, 1-4 cm long
stem, with 4 or 5 lobes. Lobes with erect or curved, 4 -7 mm
long cornicles at tip on outer surface; cornicles on inner surface
very short, erect.
In m eadow s, along floors of creek valleys and ravines,
som etim es in meadowy steppes and river birch forests. East.
Sib.: C hi— Shi (south-eastern part: Byankino village— class, hab.
and others).— Far East, East. Asia. M ap 29.

Fam ily ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

1. Perennial low erect plants. Fruit, a tri-pentahedral capsule

......................................................................... 1. Zygophyllum.
+ Annual plant with procum bent stems. Fruit dividing into
5 fruitlets bearing spines and spinules o u tsid e ......................
...................................................................................2. Tribulus.

1.................................................................................Zygophyllum

1. Capsule w in g e d ...................................................................... 2.
+ Capsule not winged, oval, berrylike. Plants scabrous due
to elongated papilliform subobtuse s p in u le s .......................
.........................................................................1. Z. melongena.
2. Capsule oval-globose or subglobose, with broad (5 -1 2
mm) w in g s ............................................................................... 3.
+ Capsules oblong-oval, with narrow (up to 3 mm) wings
..................................................................................................... 4.
 34

3. Stem s and leaf petioles or only pedicels distinctly

scabrous due to short obtuse spinules. Petals shorter than,
equalling or slightly longer than sepals. Leaflets distinctly
in e q u ila te ra l....................................... 2. Z. pinnatum s. str.
+ Stems and leaf petioles subglabrous, only pedicels
somewhat scabrous. Petals alm ost 1.5 times longer than
sepals. Leaflets nearly eq u ila te ra l..........................................
.................................... 3. Z. pinnatum subsp. chakassicum.
4. Leaves with (1) 2 (3) pairs of linear-oblong leaflets;
leaf petioles with small, somewhat thick, distinctly visible,
retrocurved, green or whitish shoot at t i p ..............................
......................................................... 4. Z. pterocarpum s. str.
+ Leaves with (2) 3 pairs of oblong-linear leaflets; petioles
of leaves with poorly visible whitish, erect or slightly
curved soft spiniform shoot at t i p ..........................................
.................................. 5. Z. pterocarpum subsp. tuvinicum.
32 1. Z. m elongena Bunge 1830 in Ledeb., Fl. Alt. 2: 104.
Soboliferous small plant with lignescent m ulticipital caudex,
scabrous due to elongated papilliform subobtuse spinules, piliform
in upper part. Stems 3 -1 0 cm tall, diffuse-branched, readily
breaking along joints. Leaves on winged short (3 -7 mm) petioles,
paripinnate, with tiny subulate shoot at tip. Stipules about 2 mm
long, broad-ovate w hite-scarious, serrate along margin. Leaflets
usually 2 pairs (lower leaves sometimes with 1 pair, very rarely
with 3 leaflets, 4th reduced), 6 -1 0 mm long, 2 .5 -5 mm broad,
obovate or broad-oval rounded at tip, in equilateral at base.
Pedicels 3 -5 (8) mm long, axillary, nutant. Sepals 4 -6 mm long,
about 3 mm broad, elliptical, obtuse, broad w hite-scarious along
margin. Petals alm ost equalling sepals, oblong-obovate, m ostly
orange-colored (like anther filam ents), w hitish at tip. Capsules
10-12 mm long, 4 -5 mm broad, pentagonal-terete, oval, berrylike,
succulent, w ingless, with 5 barely projecting bands at site of
wings.
In solonchaks. West. Sib.: AL— Go (Chuisk steppe— class,
hab., 20 km from K osh-A gach settlem ent, Aktal villag e).—
M ongolia.
2. Z. pinnatum Cham. s. str. 1830 in Cham, et Schlect. in
Linnaea, 5, 1: 148— Z. macropterum C.A. Meyer.
Soboliferous plant with strong m ulticipital lignescent caudex.
Stems usually few, spreading or erect, 5 -15 (20) cm tall; like
 35

