Class : IGCSE Extended TANDEM KUWAIT Tandem notes : Sets
Subject : Mathematics
• Defn : Set is a well defined collection of objects . The different objects in the set are called elements or
members of the set Eg : A={ 1,3 , a , c }
• 1 is an element of A , represented by 1∈ A and 2 is not an element of A , represented by 2∉ A
• Number of elements of a set A is denoted by n A . Eg If A={ 1,3 , a , c } n A=4
• A set contain no elements is called null set or empty set denoted by {} or
• Set B is said to be a subset of set A , if all elements of B is taken from A . Eg: If A={1,2,3,4,5} and
B={2,4,5} then B is a subset of A denoted by B⊂A and C={5 , 7} is not a subset of A and is denoted
by C⊄ A . The number of subsets of a set with n elements is 2 n
• Equal sets : sets that contain exactly the same elements are said to be equal Eg : A = { a , b , c , d } and
B={ c , d , b , a } then A and B are equal sets denoted by A = B
• Union : Union of two sets A and B are denoted by A∪ B and defined as
the set containing all the elements from A and B . Eg: A={1,3,5,7 },
B= {3,7,9,8} then A∪ B={ 1,3,5,7,9,8}
• Intersection : Intersection of two sets A and B are denoted by A∩ B and
defined as the set containing all the common elements of A and B Eg:
A={1,3,5,7 },B= {3,7,9,8} then A∩ B={ 3,7 }
• Difference of two sets : A - B is the difference of set A and set B , is defined the
set of all elements of A which are not in B , Eg: A={1,3,5,7 }, B= {3,7,9,8}
then A− B={1,5 }
• Universal set : Is a set containing all the elements of the sets under consideration
• Compliment of a set A denoted by A' and is the set containing all the
elements of the universal set which are not in A .
• Demorgan's law A∪B' = A' ∩B '
• Demorgan's law A∩B' = A' ∪B '
• n A∪ B=n An B−n A∩B
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Class : IGCSE Extended TANDEM KUWAIT Tandem notes : Probability
Subject : Mathematics
number of favourable outcomes
• Probability of an event=
total number of equally likely outcomes
• If an event cannot happen , the probability of it occurring is 0
• If an event is certain to happen the probability of it occurring is 1
• All probabilities lie between 0 and 1
• Two events are exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time
• The OR rule : For exclusive events A and B, P A OR B = P A∪ B = P AP B
• Two events are independent if the occurrence of one event is unaffected by the occurrence of the other
• The AND rule : For independent events A and B P A AND B = P A∩B = P A×P B
• If probability of happening of an event is P(A) then probability of not happening is 1−P A
1. In a survey, 100 students are asked if they like basketball
(B), football (F) and swimming (S).
The Venn diagram shows the results.
42 students like swimming.
40 students like exactly one sport.
(a) Find the values of p, q and r. [3]
(b) How many students like
(i) all three sports, [1]
(ii) basketball and swimming but not football? [1]
(c) Find
(i) n(B′ ), [1]
(ii) n((B∪F )∩S ′ ). [1]
(d) One student is chosen at random from the 100 students.
Find the probability that the student
(i) only likes swimming, [1]
(ii) likes basketball but not swimming. [1]
(e) Two students are chosen at random from those who like
basketball.
Find the probability that they each like exactly one other sport. [3] October , November 2008
Ans :
(a) (p =) 5 (q =) 12 (r =) 1
(b) (i) 17 (ii) 12
(c) (i) 26 (ii) 57
8 45
(d) (i) (ii)
100 100
37 36 18
(e) × =
74 73 73
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2. = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,11,16} P = {2,3,5,7,11} S = {1,4,9,16} M = {3,6,9}
(a) Draw a Venn diagram to show this information. [2]
(b) Write down the value of n M ' ∩P [1] May June 2008
Ans :
(a)
(b) 4
3 . (a)Nadia must choose a ball from Bag A or from Bag B.
2
The probability that she chooses Bag A is.
3
Bag A contains 5 white and 3 black balls.
Bag B contains 6 white and 2 black balls.
The tree diagram below shows some of this information
(i) Find the values of p, q, r and s. [3]
(ii) Find the probability that Nadia chooses
Bag A and then a white ball. [2]
(iii) Find the probability that Nadia chooses
a white ball. [2]
(b) Another bag contains 7 green balls and
3 yellow balls.
Sani takes three balls out of the bag,
without replacement.
(i) Find the probability that all three balls he chooses are yellow. [2] May June 2008
(ii) Find the probability that at least one of the three balls he chooses is green. [1]
Ans :
1 3 6 2 5 2
a) i) , , , , ii) , iii)
3 8 8 8 12 3
1 119
b) i) , ii)
120 120
4. A and B are sets.
Write the following sets in their simplest form.
(a) A ∩ A'. [1]
(b) A ∪ A'. [1]
(c) (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ B' ). [1] October , November 2007
Ans :
(a)
(b) ξ
(c) A
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5. Claude goes to school by bus.
The probability that the bus is late is 0.1 .
If the bus is late, the probability that Claude is late to school is 0.8 .
If the bus is not late, the probability that Claude is late to school is 0.05 .
(i) Calculate the probability that the bus is late and Claude is late to school. [1]
(ii) Calculate the probability that Claude is late to school. [3]
(iii) The school term lasts 56 days.How many days would Claude expect to be late? [1]
Ans :
(i) 0.08 (ii)0.125 (iii)7 October , November 2007
6.Xsara throws a ball three times at a target.
Each time she throws the ball, the probability that she hits the target is 0.2.
Calculate the probability that she does not hit the target in any of the three throws. [2]
64
Ans : 0.512 or May , June 2007
125
7. On the Venn diagrams shade the regions
(a) A′ ∩ C′,
(b) (A ∪ C ) ∩ B. May June 2007
8. Two unbiased spinners are used in a game.
One spinner is numbered from 1 to 6 and the other is
numbered from 1 to 3.
The scores on each spinner are multiplied together. The
table below shows the possible outcomes.
(a) Find the probability that the outcome is even. [1]
(b) When the outcome is even, find the probability that
it is also greater than 11. [2]
Ans : May June 2007
12
a)
18
3
b)
12
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