Vol-4 Issue-6 2018 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396

A SURVEY PAPER ON DRIVERLESS

METRO TRAIN
1
Chavan Rohit Dnyaneshwar , 2Dabhade Swapnil Dilip , 3Kesbhat Amol Surendra,
4
Nage Mohan Ramadas, 5Mrs.Gauri. K. Jagtap

1
Chavan Rohit Dnyaneshwar, 2Dabhade Swapnil Dilip, 3Kesbhat Amol Surendra, 4Nage Mohan Ramdas,
5
Mrs.Gauri. K. Jagtap, Electronics & Telecommunication, SIR VISVESVARAYA INSTITUTE OF
TECHONOLOGY, Maharashtra, INDIA

ABSTRACT
As automation increases in train services, the main reason is to see how security can be increase. By using sensors,
todays technologies and reconstruct the stations with walls on the platforms, the safety can increase for the effective.
This project design a railway system consisting of a train, boom barriers and a station. The mechanical parts are
made from scratch to get the system to work beneficially. The use of ARM as a micro controller where electrical
components could be programmed, became the control of all subsystems. Ultrasonic- and IR sensors are used to
detect if obstructions where located on the rails and to detect the oncoming train at the railway crossing. To
increase safety, a wall was built on the platform with doors to prevent people from tracing the tracks. The platform
door open and close simultaneously with the door on the train. As a result, all subsystems worked well separately.
When connecting them with each other, some problems occur. For example, door operations has not match up to
100 percent, which still considered approved. The major problem is that the train became too heavy for the motor to
drive it properly. As there is no time to implement a larger motor, the solution to increase the voltage with two 9V
batteries connected in series.

Keyword: - ARM, LPC2148, IR sensor, LCD, DC motor, Ultrasonic Sensor.

1. INTRODUCTION
The advancement in the field of rail transportation lot of advancement is made till the date. The rail transport system
has undergone a high transformation, starting from the early steam operated engines to the most recent bullet train.
In metro systems, automation refers to the process in which responsibility for operation of the trains is transferred
from the driver to the train control system. Then the numbers of rail lines are automated to reduce the operation cost
and improving the security and safety of services. In this project is the Metro train equipped with the CPU, which is
used to control the operation to and from the movement of the train which is written according to the written
programmed path. The microcontroller from ARM7 is been used as CPU. When the train arrives at the station the
sensor is according to the programming done onto the microcontroller. Then the door of the train is automatically
opened so that the passengers can enter into the train and the door closes after the prescribed time set in the
controller. Automations serves as important roles and functions on our communities. In particular, the automated
train services that it costs a lot to buy in and replace systems. A main benefit of an automated system is more safety.
By having sensors and other automated technologies utilized by the system. Thus allowing for information of
collected data to be transmitted between different areas of the system; the train, the track and the control center. And
moreover, automated doors on platforms working in unison with the train will further increase safety by preventing
any obstructions to interfere with the tracks.

1.1 Objective and Aim of Work

The primary Goal of this project is to create a system when the train approaches to the station IR sensor detect the
train and it stop on platform. And the IN and EXIT doors by using servo motor opens from IN door the passengers
are counted by using IR sensor. Say if 10 passengers enter in the train the door automatically close or if no
passenger enter or less than 10 enter then 10 min the doors are closed and the train moves ahead.

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2. LITERATURE SURVEY
The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the technology used in driverless metro trains which are functioning in
many developed countries. A driverless prototype train is designed using ARM7 microcontroller that enables the
automatic operation of the train from one stop to another. The proposed system aims in reducing the human
intervention is metro trains to as minimum as possible which in turn reduces the possibility of human error. In this
project LPC2148 microcontroller has been used as CPU. The automatic stopping of the train is carried out by RFID
reader, which enables the train to stop when the RFID reader senses the RFID tags placed in the stations. The door
of the trains is also enabled to operate automatically and IR sensors are placed near the doors to count the number of
passengers leaving and entering the train. The train is also equipped with an obstacle detecting unit which stops the
train when it senses an obstacle and the necessary information are displayed on an LCD. There has been much
advancement in the urban railway transit, starting from the engine to the metro trains and to recent automatic metro
trains. Driverless metro train is an intelligent and innovative mass transit solution. Driverless technology meets a
certain number of objectives involved, including high capacity, speed and regularity, reduced operational cost,
adaptability, and flexibility in terms of human resources; it fulfils the idea of new approach to mobility.

