International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and

Development
Vol. 8 , No. 2, 2019, E-ISSN: 2 2 2 6 -6348 © 2019 HRMARS

Students Athletes Academic Improvement through Time

Management Skills A Case of University of Baghdad
Rawnaq Natiq Mohammed Ali Hamatani
To Link this Article: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v8-i2/5920 DOI: 10.6007/IJARPED/v8-i2/5920

Received: 11 Jan 2019, Revised: 20 Feb 2019, Accepted: 10 March 2019

Published Online: 29 March 2019

In-Text Citation: (Hamatani, 2019)

To Cite this Article: Hamatani, R. N. M. A. (2019). Students Athletes Academic Improvement through Time
Management Skills A Case of University of Baghdad. International Journal of Academic Research in
Progressive Education and Development, 8(2), 472–484.

Copyright: © 2019 The Author(s)

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Students Athletes Academic Improvement through

Time Management Skills A Case of University of
Baghdad
Rawnaq Natiq Mohammed Ali Hamatani
College of political science, Nahrain University, Iraq

Abstract
The study is focused upon the student athlete improvement through time management skills in
University of Baghdad. The participant selected for the study were the student athletes who have
been enrolled in the Spring 2018 semester and had participated in at least in once in the sport
activity and moreover they are registered for the Fall 2018 semester 100 participants were selected
on the basis of the given criteria. For testing the stress level Sheldon Cohen’s perceived stress scale
was adopted. Cohen et al., (1983) developed this scale for measuring the perceived stress of
individuals. The second variable was CGPA. The student CGPA data was collected from their
respective faculties and department for two semesters i.e. spring and fall 2018. A paired sample t-
test was utilized to test the hypotheses. Paired sample t-test are used to find out the differences
in pre and post treatment results of same sample. For testing the two hypotheses. The significance
level of 0.05 was used. The result shows the significant difference in stress level and academic
performance of the student athletes before and after the time management skills workshop.
Keywords: Time Management Skills, Student Athletes, Stress Scale, Paired Sample T-Test

Introduction
Time management skills are highly important for the students in the current era because they are
able to manage their studies and athleticism adequately. It is highly necessary for the students to
use the time management skills in order to categorize their objectives and preferences through the
time management system (Janse et al., 2011). Students are unaware about the value of time and
become indulge in those activities that are being considered as the time consuming activities that
impact upon their life and daily activities (Adebayo and Omojola, 2012). These activities are playing
games, using social media, social engagement and others along with this most important feature
is the athletics time is not also being taken. Therefore; the time management skills are highly
necessary and effective for the students to become more evident and useful to manage their time
and take time for the studies, sports and other activities of life (McDougle ad Capers, 2012). As far
as the college students are already occupied with the activities and overload of the work and the

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students of medical sciences are having no time to make their activities manageable. This study
will be helpful for the students manage their time for their studies and for the athleticism.
Time management is a complete science that includes different strategies, instrument and
measures which enable an individual to increase the quality in their life. Those students that are
athletes are require more space in their daily activities to manage their time and focus upon the
studies as well. The study suggest that students that are having more centric towards managing
their time able to get good grades in their academics (Janse et al., 2011). A study conducted on 293
first year student of psychology with the help of time management scale where students are being
categorized on the basis of their age in three groups such as: students are being considered as the
entry level having age less than 21 years; second group is the mature students that are under
bracket age of 21 to 25 and third groups was older mature students that falls in the category of age
more than 25 years (Trueman and Hartley, 1996). The findings of the study suggested that female
students are more equipped with the time management skills as compare to the males at the entry
level students as far as the older mature students are concern they are much better due to their
age factor better than the overall groups that are considered for the study in their time
management skills (Trueman and Hartley, 1996). Most of the previous studies have been done in
the context of developed countries. So the current study is different in a sense that this study is
contextually different and covers the scenario of a country which is not only under-developed but
also much affected politically which has given stress to the population much. Moreover the
previous studies have worked with very less number of respondents except the study done by
(Trueman and Hartley, 1996). However they only covered the first year psychology students while
the current study is more general in a sense that it covers the students from all years and from all
departments.
The selected study is conducted in the context of University of Baghdad. Iraq’s capital is Baghdad;
they are overcoming the political regime has been changed and now government is focusing upon
the infrastructure and other major issues that are required to be fixed. The study is based upon the
students of the University of Baghdad regarding the Students Athlete Improvement through Time
Management Skills. The purpose of this study is to undertake the perception of the university
students that how they manage their sports activities and academics as well.