leaf petioles and pedicels, scabrous due to very short subobtuse

spinules. Leaves on 1-2 cm long petioles, with tiny, white-
scarious, ovate, cuspidate stipules fim briate along m argin,
paripinnate. Leaflets 3 -4 pairs, elliptical or obovate, 5 -1 2 mm
long, 3 -6 mm broad, rather thick, glabrous on both surfaces,
inequilateral at base, som etimes scabrous along margin. Pedicels
2 -7 mm long, erect in flow ers, recurved in fruits. Sepals 5 -6
mm long, 2 -3 mm broad, narrow -elliptical, obtuse at tip. Petals
som ewhat oblong or obovate, equalling or scarcely longer than
calyx, orange-colored in low er portion, white at tip. Capsule
1.5-2.5 (3) cm in diam ., oval-globose or subglobose, with broad
(5 -1 2 mm) wings, yellow or reddish in ripening capsule.
On solonetzic clayey slopes and in solonchaks. West. Sib.:
AL— Go (Chagan-Uzun village, vicinity of Loktevsk, Kyzyl-Tash
village).— East Europe (lower courses of Volga), Mid. Asia, Iran.
D escribed with no reference to the site of find.
3. Z. pinnatum subsp. chakassicum Peschkova, subsp. nova.
Caules et petioli subleves, pedicelli parum scabriusculi. Folia
im paripinnata, foliolis plus m inusve aequilateralibus. P etala
calycem fere sesquilongior.
Typus. C hakasia, distr. U st-A bakanicus, im viciniis st.
K apczaly, lacus U luch-K ol, steppa lapidosa lasiagrostidoso-
variiherbosa, 1 VIII 1967, G. Zvereva, G. V lassova (NS).
Stems and leaf petioles subglabrous, only pedicels som ewhat
scabrous. Leaflets of imparipinnate leaves more or less equilateral.
Petals nearly 1.5 times longer than calyx.
33 In solonetzic m eadows and solonchaks. Cen. Sib.: KR— Kha
(U lukh-K ol’ lake; vicinity of Kapchala station in U st’-Abakansk
region— class, hab. and others).— Endem ic. Map 22.
4. Z. pterocarpum Bunge s. str. 1830 in Ledeb., Fl. Alt. 2:
103.
Soboliferous perennial plant with thick m ulticipital caudex
and many low, diffuse-branched, glabrous, (8) 10-25 cm tall
stems. Leaves on short (2 -7 mm) narrow -w inged petioles, with
rather thick sm all but w ell-visible retrocurved, usually green,
rarely pale, shoot at tip of petiole; som etim es, unpaired leaflet
growing together with shoot. Leaflets (1) 2 (3) pairs, linear-
oblong, 5 -2 0 mm long, 1.5-4 mm broad, glaucescent, glabrous.
Stipules 1-1.5 mm long, grassy or w hite-m em branous; low er
stipules ovate, upper lanceolate, deciduous by autumn. Flow ers
 36

axillary, on 5-10 mm long stems. Sepals 5-7 mm long, elliptical,

narrow-scarious along margin. Petals 7-10 mm long, oblong-
obovate or oval, narrowing into long cuneate claw, orange-colored
at base, white in upper portion. Capsules 16-24 mm long, 6-10
(12) mm broad, oblong-oval or oval, pentagonal; wings 2-3 mm
broad.
In solonchaks and solonetzic steppes, sometimes on rocky
steppe slopes. West. Sib.: AL—Go (Chuya river valley: facing
Chegan river estuary—class, hab. and others in Chuya steppe).—
Mid. Asia, West. China, Mongolia. Map 21.
5. Z. pterocarpum subsp. tuvinicum Peschkova, subsp. nova.
A subspecie typica foliis plerumque trijugis (rarius bijugis),
foliolis oblongo-linearibus, petiolis apice processu aculeoli-formi
molli subindistincto albido recto vel subincurvato distinguitur.
Typus. Tuva, dist. Tes-Chemensis, declive australe jugi Tannu-
Ola Orientalis, 1200 m.s.m., vallis FI. Irbitei, silva salicoso-
populosa variiherbosa, 3 VIII 1972, V. Chanminczun, L. Kupalova,
L. Eremenko (NS, isotypus LE).
Unlike type subspecies, leaves usually with 3 (rarely 2) pairs
of oblong-lanceolate leaflets. Leaf petioles with faint whitish,
erect or slightly curved soft spiniform shoot at tip.
In arid solonetzic meadows, river valleys, nannophyte solonchak
semideserts. Cen. Sib.: TU (Irbitei river valley in Tes-Khemsk
region—class, hab.—Ak-Chyra settlement, bank of Amdaigyn-
Khol’ lake).—Endemic.