 The first implementation was in London underground Victoria line.

 Fully driverless system was only implemented in 2003 in Singapore.75 KM Dubai lines is longest metro
line in world.
 Over a length of 21.45 km and the work on this project was sanctioned on April.1955
 The construction work started in 1956-62.
 After crossing so many hurdles Driverless Metro started its journey on August, 1967.

The primary motivations for automated metro systems are faster services, economy, safety, and energy efficiency.
Compared with the traditional metro, the driverless train operating system can shrink the headway to a mere 60 s.
Therefore, additional trains can be put into the system during the peak hours to transport passengers. Driverless
train operating system can respond immediately to congestion, running more trains without the need for extra
staff. Moreover, the frequency of the trains can also be enhanced in the low-traffic hours, as more and shorter
trains can be inserted in traffic without the need for operational staff. On one side, driverless trains are being
championed as a way of avoiding human error and reaching new levels of efficiency at a time when many metro
systems are operating at the very limits of their capacity. On the other, critics are concerned about entrusting
public safety to a driverless system, as well as the job losses.

This study gives a general overview for driverless train operating systems. The development history and future
trends for driverless train operating systems the opportunities provided by driverless train operating systems, such
as lower operation costs, increased capacity, and reliability .

3. INCREASED CAPACITY AND RELIABILITY

Reliable and robust operation is significant for metro systems. As pointed in, driverless train operating systems
require trains to stop at any point if necessary, such as the evacuation of people in emergency circumstances and
train malfunctions. It is showed that the long-term unreliability can reduce the passenger demand and metro
effectiveness. The increase in the level of automation enhances the reliability and robustness of urban rail transit
systems. In, it is reported that 33% of 5-min delay incidents could be reduced by switching from manual to
automatic operation, There are several reasons that driverless train operating systems could improve the
reliability The adjustments of running times and dwell times can be more precise and comprehensive, removal of
drivers reduces the opportunities for incidents caused by human error and driverless train operating system
manages the operations in terms of seconds, and it can recognize a system disruption more promptly.

The Dubai Metro reported that the service availability of their driverless train operating systems is 99.97%. In
addition, the driverless train operating system operator Keolis stated that the availability of driverless train
operating systems is between 99 and 99.99%. The reliability of the driverless train operating systems is much
higher than that of the traditional metro systems, the availability of which is between 96 and 98%. However,

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Cohen et al. claimed that the comparison between those sources may not be valid since a consistent measurement
definition is needed and it should be validated over several years of data collection.

4 INCREASED FLEXIBILITY.

Flexibility is identified as the key operational advantage of driverless train operating systems by all automated
metros. Driverless train operating system breaks the connection between train availability and staff availability,
which means that trains can be more easily included in or removed from circulation based on the passenger
demand. This real-time adaption of capacity to passenger demand can provide the passengers with better service
and keep the operation costs as lower as possible. For sporting or other special events, in an automated line as
many trains as needed can be injected into the required part of the line with short headways in response to the
peaks in demand. Moreover, only a short notice, e.g., like 1 h before the special events, is needed rather than
3 months to schedule trains for automated metros as stated in. The flexibility of driverless train operating systems
to increase capacity for passenger demand was demonstrated by the Vancouver Sky-Train during the Expo’ 86
world’s fair in its first year operation and during the Winter Olympics in February 2010.

The flexibility of driverless train operating systems makes variable train services possible during off-peak hours
and at night to lower operational costs. Driverless train operating systems also make the 24/7 operations less
constrained because the operation of trains is less dependent on staff availability. Now, the Copenhagen metro
has enabled the 24/7 operation.

5. ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Energy efficiency is a major goal for any railways administration both economically and environmentally. As
pointed out in, the energy cost is an important component for the total operation cost of railway companies. So it
is important to introduce the energy-efficient strategies to reduce energy consumption of trains. Energy
consumption in urban rail systems is affected by many factors (such as rolling stock, lighting systems, and air -
conditioning systems) and the distribution of the energy consumption for these factors. 40 –50% of the energy of
urban rail transit systems is consumed by the traction of trains. The air-conditioning systems contribute to 25–
35% of the total energy consumption. In addition, the energy consumption of the escalator and lift systems is
about 10–14% of the total energy consumption. Moreover, the lighting systems consume about 8–12% of the total
energy consumption.

