Sec 1

Direction (1-4): Study the following information and answer the questions that follow:

. . . Life expectancy in the UK is increasing at the rate of about two years for each decade that passes. . . . [This]
cheerful statistics have been greeted by some with cries of woe. They translate ‘the ageing population’ into
more people living restricted and miserable lives due to chronic and disabling diseases. This is not how things
are turning out: despite large increases in life span, the length of the period of illness before death remains
steady, and the proportion of life spent ill is declining. . . . Even this welcome prospect does not satisfy some. . .:
“We cannot afford all these old people” is the cry. Hidden in that statement is the assumption that older people,
even in good health (as most are), are not going to contribute to the wealth of the nation. . . .

We may anticipate. . ., perhaps. . .in developed countries, average healthy, productive life expectancy will
increase indefinitely. Some feel this raises important questions.

The first is the question of equity: inequalities of health and life chances between rich and poor nations, and
between rich and poor individuals within nations, may widen further since treatments to prevent or postpone
illness, ageing and death will most likely be affordable only for the minority who are already at an advantage in
terms of life, health and comfort expectancy. I am not impressed by this as an argument against research into
diseases that affect us in old age. . . . There is a good general principle here: that being unable to benefit
everyone should not prevent one from trying to benefit someone. The solution to inequity—whether of access to
food, shelter, life-extending drugs or employment—is political. . . .

A further inequity relates to the differential opportunity to pollute our planet. Those who live longer will put out
more CO2. Again, global warming is a matter for which we need to seek political, economic and technical
solutions. The contribution to fouling the planet by extending the lives of those who are alive will be minute
compared with rising per capita consumption and the rising number of caputs doing the consuming. Finally,
there is the issue of intergenerational equity. Is it right for the young to pay increasingly more to provide for the
old? But this presents itself as a problem only if we see life extension as essentially idleness extension and
assume that everyone over a certain age will be an unproductive consumer, a useless mouth, irrespective of
health. . . .

All right, then:. . .But where should we stop? Is there a point at which it makes sense to die?. . In the case of
some individuals, we might think their death was post- rather than pre-mature—Hitler died perhaps 56 years too
late. But I am thinking of the generality of decent yet flawed individuals, with the average freight of virtues and
vices. . . . So long as one is happy and healthy, death will always be premature. A late death is never late enough;
there is never a right, non-tragic time to die. From this, I conclude that postponing death is a fundamental good,
not pointless. Even those who don’t like the idea of living forever would rather put off dying until tomorrow and
hope that tomorrow will remain its obliging self and never come.

Q.1 [11831809]
Which one of the following, if true, would best complement the author’s perception as expressed in the
passage?

1 People who don’t want to live an endless life would want to accept death as soon as they can.

2 Postponing death is a meaningless exercise and hence, should not be pursued.

3 It is easy to determine the time when a person should ideally breathe his last.

4 A particular death of a person is considered to be untimely if the individual is hale and hearty.

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 4
Correct Answer-4

Option (4) is correct in the light of the sentence, “So long as one is happy and healthy, death will always be
premature.”

Incorrect answers
Option (1) is incorrect because “Even those who don’t like the idea of living forever would rather put off dying
until tomorrow and hope that tomorrow will remain its obliging self and never come.” Therefore, option (1) is
incorrect.
Option (2) is incorrect because “postponing death is a fundamental good, not pointless.” Therefore, option (2)
is not the answer.
Option (3) is incorrect because “All right, then:. . .But where should we stop?” Therefore, option (3) cannot be
the answer.
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Direction (1-4): Study the following information and answer the questions that follow:

. . . Life expectancy in the UK is increasing at the rate of about two years for each decade that passes. . . . [This]
cheerful statistics have been greeted by some with cries of woe. They translate ‘the ageing population’ into
more people living restricted and miserable lives due to chronic and disabling diseases. This is not how things
are turning out: despite large increases in life span, the length of the period of illness before death remains
steady, and the proportion of life spent ill is declining. . . . Even this welcome prospect does not satisfy some. . .:
“We cannot afford all these old people” is the cry. Hidden in that statement is the assumption that older people,
even in good health (as most are), are not going to contribute to the wealth of the nation. . . .