Research Problem
The study is focused upon the student athlete improvement through time management skills in
University of Baghdad. Currently problem of the study is to develop the time management skills
among the students in order to focus upon their studies and sports as well. The issue is that
students are already occupied with their routine and it becomes difficult to manage time and that
makes the issues in order to face the challenge to perform certain task mainly the academics and
sports activities. However; researcher suggested that time is difficult to manage because there are
different activities in a single day to manage everything according to the time and major issue is to
resolve these issues with the help of time management skills. It is necessary for the students to
develop their skills upon time management so they will be effective in their academics and sports
as well. Therefore; this research is based in the context of Iraq where students are being analyzed
upon the time management skills to manage their studies and sports adequately.

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Research Questions
Following are the research questions for the study:
1. Is there difference in the perceived stress level of student athletes of University of Baghdad
before and after time management workshop?
2. Is there difference in the student athletes CGPA of the semester before and time
management workshop?

Research objectives
Following are the research objectives for the study:
1. To identify whether there is any difference in the perceived stress level of student athletes
of University of Baghdad before and after time management workshop.
2. To examine if there is any difference in the student athletes CGPA of semester before and
after time management workshop.

Literature Review
Time management skills are considered as the issue resolving techniques that can be used by the
students to manage study and sports. The study of Akomolafe (2015) suggested that time is difficult
to manage because the pace cannot be slowed down, hold or produced. It is argued that time can
be managed if the individual want to resolve the issue of being delayed in their activities it is
mandatory for her or him to develop the time management skills (Grave, 2010). The whole universe
is being managed through the time; everything happen on time and it cannot be delayed; so it is
necessary for the human to consider time and valued it specially from the perspective of students
because constructive use of time management enable them to perform in academics and in sports
as well (Omolola, 2010).
It is evident that high school student’s athletes are not having much responsibility but the college
student athletes are considered more responsible for the academic performance. Athlete students
of college are not paying attention towards the academic performance after getting the admission
in the college the main reason is that they are highly focused upon their sports activities and want
to develop their skills in it (McDougle and Capers, 2012). The university students are keen to get
the academic performance rather than become more active in the sports. The college and
university are allowing the students to participate in different sports event where they feel free to
perform their athlete activities rather than at the schools. It is rather important for the students to
focus upon their academic performance to become successful. For the students time management
is considered as the biggest challenge to develop segregation between academic and sports
activities (McDougle and Capers, 2012). Students are addictive towards performing the sports
activities with more interest because the considered that they will become professional athlete but
it is being argued that the ratio of becoming the professional athlete is very low.
Students are having mature age and in the university considered that their passion is to become
the degree holder along with the athlete (Dalli, 2014). Those students that are not able to focus or
manage their time adequately they are not able to achieve the academic performance. However;
there are numbers of instances being observed that from the university or other institution there
are few numbers of students athletes came into the profession and other remain unnamed in the
profession of athletes (Junco and Cotton, 2012). It is suggested that academic performance is highly

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necessary because it shows ability to face the social challenges and eligibility. Education is the
result of academic performance of the student and which being achieved through the objectives
of educational guidance from their tutors. It is evident from the educational prospect that the
eligibility of the student is being measured through the examination but there is no standard to
test it and suggest what is important and which feature is necessary to assess the eligibility of the
student (Adebayo and Omojola, 2012). Researcher argued that time management is the best
solution to achieve the desired performance in academics. Students are required to develop the
priority list which suggests them which objective is more essential to achieve first and followed it
accordingly. Student’s athletes felt mismanagement when the exams are near and they have to
coup up with it to show better performance in the academics because they are not using the time
management skills to overcome their burden of studies and sports simultaneously (Simon et al.,
2015).
It is difficult to implement the time management strategies in the student life but prioritization
makes them enable to feel peace and relaxation in their studies. The study was conducted in order
to explore new ways of achieving the desired performance in academia. The study focused upon
assessment of student time management and categorizing their priorities that impact on their final
results (Macan et al, 2015). Those students are successful in the academic performances that are
able to manage the time and able to prioritize their activities accordingly. Therefore; it is important
that student should take proper classes and participate in the class discussion enable them to
achieve the academic performance. As far as the athletes are concern they are not able to giver
proper attention towards the academic performance because their motivation is the best and
academic performance is not their priority which suggest their priorities are different as per the
other non athletics students (Junco and Cotton, 2012).
Another study was conducted among the engineering university students in order to assess the
traits and attitude which leads them to the average GPA from 3.24 to 4.0 scales (Miqdadi et al,
2014). The results of the study suggested that time management; prioritization and issue resolving
features are the main factors in the study (Miqdadi et al., 2014). In the study student athletes are
concern that are highly motivated and compassionate towards the achievement of their sports
objective and performance; in their spare time they always associated with the professors and class
fellows to perceive their guidance and assistance to meet the mandatory requirement in the
academic performance (Miqdadi et al., 2014). It can be extracted from the previous studies findings
that time management is the most important feature or indicator to attain the academic
performance along with this it also includes that other activities and social engagement are also
the part of the time management. The study conducted in University of California under the sample
size of 6000 students that are enrolled in the undergraduate program; the results of the study
suggested that there is no relation between the associating with the university activities and high
advantages of education (Brint and Cantwell, 2010). The limitation of the student towards the
academic performance is that doing job after the university timing. Students that are having job
with their studies are being observed having low grades while other that are not involved in the
job or sports having good grades and enjoying the high benefits of the educational activities. So it
is suggested that priority and time management is the most important element to become
successful to achieve the academic performance at the university level (Brint and Cantwell, 2010).