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Automatically controlled trains indeed consume less energy due to the optimized acceleration, traction, and
braking processes, and it is reported that the energy consumption can be cut by as much as 30% depending on the
degree of automation

In the operation experience of the Vancouver Sky-Train system, the energy consumption per passenger-kilometer
is just less than half the average of the other systems since the braking process of train could be coordinated with
other accelerating trains to enhance the usage of regenerative energy in driverless train operating systems. Since
the usage of the regenerative energy is strongly affected by the power supply system and the traffic density, the
Singapore MRT operator introduced inverters at substations to recover the regenerative energy for station
auxiliary loads. These inverters can recover up to 5% of the total energy used by the urban rail tran sit systems.

In, an energy-efficient optimization approach is presented based on genetic algorithms, which reduces the energy
consumption to 32.89% with a small increase (around 0.51%) in the travel time. Air-conditioning system is
important for the passenger satisfaction. Various methods can be introduced to reduce the energy consumption,
such as using equipment with better energy efficiency performance, installing carbon dioxide sensors to
automatically adjust fresh air supply rates, and installing temperature sensors to make the system run when
necessary. It is stated in that 86% of the world’s driverless train operating metro lines install the PSDs. The
installation of platform screen doors (PSDs), especially the full height PSDs, can reduce the energy c onsumption
of the air-conditioning system by 50% when compared to those without PSDs, because PSDs act as barriers to
isolate the stations from the tunnels or outside area. In addition, LED lighting can reduce the energy consumption
of the lighting system by 30% and the LED lighting now is a common standard for automatic trains. Furthermore,
driverless train operating systems could provide a flexible way to coordinate trains, and this flexibility can
improve the system performances in many respects, such as the efficient usage of rolling stocks and regenerative
energy.

6. HIGH LEVELS OF SAFETY AND SECURITY

Driverless train operating systems can improve the safety and security level of urban rail transit systems. In
traditional urban rail transit lines, 50–60% of the incidents are caused by human error. Wang and Fang proposed a
structured procedure to analyze the error behaviors of traffic dispatchers in emergency circumstances based on
the human information processing theory and the modified task analysis framework. Driverless train operating
systems remove the human driver from the system, and this could reduce or even eradicate the risk of human
error. In addition, the safety can be increased further by automation since computerized systems control train
movements more precisely than humans. New safety technologies are introduced to satisfy the safety requirement
of driverless train operating systems, such as sensors, intrusion prevention and detection system, onboard CCTV,
platform supervision, and onboard emergency calls. The intrusion prevention and detection system are activated
when a person or a large object is in the track area, and the immediate emergency braking could be initiated
depending on how far away the approaching train is. As mentioned by Nelson, the intrusion prevention and
detection systems can virtually eliminate suicides and trespasser fatalities. In addition, surveillance systems and
emergency calls would deter criminal activity. Furthermore, the PSDs do not allow passengers direct acces s the
tracks, which reduces the system failures by approximated one-third. Dubai’s Road and Transport Authority
reported that the Dubai Metro network has a train fault rate of one fault per four million kilometers travelled, and
the network is constantly monitored by two operation control centers to ensure the safety of passengers.

7. CONCLUSION
There are practical and safety benefits with an automated train system. Although our model cannot be made to
materialize into reality as it required a control center and more sensitive sensors. The safety of our future trains can
be increased with the use todays advanced technologies. Passengers can be protected by automated doors at train
platforms. The trains can be programmed to operate in conjunctions with boom barriers and most importantly with
human operators. By using this auto metro train the timings of the train will be exact and it avoids a lot of
inconvenience to the passengers. The passenger counting technology provides more service, to track changes in
passenger demand, and to track on time performance issues. This project will greatly reduce the human intervention

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in the control of trains and hence saves a lot of time and money. Closer, more accurate relation of passenger
boarding's and alighting's with respective locations Trains must operate without any staff onboard. Lower staffing
costs.

REFERENCES

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[2]. GuruprasadPatil, Dr.C.RRajshekhar, RFID Based Metro Train System, VOL. 3, NO. 5, May 2014.
[3]. V.Sriidhar, Automated System Design for Metro Train", International Journal of Computer Science Engineering
(IJCSE). vol. 1, no. 1, Sept. 2012
[4]. I. Yap KweeSeng, Ng Hon Wai,Dr Samuel Chan, Leong Kwok Weng, Automated Metro Ensuring Safety and
Reliability with Minimum Human Intervention, INCOSE., vol. 30 ,no. 03, Jul. 2009
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