We may anticipate. . ., perhaps. . .in developed countries, average healthy, productive life expectancy will
increase indefinitely. Some feel this raises important questions.

The first is the question of equity: inequalities of health and life chances between rich and poor nations, and
between rich and poor individuals within nations, may widen further since treatments to prevent or postpone
illness, ageing and death will most likely be affordable only for the minority who are already at an advantage in
terms of life, health and comfort expectancy. I am not impressed by this as an argument against research into
diseases that affect us in old age. . . . There is a good general principle here: that being unable to benefit
everyone should not prevent one from trying to benefit someone. The solution to inequity—whether of access to
food, shelter, life-extending drugs or employment—is political. . . .

A further inequity relates to the differential opportunity to pollute our planet. Those who live longer will put out
more CO2. Again, global warming is a matter for which we need to seek political, economic and technical
solutions. The contribution to fouling the planet by extending the lives of those who are alive will be minute
compared with rising per capita consumption and the rising number of caputs doing the consuming. Finally,
there is the issue of intergenerational equity. Is it right for the young to pay increasingly more to provide for the
old? But this presents itself as a problem only if we see life extension as essentially idleness extension and
assume that everyone over a certain age will be an unproductive consumer, a useless mouth, irrespective of
health. . . .

All right, then:. . .But where should we stop? Is there a point at which it makes sense to die?. . In the case of
some individuals, we might think their death was post- rather than pre-mature—Hitler died perhaps 56 years too
late. But I am thinking of the generality of decent yet flawed individuals, with the average freight of virtues and
vices. . . . So long as one is happy and healthy, death will always be premature. A late death is never late enough;
there is never a right, non-tragic time to die. From this, I conclude that postponing death is a fundamental good,
not pointless. Even those who don’t like the idea of living forever would rather put off dying until tomorrow and
hope that tomorrow will remain its obliging self and never come.

Q.2 [11831809]
Which of the following best explains the meaning of the sentence, “Hidden in that statement is the assumption
that older people, even in good health (as most are), are not going to contribute to the wealth of the nation. . .” in
the context of the passage?

1 Older people often suffer from debilitating diseases and so, they are not productive.

2 Older people will not be of any use to the prosperity of a nation.

3 Productivity and old age have to be measured within the ambit of a social space.

4 Senior citizens have to update themselves in the latest skill sets and only then, can they be productive.

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 2
Correct Answer-2

Option (2) is a paraphrase of the given sentence.

Incorrect answers
The other options do not convey the meaning of the quoted sentence.
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Direction (1-4): Study the following information and answer the questions that follow:

. . . Life expectancy in the UK is increasing at the rate of about two years for each decade that passes. . . . [This]
cheerful statistics have been greeted by some with cries of woe. They translate ‘the ageing population’ into
more people living restricted and miserable lives due to chronic and disabling diseases. This is not how things
are turning out: despite large increases in life span, the length of the period of illness before death remains
steady, and the proportion of life spent ill is declining. . . . Even this welcome prospect does not satisfy some. . .:
“We cannot afford all these old people” is the cry. Hidden in that statement is the assumption that older people,
even in good health (as most are), are not going to contribute to the wealth of the nation. . . .

We may anticipate. . ., perhaps. . .in developed countries, average healthy, productive life expectancy will
increase indefinitely. Some feel this raises important questions.

The first is the question of equity: inequalities of health and life chances between rich and poor nations, and
between rich and poor individuals within nations, may widen further since treatments to prevent or postpone
illness, ageing and death will most likely be affordable only for the minority who are already at an advantage in
terms of life, health and comfort expectancy. I am not impressed by this as an argument against research into
diseases that affect us in old age. . . . There is a good general principle here: that being unable to benefit
everyone should not prevent one from trying to benefit someone. The solution to inequity—whether of access to
food, shelter, life-extending drugs or employment—is political. . . .

