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File Organization-Revision

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22 views10 pages

File Organization-Revision

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Pc Pc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CSW241-File Organization and Processing

Revision

Dr. Riham Moharam


Faculty of Information Technology & Computer Science
Sinai University
North Sinai, Egypt
Revision
• Explain the difference between data structures and file structures?
• Both involve:
• Representation of Data + Operations for accessing data
• Difference:
• Data structures: deal with data in the main memory.
• File structures: deal with the data in the secondary storage.

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Revision
• Differentiate between the physical file and the logical file.
• Physical file: a collection of bytes stored on a disk or tape.
• Logical file: an “interface" that allows the application programs to access the physical
file on the secondary storage.

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Revision
• What is the file structure? What factors are considered in designing the file
structure?
• A File Structures a combination of representations for data in files and of operations for
accessing the data. The factors that are considered in designing the file structure are:
1. Excepted and worst case response times
2. Excepted and worst case update times
3. I/O access requirements
4. Availability of required support
5. Storage space requirements
6. Complexity of required support
7. Maintenance requirements.

4
Revision
• Why study file structure design?
• Fast access to great capacity
• Reduce the number of disk accesses
• By collecting data into buffers, blocks or buckets
• Manage growth by splitting these collections

5
Revision
• What are metrics used to measure efficiency and effectiveness of a file structure ?
• Metrics used to measure efficiency and effectiveness of a file structure:
• simplicity,
• reliability,
• time complexities,
• space complexities,
• scalability,
• programmability, and
• maintainability.

6
Revision
• List three factors that affect portability in files.
• Factors affecting portability of files:
• Differences among Operating Systems
• Differences among Languages
• Differences in Machine Architectures

7
Revision
• What is redundancy reduction? Why is run-length encoding an example of
redundancy reduction?
• Data compression goal is to reduce redundancy, leaving only the informational content.

• Run-Length Encoding (RLE) is a coding scheme in which consecutive repeated values


are replaced with a single occurrence and a count. The purpose of RLE is to compress
sets that contain long runs of repeating values by representing them as a single value
and a count of repetitions.

8
Revision
• Define the term “parity bit” and its types for nine track tapes?
• A parity bit, also referred to as parity check, is an extra bit added to a set of binary
data bits for the purpose of error detection during data transmission.
• Two types:
1. Even parity: In an even parity system, the parity bit is set to either 1 or 0 so that the
total number of 1-bits, including the parity bit, becomes an even number.

2. Odd parity: In an odd parity system, the parity bit is set to either 1 or 0 so that the total
number of 1-bits, including the parity bit, becomes an odd number.

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Revision
• What is an index? Why do we need indexes? What type of index key are used?
• Indexing is a data structure technique which allows you to quickly retrieve data records
from a file.
• Types:
• Primary indexes
• Clustering indexes
• Secondary indexes
• Multilevel indexes
• Dynamic Indexes, B-Trees, B+-Trees

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