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For the athlete’s student there are two important factors that include the academic performance
in their viable season that are: time constraint and burden of performance both in the sports and
in the education as well. Student athletes divided their time due to many reasons some of them
are: education, sports training and practices, travelling, games, social life and family time (Simon
et al., 2015). All together these factors are highly influential on the mind of student athletes.
Moreover; the awareness of student athletes to handle the time limitations and meet the
requirement of their sports and educational performance should meet the satisfied criteria. Due
to that the student athletes are having problem with their academic performance when they are
having their sports season (Miqdadi et al., 2014). It is evident that both side pressure such as:
academic and sports make the individual ineffective and delayed in their allocated time period to
pass out from the university or the institute. The more pressure is being built when the sports
supervisors announce the eligibility of the athletes to be the part of the coming season that also
led the student’s academic performance down considerably (Kaushar, 2013).
In every sector of the market including the student athlete’s time limitation is the main feature
that led down the performance of the individual whether it is the sports field or the academic field
(Perna et al., 2013). Student athletes are required to be more responsible towards time because
they have to manage to major features that are academics and sports performance along with this
there are other features as well that are associated with the life of them because the demand of
class participation and team requirement are simultaneously that should be met accordingly (Janse
et al, 2011). The pressure of being meeting the requirement of sports activities and academic
performance that suggest student athletes should be having the effective time management skills.
Travelling is the biggest limitation for the student athletes that also impact upon their performance
in the academics when they are having the sports season. For the athlete it is not necessary to
undertake which sports they are playing but for the purpose of sports activities they have to travel
with their respective teams and for that they have to travel outside the cities that also create
distraction and causing problem in their academics (McDougle and Caper, 2012).
Student’s athletes are required to give their major part of time towards training and practices. The
individual that are having major motivation in sports give their time towards the training session
and gym which is not being considered as the practice time officially; which require energy and
time to focus upon the other matters of life (Grave, 2010). The other feature that are associated
with the problem of student athletes are the time they give to the sports activities, playing area,
training and other sports related activities. It is a fact that most of the time student athletes are in
the playing area and due to that excessive time is being given to the sports that reduce the time
span for the studies as well. It is a fact that athletes are become tired of playing and taking training
session which reduces their energy and that restrict them towards studying and preferring to take
physical and mental rest (Miqdadi et al., 2014).
The findings of the different studies suggested that life the student athletes are very difficult
because they are not able to give proper time to their studies and it is highly necessary for the
athlete to manage time efficiently (Britton and Tesser, 2014). Athletes are having issue in giving
proper attention towards sports so they give less attention towards the studies. They feel
depressed because they have to perform at the sports field and in the academic as well which
become difficult them to manage adequately. the performance of the student athletes is become
a hurdle for them because they cannot focus on two thing sports or studies at a time therefore;