A further inequity relates to the differential opportunity to pollute our planet. Those who live longer will put out
more CO2. Again, global warming is a matter for which we need to seek political, economic and technical
solutions. The contribution to fouling the planet by extending the lives of those who are alive will be minute
compared with rising per capita consumption and the rising number of caputs doing the consuming. Finally,
there is the issue of intergenerational equity. Is it right for the young to pay increasingly more to provide for the
old? But this presents itself as a problem only if we see life extension as essentially idleness extension and
assume that everyone over a certain age will be an unproductive consumer, a useless mouth, irrespective of
health. . . .

All right, then:. . .But where should we stop? Is there a point at which it makes sense to die?. . In the case of
some individuals, we might think their death was post- rather than pre-mature—Hitler died perhaps 56 years too
late. But I am thinking of the generality of decent yet flawed individuals, with the average freight of virtues and
vices. . . . So long as one is happy and healthy, death will always be premature. A late death is never late enough;
there is never a right, non-tragic time to die. From this, I conclude that postponing death is a fundamental good,
not pointless. Even those who don’t like the idea of living forever would rather put off dying until tomorrow and
hope that tomorrow will remain its obliging self and never come.

Q.3 [11831809]
In the light of the passage, it can be inferred that:

1 In the UK, the older population has been given much needed importance in the domain of policy making.

2 In the UK, the population of the youths may soon surpass that of the youths.

3 Economic disparity may be a factor in the life expectancy of an individual.

4 Political will is absent in economically weaker countries and so, policies are hard to implement.

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 3
Correct Answer-3

Refer to the sentence, “The first is the question of equity: inequalities of health and life chances between rich
and poor nations, and between rich and poor individuals within nations, may widen further since treatments to
prevent or postpone illness, ageing and death will most likely be affordable only for the minority who are
already at an advantage in terms of life, health and comfort expectancy.” Therefore, option (3) is correct.
Incorrect answers
Option (1) is incorrect because it is out of scope.
Option (2) is incorrect because it cannot be inferred. It is out of scope.
Option (4) is incorrect because it is generic in scope and far-fetched.
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Direction (1-4): Study the following information and answer the questions that follow:

. . . Life expectancy in the UK is increasing at the rate of about two years for each decade that passes. . . . [This]
cheerful statistics have been greeted by some with cries of woe. They translate ‘the ageing population’ into
more people living restricted and miserable lives due to chronic and disabling diseases. This is not how things
are turning out: despite large increases in life span, the length of the period of illness before death remains
steady, and the proportion of life spent ill is declining. . . . Even this welcome prospect does not satisfy some. . .:
“We cannot afford all these old people” is the cry. Hidden in that statement is the assumption that older people,
even in good health (as most are), are not going to contribute to the wealth of the nation. . . .

We may anticipate. . ., perhaps. . .in developed countries, average healthy, productive life expectancy will
increase indefinitely. Some feel this raises important questions.

The first is the question of equity: inequalities of health and life chances between rich and poor nations, and
between rich and poor individuals within nations, may widen further since treatments to prevent or postpone
illness, ageing and death will most likely be affordable only for the minority who are already at an advantage in
terms of life, health and comfort expectancy. I am not impressed by this as an argument against research into
diseases that affect us in old age. . . . There is a good general principle here: that being unable to benefit
everyone should not prevent one from trying to benefit someone. The solution to inequity—whether of access to
food, shelter, life-extending drugs or employment—is political. . . .

A further inequity relates to the differential opportunity to pollute our planet. Those who live longer will put out
more CO2. Again, global warming is a matter for which we need to seek political, economic and technical
solutions. The contribution to fouling the planet by extending the lives of those who are alive will be minute
compared with rising per capita consumption and the rising number of caputs doing the consuming. Finally,
there is the issue of intergenerational equity. Is it right for the young to pay increasingly more to provide for the
old? But this presents itself as a problem only if we see life extension as essentially idleness extension and
assume that everyone over a certain age will be an unproductive consumer, a useless mouth, irrespective of
health. . . .