2. Tribulus L.

1. T. terrestris L. 1753, Sp. Pl.: 387.

Annual with slender weak root and (3)10-60 cm tall stems
diffuse along ground and branched right from base; together
with leaf petioles and pedicels, covered with long distant and
short semiappressed hairs bent at tip. Leaves (1) 2-6 cm long,
(0.5) 1-3 cm broad, more often opposite, paripinnate, with small
lanceolate-deltoid stipules; leaflets 4-7 pairs, 3-13 mm long,
34 1-5 mm broad, oblong or oblong-elliptical, asymmetric, obtuse,
on very short petiolules, more or less compactly (specially young)
covered beneath with long slender appressed hairs, glabrescent
with age, subglabrous on upper surface. Flowers single, axillary,
on short (4-10 mm) stems. Sepals 3-5 mm long, lanceolate,
hairy outside. Petals narrow-obovate, about 10 mm long,
 37

yellow ish; dry petals w hitish. F ruits about 1 cm in diam .,

consisting of 5 rigid stellately arranged fruitlets with 2 -4 strong
and acute, 3 -5 mm long spines at tip and below on outside, with
obtuse tubercles and setae on outer surface; ripened fruitlets
falling like spiny nuts.
In arid sandy and rocky steppes, on coastal sand, along river
valleys in poplar groves, on debris cones at foot of slopes,
som etim es as weed on roadsides and around houses. W est. S ib.:
AL— Go (U st’-Inya, Yaloman, and K erkechu settlem ents, and
between Inya and Iodro villages in Ongudaisk region). C en. S ib.:
TU. E a st. S ib.: BU— Yuzh (along valleys of Selenga and Khilok
riv ers south of N o voselenginsk).— E urope, C aucasus,
M editerranean, Asia; as weed in A frica and Am erica. D escribed
from South. Europe. M ap 23.

Fam ily N IT R A R IA C E A E
1. N itr a r ia L.

1. Shrubs usually more than 1 m tall. Drupes with reddish

juice, ovate. Stones 6 -7 mm long, ovate, c u sp id a te .........
............................................................................. 1. N. schoberi.
2. Shrubs 3 0-80 (100) cm tall. Drupes with dark blue juice,
subglobose or broad-ovate. Stones about 5 mm long,
ovate, o b tu se ......................................................2. N. sibirica.
1. N. sch o b e ri L. 1759, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 1044.
D iffuse-branched shrubs with greyish w hite bark. Young
branchlets on 1 side of old branches (3) 4 -7 cm apart, becoming
spiny with age. Leaves aggregated in bunches of 2 -4 each, oblong-
spatulate or obovate, 12-25 mm long, 3 -7 mm broad, obtuse at
tip, gradually narrow ing toward base. Flow ers in corym bose
dichasia at tip of annual, puberulent beranchlets. Calyx 1 -2 mm
long, incised up to half, its lobes ovate. Petals 4 -5 mm long,
oblong, contracted like a tiny hood at tip, dirty white. Drupes
with reddish juice, ovate. Stones 6 -7 mm long, ovate, cuspidate.
In solonetzes in steppes on plains. W est. Sib.: NO (Karachi
lake, Palitsa village, Kursk settlem ent, Troitskoe village), AL-
Ba (in south-w estern border region).— Europe (Low er Volga
region), Caucasus, Mid. Asia, Iran, West. China. Described from
Lower Volga. Map 24.
 38

2. N. sibirica Pallas 1784, Fl. Ross.: 1: 80— N. schoberi auct.

non L.; p. max. p.
Relatively rather short, 30-80 (100) cm tall shrubs with diffuse,
som etim es spreading branches, with greyish white bark. Young
branchlets on 1 side of old branches 1.5-3 (4) cm apart. Leaves
in bunches of 2 -4 each, spatulate-lanceolate or oblong-obovate,
7 -1 3 mm long, 1.5-2.5 (4) mm broad. Flow ers tiny, white,
aggregated in corym bose dichasia at tip of annual puberulent
35 branchlets. Calyx incised up to half, its lobes about 1 mm long,
ovate, subobtuse. Petals 3 -4 mm long, oblong, contracted like
a tiny hood at tip. Drupes with dark blue juice, black, subglobose
or broad-ovate. Stones about 5 mm long, ovate, subobtuse.
In solonetzes, solonchaks in interm ontane troughs, in chee
grass and wild rye steppes. West. Sib.: AL— Go (Kosh-Agach
settlem ent, head of C huya river). Cen. Sib.: KR— Kha, Ve
(vicinity of M inusinsk), TU. East. Sib.: IR— An, BU— Se (lower
courses of Barguzin river— class, hab. and others), Yuzh (S ul’fat
station in Selenginsk region), C hi— Shi (Borzinsk region).— Mid.
Asia, West. China, M ongolia. Map 25.
Both species differ only in quantitative characteristics and, in West. Siberia,
where the 2 grow, it is difficult to differentiate between them from herbal
material. Their differences are perhaps more perceptible in the field.