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sports have the priority because university or the institution is relying upon their performance in
the sports field and expect high in order to make every possible effort to get success (Miqdadi et
al, 2014). As far as the academic performance is concern they are not able to attend the lectures
which is the biggest issue for them because lectures that are available on the university portal did
not reflect the actual sense of learning or undertaking any subject because is it a one way
communication in which theory is being delivered through it and the practical feature are missing
that are being provided by the professor at the time of lecture which makes the subject or topic
easy by sharing the example and question answers session ease the concept in the mind of the
students. The pressure situation makes the student athlete to divert their attention which reduces
their performance at the sport field and in the academics as well (Nsizwana et al., 2017).
This is evident that physical and psychological pressure increase the burden and anxiety among the
student athlete which makes them ineffective and lack of motivation that require to be equipped
through the time management skills through which they will be able to give proper time to their
sports and academic as well (Junco and Cotton, 2012). The down performance is the result of lack
of time management skills which increases pressure in their mind which reduces the efficiency into
both areas of practices. The lack of interest in the pressure situation decreases the ability to think
positively and unable to focus upon athletics and academics which cause them criticism from their
respective coaches and professors. The pressure influenced upon the psychologically upon the
student athlete which will make the individual emotionally down along with this it will lead to the
damage of the immune system as well. Once the student athlete is having damaged immune
system then it increases the probability of injury or lack of performance at the sports field (Perna
et al., 2013). That will also lead towards the lack of performance in the academia because student
is not able to distinguish which is important at what time; in other words; it suggest that student
athlete is having lack of time management skills to manage their activities that are in the sports or
academic field (Omolola, 2010).
The studies suggested that once the student athlete is having less chance to get injured or ill then
it is increases the chances of the performance whether it is sports field or academic performance.
With the constraints of stress and time that is being faced by the student athlete; there are
different studies suggested the remedy which can be beneficial for the individual that is the time
management skills and its strategies in their routine life which will develop the balance between
their sports performance and academic performance as well (Britton and Tesser, 2014; Misra and
McKean, 2015). The findings of the studies suggested that those students athletes that are taken
the seminars on the time management skills are more measured and matured in managing their
time rather than comparing to those they did not attend the seminar have the misbalance of
approach in their time management (Macan et al., 2015). The study results showed that those
students that have attended the workshop on the time management are more adequate in
managing their time, having good grades, high graduation rate and low pressure in their life (Britton
and Tesser, 2014).
The study of Britton and Tesser, (2014) based upon the survey that are being taken from the 90
students; the study was based upon two years findings that bring three major findings through it
that are: majority of the passed out student considered that there is a need to improving the time
management skills during the academic session. The second suggest that self approach towards
time management will be effective in bringing the success in academic performance. The third

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finding was that those individuals that are having ability to perform but not able to give their best
because they are not organized in their life therefore; they are not perform as compare to those
that are having time management skills in their armory (Britton and Tesser, 2014).
Among the student athletes the issue prevailed that they are having high expectation to perform
well in the sports and academic session as well; therefore; they are not able to coup up with the
academic performance and fall in between where they are average in the academics and good in
the athletics (Dalli, 2014). It is necessary that universities or the educational institutions should
conduct the workshops or seminars that can facilities the student athletes for the time
management skills for that they will be able to perform in both fields which is academics and sports
accordingly. Time management skills are the most important feature that can increase the ability
of managing the time by developing schedules and giving priorities to the activities that are
necessary to performance on the daily basis (Kaushar, 2013). These skills are not only beneficial for
the athletes but for the individuals as well that are focusing upon their academic performance. This
feature leads the students whether they are athletes or not it will bring the stability and
effectiveness in their life to manage their time according to the requirement of the situation and
priority to perform certain actions adequately (Bakoban and Aljarallah, 2015).

Research Hypothesis
There is a significant difference in the stress level of student athletes before and after the time
management workshop.
There is a significant difference in the CGPA of student athletes before and after the time
management workshop.

Methodology
Research Design
The study is quantitative in nature as is aims to analyze the difference in CGPA of the student
athletes and difference in the stress level of the student athletes before and after a time
management workshop. Hence this design is a pretest-posttest design. The pretest-posttest design
is employed when researcher is interested to know the group behaviors before and after any
treatment. So here in this study the treatment is time management skills work shop.

Participants Selection and Criteria

The participant selected for the study were the student athletes who have been enrolled in the
Spring 2018 semester and had participated in at least in once in the sport activity and moreover
they are registered for the Fall 2018 semester 100 participants were selected on the basis of the
given criteria.

Data Collection
The data was to be collected for the two variables i.e. the participants’ stress level and CGPA. For
testing the stress level Sheldon Cohen’s perceived stress scale was adopted. Cohen et al (1983)
developed this scale for measuring the perceived stress of individuals. It is a widely used instrument
and measures the degrees to which an individuals are found to be stressed. The questions in the
PSS ask about feelings and thoughts during the last month. In each case, respondents are asked

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how often they felt a certain way. The stress level data was collected twice once before the time
management skills workshop and once after the workshop. The second variable was CGPA. The
student CGPA data was collected from their respective faculties and department for two semesters
i.e. spring and fall 2018.

Data Analysis
SPSS 21 was used to analysis the data. SPSS had been used in management (Eneizan et al, 2018a;
Alsakarneh et al, 2018) in marketing (Eneizan et al, 2016; Eneizan et al, 2018b) in finance (Matar &
Eneizan, 2018) in educational studies (Adebayo and Omojola, 2012). A paired sample t-test was
utilized to test the hypotheses. Paired sample t-test are used to find out the differences in pre and
post treatment results of same sample. For testing the two hypotheses. The significance level of
0.05 was used. To analyze the data SPSS 22 was used.