All right, then:. . .But where should we stop? Is there a point at which it makes sense to die?. . In the case of
some individuals, we might think their death was post- rather than pre-mature—Hitler died perhaps 56 years too
late. But I am thinking of the generality of decent yet flawed individuals, with the average freight of virtues and
vices. . . . So long as one is happy and healthy, death will always be premature. A late death is never late enough;
there is never a right, non-tragic time to die. From this, I conclude that postponing death is a fundamental good,
not pointless. Even those who don’t like the idea of living forever would rather put off dying until tomorrow and
hope that tomorrow will remain its obliging self and never come.

Q.4 [11831809]
On the basis of the passage, which one of the following views can be inferred to be closest to that of one of the
possible existing perceptions about old people?

1 Senior citizens have a role to play in the family dynamics and interpersonal relationships.

2 Senior citizens are the most marginalised section within a social space in the present day.

3 Some people opine that senior citizens are responsible for the failure of nations.
4 Some people opine that senior citizens are prone to living a lethargic life.

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 4
Correct Answer-4

Refer to the sentence, “But this presents itself as a problem only if we see life extension as essentially
idleness extension and assume that everyone over a certain age will be an unproductive consumer, a useless
mouth, irrespective of health.” Therefore, option (4) can be inferred.

Incorrect answers
Option (1) is incorrect because it is out of scope.
Option (2) is incorrect because nothing in the passage suggests that senior citizens are the most
marginalised.
Option (3) is incorrect because it is out of scope.
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Direction (5-8): Study the following information and answer the questions that follow:

. . .The study is the first to combine simulations of zebrafish's brain, native environment and spatially-varying
swimming behaviour into one computational model. By analyzing this model, the researchers concluded that
this quirk—looking down while swimming forward—is an adaptive behaviour that evolved to help the fish self-
stabilize, as when swimming against a current.

As water moves, fish are constantly trying to self-stabilize in order to stay in place—rather than getting swept
away in a moving stream. Focusing on other fish, plants, or debris might give the fish a false sensation that it's
moving. The stable riverbed below them, however, gives fish more reliable information about their swimming
direction and speed. . . .

The team visited seven sites across India to gather video data on shallow rivers where zebrafish naturally live.
[They] encased a 360-degree camera inside a waterproof diving case and attached it to a remotely-controlled
robotic arm. . . . "From the video data, we were able to model hypothetical scenarios where a simulated fish
moved arbitrarily through a realistic environment.", [said Northwestern's Emma Alexander, who led the study]

Back in the lab, the team also tracked the zebrafish's motions inside a ball of LEDs. Because fish have a large
field of view, they do not have to move their eyes to look around like people do. So, the researchers played
motion stimuli across the lights and watched the fish's responses. When patterns appeared on the bottom of
the tank, the fish swam along with the moving patterns—more evidence that the fish were taking their visual
cues from looking downward. "If you play a video with moving stripes, the fish will move along with the stripes,"
Alexander said. "It's like they are saying, 'wait for me!' In the behavioural experiment, we counted their tail beats.
The more they wagged their tails, the more they wanted to keep up with the moving stripes." . . .

They discovered that in both scenarios—in the wild and in the lab—zebrafish look down when swimming
forward. The researchers concluded that fish look down to understand their environment's motion and then
swim to counteract it—to avoid being swept away. "We tied everything together into a simulation that showed
that, in fact, this is an adaptive behaviour," said Alexander, who led the computational part of the study. "The
water surface is constantly moving, and other fish and plants are moving by. Fish are better off omitting that
information and focusing on the information below them. Riverbeds have a lot of texture, so fish are seeing
strong features they can track."