Fam ily PEGANACEAE

1. Peganum L.

1. G labrous plants. Leaves split into 3 lobes, in turn

dichotomously divided into linear lobules. Lobes of calyx
undivided or te rn a te ....................................... 1. P. harmala.
+ Plants scabrous due to com pact and short stiff bristles.
Leaves split into 2 or 3 linear lobes. Lobes of calyx
incised into 5 -7 linear lo b e s .................2. P. nigellastrum.
1. P. harm ala L. 1753, Sp. PL: 444.
Stems few at tip of m ulticipital caudex, erect, highly branched,
spreading, 1 0-60 cm tall, faintly sulcate, glabrous. Leaves 3 -6
cm long, nearly as broad, broad-ovate, laciniated up to base into
3 narrow lobes, in turn dichotom ously divided into long linear,
1.5-3 cm long, 1.5-3 mm broad lobules short-cuspidate at tip.
Flowers at tip of shoots on glabrous, 1-2 cm long stems, thickened
 39

in upper portion. Calyx divided alm ost up to base into 5 linear

1.5-2 cm long lobes, som etim es faintly incised or ternate. Petals
1.5-2 cm long, elliptical or oblong-elliptical, subobtuse, white
or pale yellow. C apsules subglobose, slightly depressed above,
about 8 mm in diam ., distinctly 3-valved, with many dark brown
seeds.
On rocky slopes in steppes. Cen. Sib.: TU (K yzyl-M azhalyk
village in B arun-K hem chiksk region).— South. East. Europe,
Caucasus, Mid. Asia, M editerranean, West. Asia, West. China,
West. M ongolia. D escribed from M editerranean region.
2. P. nigellastrum Bunge 1835 in Mem. Sci. Acad. Petersb.
(Sci. Phys. M ath.), 2: 87.
Perennial plants with long vertical caudex, bearing at tip few
(som etim es many) (roughly sulcate few -branched, (7)10-30 cm
tall stems, scabrous due to short com pact stiff bristles. Leaves
com pactly arranged on stalks, alternate, sessile, with rather small
(1 .2 -1 .8 cm in diam .) orbicular blade, split into 3 segm ents,
each of them pinnatisected into subulate-linear, acute, rigid,
projecting spiny lobules, covered with short diffuse bristles.
36 Flowers single, in axils of upper leaves, on short setaceous stems.
Sepals about 1.5 cm long, lanceolate, pinnatifid into 5 -7 linear
lobes. Petals 10-15 mm long, equalling sepals, oblong-obovate,
orbicular at tip. C apsules globose, depressed above, 3-locular,
with many black tuberculate seeds.
In worm wood steppes. East. Sib.: BU— Yuzh (U st’-K yakhta
settlem ent in K yakhtinsk region).— M ongolia. D escribed from
M ongolia.

Fam ily POLYGALACEAE

1. Polygala L.

1. Flower racemes axillary and partly terminal, rather sparse

and 1-sided. Inner sepals (wings) inequilateral. A nthers
on stems not always equally long, anther filaments connate
to different le v e ls ...................................................................2.
+ Flow er racem es only term inal, com pact, terete. Inner
sepals equilateral. A nthers sessile, anther filam ents
connate all along their le n g th ........................ 1. P. hybrida.
2. P edicels, sepals, and keel hairy on back. F ilam ents
connate up to center or slightly higher, anthers on stems
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curious story; I wonder if it will bore you?
He. What tale from thy sweet lips could tedious be?
She. I wish you’d get out of that “thy” habit; it’s so
irritating. Well, the fact is that all your predecessors died
on the evening of our wedding—I mean weddings—and
nobody quite knows why.
He. Truly a strange tale. May I have just one more go at
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She. Of course. I’m so glad you like it. Curiously enough,
the one before you was very fond of it too; in fact I’ve
often wondered——Well, there it is. Now I do hope that
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inconvenience on my account. Besides, it upsets the
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He. Have no fear, beloved. For I too have a secret. I know
thy—your—tragic history; a witch has revealed it unto me.
She. You know? Well, I do think you might have told me. I
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He. Further, she has given me a magic charm to protect
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She. I say, what’s that mess in the corner? There—on the
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He. That is the heart and liver of a fish, my apple.
She. I hope you haven’t brought a cat into the house;
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He. Nay, my love, that is the charm.
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He. It is the heart and liver of a sturgeon.
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[The Curtain falls, and rises again the next
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don’t fill up the hole yet. We may want it after all.
CURTAIN

Transcriber’s Notes:
Variations in spelling and hyphenation are retained.
Perceived typographical errors have been changed.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LITTLE RAYS OF
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