Results
Paired Sample T-Test for Stress Level

Paired Samples Statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 Stress measurement after 2.1570 100 .27862 .02786
Stress measurement before 3.1200 100 .32349 .03235

Paired Differences
Std.
Std. Error Sig. (2-
Mean Deviation Mean t df tailed)
Pair Stress measurement
-
1 after - Stress -.96300 .08367 .00837 99 .000
115.092
measurement before

The above analysis test the H1 of the study: There is a significant difference in the stress level of
student athletes before and after the time management workshop. The results in the first table
shows that the average stress level was 3.12 before the time management workshop was held. The
after the time management workshop the average stress level decreased to 2.15. All the questions
in the stress management questionnaire were based on the scale from 0 to 4. Where 0= never, 1=
almost never, 2= sometimes, 3= fairly often, 4= very often.
The second table shows that the mean difference between the stress level before and after the
treatment (time management workshop) had decreased. The t value of 115 which is well above
the threshold value of 2 and the p-value of 0.000 which is less than 0.05 shows that this difference
is significant which means the stress level of the student athletes had decreased after they have
attended time management workshop. Which is evident that increase in time management skill in
student athletes can decrease their stress level. Hence the H1 was found to be supported.

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Paired Sample T-Test for CGPA

Paired Samples Statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 CGPA Fall 18 3.2901 100 .45733 .04573
CGPA Spring 18 2.9391 100 .49257 .04926

Paired Differences
Std. Std. Error Sig. (2-
Mean Deviation Mean T df tailed)
Pair 1 CGPA Fall 18 - CGPA
.35100 .12665 .01266 27.715 99 .000
Spring 18

The above analysis test the H2 of the study: There is a significant difference in the CGPA of student
athletes before and after the time management workshop. The results in the first table shows that
the average CGPA to be 2.93 in spring 2018 before the time management workshop was held. The
after the time management workshop the average CGPA of the student athletes increased to 3.29
in fall 2018 semester. The CGPA of the students was based on 4 grade points.
The second table shows that the mean difference between the CGPA before and after the
treatment (time management workshop) had increased. The t value of 27 which is well above the
threshold value of 2 and the p-value of 0.000 which is less than 0.05 shows that this difference is
significant which means the average CGPA of the student athletes had increased after they had
attended time management workshop. Which is evident that increase in time management skill in
student athletes increases their academic performance (CGPA). Hence the H2 of the study was also
found to be significant.

Discussion
The study was aimed to understand that the time management skills can make difference in
students CGPA and their Stress level significantly. For this two hypotheses were developed and the
results suggested both hypotheses were supported significantly. Showing the significant impact of
time management workshop on stress level and academic performance of the student athletes.
The results are well aligned with the arguments given by (Britton & Tesser, 1991). The results were
also supported by another past study done by (Misra & McKean, 2000). However the results
contradicts with the study of (Owen, 2016) as he did not find any difference in stress level and
academic performance of the student athletes on the basis of time management skills. However
he explains the possible reason for that taking a small sample and taking the GPA of the student at
the mid-point of the semester. However Misra and McKean (2000) found that positive time
management skills increased academic performance.

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Limitations of the Study

The main limitation of the study was the workshop provided to the students as it was delivered
only once. The better results would have been achieved if there had been a series of workshops.
Moreover the study was limited to only one university in Baghdad. More universities may have
been studied for the generalization of the results.

Future Research
The future research consideration for the study are inclusion of more universities from the same
geographical context i.e. Iraq and a series for workshop should be provided to the students
throughout the semester.

Conclusion
Time management skills are highly important for the students in the current era because they are
able to manage their studies and athleticism adequately. It is highly necessary for the students to
use the time management skills in order to categorize their objectives and preferences through the
time management system (Janse et al., 2011). The study is focused upon the student athlete
improvement through time management skills in University of Baghdad. For testing the stress level
Sheldon Cohen’s perceived stress scale was adopted. Cohen et al (1983) developed this scale for
measuring the perceived stress of individuals. The second variable was CGPA. The student CGPA
data was collected from their respective faculties and department for two semesters i.e. spring and
fall 2018. A paired sample t-test was utilized to test the hypotheses. The result shows the significant
difference in stress level and academic performance of the student athletes before and after the
time management skills workshop. Conclusively it can be said that the time management skills play
an important role in student athletes academic career and it is time management which can make
difference in their academic performance.

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