Not only does this information give some insight into fish's behaviour, but it could also inform designs for
artificial vision systems and sophisticated bio-inspired robots. "If you were making a fish-inspired robot and you
just looked at its anatomy, you might think ', the eyes are pointing sideways, so I'm going to point my cameras
sideways,'" Alexander said. "But it turns out that the eyes are pointing sideways because they are balancing
several tasks. We think they point sideways because it's a compromise—they look upward to hunt and
downward to swim."

Q.5 [11831809]
The central theme of the passage is about:

1 Acknowledging nuances in evolutionary changes of organisms.

2 Studying animal characteristics in order to create meaningful robots.

3 Understanding the role the environment plays in evolutionary adaptations.

4 Creating an artificial environment for fishes so as to avert their extinction.

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 3
Correct Answer: 3
The passage is concerned primarily with charting the evolutionary mechanism of
zebrafish pertaining to its swimming abilities. By replicating their movement in artificial conditions as well, the
researchers concluded that the fish’s characteristic of looking down has been shaped through environmental
adaptation. Thus, 3 is the most logical option among the given ones.

Incorrect Answer:
1. Although this is in crux not incorrect, the option is vague. Particularly it appears vaguer still since 3 is a
much more rounded option incorporating themes from the passage.
2 and 4 go beyond the scope of the given passage.
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Direction (5-8): Study the following information and answer the questions that follow:

. . .The study is the first to combine simulations of zebrafish's brain, native environment and spatially-varying
swimming behaviour into one computational model. By analyzing this model, the researchers concluded that
this quirk—looking down while swimming forward—is an adaptive behaviour that evolved to help the fish self-
stabilize, as when swimming against a current.

As water moves, fish are constantly trying to self-stabilize in order to stay in place—rather than getting swept
away in a moving stream. Focusing on other fish, plants, or debris might give the fish a false sensation that it's
moving. The stable riverbed below them, however, gives fish more reliable information about their swimming
direction and speed. . . .

The team visited seven sites across India to gather video data on shallow rivers where zebrafish naturally live.
[They] encased a 360-degree camera inside a waterproof diving case and attached it to a remotely-controlled
robotic arm. . . . "From the video data, we were able to model hypothetical scenarios where a simulated fish
moved arbitrarily through a realistic environment.", [said Northwestern's Emma Alexander, who led the study]

Back in the lab, the team also tracked the zebrafish's motions inside a ball of LEDs. Because fish have a large
field of view, they do not have to move their eyes to look around like people do. So, the researchers played
motion stimuli across the lights and watched the fish's responses. When patterns appeared on the bottom of
the tank, the fish swam along with the moving patterns—more evidence that the fish were taking their visual
cues from looking downward. "If you play a video with moving stripes, the fish will move along with the stripes,"
Alexander said. "It's like they are saying, 'wait for me!' In the behavioural experiment, we counted their tail beats.
The more they wagged their tails, the more they wanted to keep up with the moving stripes." . . .

They discovered that in both scenarios—in the wild and in the lab—zebrafish look down when swimming
forward. The researchers concluded that fish look down to understand their environment's motion and then
swim to counteract it—to avoid being swept away. "We tied everything together into a simulation that showed
that, in fact, this is an adaptive behaviour," said Alexander, who led the computational part of the study. "The
water surface is constantly moving, and other fish and plants are moving by. Fish are better off omitting that
information and focusing on the information below them. Riverbeds have a lot of texture, so fish are seeing
strong features they can track."

Not only does this information give some insight into fish's behaviour, but it could also inform designs for
artificial vision systems and sophisticated bio-inspired robots. "If you were making a fish-inspired robot and you
just looked at its anatomy, you might think ', the eyes are pointing sideways, so I'm going to point my cameras
sideways,'" Alexander said. "But it turns out that the eyes are pointing sideways because they are balancing
several tasks. We think they point sideways because it's a compromise—they look upward to hunt and
downward to swim."

Q.6 [11831809]
The author would support none of the following statements about replicating animal movement in robots
except:

1 Anatomical details are but surface ideas of implementation when replicating organism based automation.
2 When creating robots based on animals, we must first place the animal under artificial conditions to
understand how the robot may evolve later.

3 Zebrafish robots should be gifted with the ability to move their eyes up and down and not restricted to
sideway glance.

4 Evolving animals through the aid of automation can only be possible by first understanding the causes
which made them evolve naturally.

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 1
Correct Answer: 1
The central theme of the passage is how the environment shapes the evolution of
organisms. Thus, simply looking at its anatomical detail will not help replicate a perfect mechanical copy. The
passage mentions that, ‘"If you were making a fish-inspired robot and you just looked at its anatomy, you
might think ', the eyes are pointing sideways, so I'm going to point my cameras sideways,'" Alexander said. "But
it turns out that the eyes are pointing sideways because they are balancing several tasks.’ Thus studying
anatomy is essential for the copy and not functionality.

Incorrect Answers:
2. Although placing them under artificial conditions so as to form a concrete proof of their essence is vital it in
no way has any connection with its ability to evolve or not. Thus 2 is not the correct answer.
4. The passage is not concerned with evolving organisms from their current state.
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Direction (5-8): Study the following information and answer the questions that follow:

. . .The study is the first to combine simulations of zebrafish's brain, native environment and spatially-varying
swimming behaviour into one computational model. By analyzing this model, the researchers concluded that
this quirk—looking down while swimming forward—is an adaptive behaviour that evolved to help the fish self-
stabilize, as when swimming against a current.

As water moves, fish are constantly trying to self-stabilize in order to stay in place—rather than getting swept
away in a moving stream. Focusing on other fish, plants, or debris might give the fish a false sensation that it's
moving. The stable riverbed below them, however, gives fish more reliable information about their swimming
direction and speed. . . .

The team visited seven sites across India to gather video data on shallow rivers where zebrafish naturally live.
[They] encased a 360-degree camera inside a waterproof diving case and attached it to a remotely-controlled
robotic arm. . . . "From the video data, we were able to model hypothetical scenarios where a simulated fish
moved arbitrarily through a realistic environment.", [said Northwestern's Emma Alexander, who led the study]

Back in the lab, the team also tracked the zebrafish's motions inside a ball of LEDs. Because fish have a large
field of view, they do not have to move their eyes to look around like people do. So, the researchers played
motion stimuli across the lights and watched the fish's responses. When patterns appeared on the bottom of
the tank, the fish swam along with the moving patterns—more evidence that the fish were taking their visual
cues from looking downward. "If you play a video with moving stripes, the fish will move along with the stripes,"
Alexander said. "It's like they are saying, 'wait for me!' In the behavioural experiment, we counted their tail beats.
The more they wagged their tails, the more they wanted to keep up with the moving stripes." . . .

They discovered that in both scenarios—in the wild and in the lab—zebrafish look down when swimming
forward. The researchers concluded that fish look down to understand their environment's motion and then
swim to counteract it—to avoid being swept away. "We tied everything together into a simulation that showed
that, in fact, this is an adaptive behaviour," said Alexander, who led the computational part of the study. "The
water surface is constantly moving, and other fish and plants are moving by. Fish are better off omitting that
information and focusing on the information below them. Riverbeds have a lot of texture, so fish are seeing
strong features they can track."

Not only does this information give some insight into fish's behaviour, but it could also inform designs for
artificial vision systems and sophisticated bio-inspired robots. "If you were making a fish-inspired robot and you
just looked at its anatomy, you might think ', the eyes are pointing sideways, so I'm going to point my cameras
sideways,'" Alexander said. "But it turns out that the eyes are pointing sideways because they are balancing
several tasks. We think they point sideways because it's a compromise—they look upward to hunt and
downward to swim."

Q.7 [11831809]
The author mentions 360-degree cameras:

1 To provide a sense of mechanical vision.

2 To showcase the observation stage in a scientific experiment.

3 To show the potential of robotics infused organisms in nature.

4 To show the necessity of technology in today’s world of science.

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 2
Correct Answer: 2.

The scientists use the camera to gather data about the fish so as to replicate their movement in artificial
conditions. This is one of the first steps in a scientific experiment. Thus 2 is the correct answer.

Incorrect answer:
1. Although technically it does provide a good example of mechanical vision it is not connected to the themes
of the passage.
4. Is incorrect since science is contingent on technology and the two are interwoven.
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Direction (5-8): Study the following information and answer the questions that follow:

. . .The study is the first to combine simulations of zebrafish's brain, native environment and spatially-varying
swimming behaviour into one computational model. By analyzing this model, the researchers concluded that
this quirk—looking down while swimming forward—is an adaptive behaviour that evolved to help the fish self-
stabilize, as when swimming against a current.

As water moves, fish are constantly trying to self-stabilize in order to stay in place—rather than getting swept
away in a moving stream. Focusing on other fish, plants, or debris might give the fish a false sensation that it's
moving. The stable riverbed below them, however, gives fish more reliable information about their swimming
direction and speed. . . .

The team visited seven sites across India to gather video data on shallow rivers where zebrafish naturally live.
[They] encased a 360-degree camera inside a waterproof diving case and attached it to a remotely-controlled
robotic arm. . . . "From the video data, we were able to model hypothetical scenarios where a simulated fish
moved arbitrarily through a realistic environment.", [said Northwestern's Emma Alexander, who led the study]

Back in the lab, the team also tracked the zebrafish's motions inside a ball of LEDs. Because fish have a large
field of view, they do not have to move their eyes to look around like people do. So, the researchers played
motion stimuli across the lights and watched the fish's responses. When patterns appeared on the bottom of
the tank, the fish swam along with the moving patterns—more evidence that the fish were taking their visual
cues from looking downward. "If you play a video with moving stripes, the fish will move along with the stripes,"
Alexander said. "It's like they are saying, 'wait for me!' In the behavioural experiment, we counted their tail beats.
The more they wagged their tails, the more they wanted to keep up with the moving stripes." . . .

They discovered that in both scenarios—in the wild and in the lab—zebrafish look down when swimming
forward. The researchers concluded that fish look down to understand their environment's motion and then
swim to counteract it—to avoid being swept away. "We tied everything together into a simulation that showed
that, in fact, this is an adaptive behaviour," said Alexander, who led the computational part of the study. "The
water surface is constantly moving, and other fish and plants are moving by. Fish are better off omitting that
information and focusing on the information below them. Riverbeds have a lot of texture, so fish are seeing
strong features they can track."

Not only does this information give some insight into fish's behaviour, but it could also inform designs for
artificial vision systems and sophisticated bio-inspired robots. "If you were making a fish-inspired robot and you
just looked at its anatomy, you might think ', the eyes are pointing sideways, so I'm going to point my cameras
sideways,'" Alexander said. "But it turns out that the eyes are pointing sideways because they are balancing
several tasks. We think they point sideways because it's a compromise—they look upward to hunt and
downward to swim."

Q.8 [11831809]
Which of the following cannot be inferred from the given passage?

1 Field work more often than not is the groundwork upon which scientific experiments are developed.

2 Fishes are experts at not getting misguided by environmental changes in motion.

3 Most behavioural scientists are experimenting in order to replicate sophisticated bio-inspired robots.

4 Tails of fishes are indicators of their psychological insight into the patterns of their movement.

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 3
Correct Answer: 3.
Although the experiment given in the passage aligns with the sentiment of 3,
there is simply not enough data in the passage to suggest that 3 is a correct inference.

Incorrect Answer:
1. can be inferred since, ‘The team visited seven sites across India to gather video data on shallow rivers
where zebrafish naturally live. [They] encased a 360-degree camera inside a waterproof diving case and
attached it to a remotely-controlled robotic arm.’ This is where the experiment starts and it is safe to assume
that field based observation guides the rest of the experiment.
2. This is essentially the central statement of the passage and the experiment conducted.
4. is a correct inference since, ‘In the behavioural experiment, we counted their tail beats. The more they
wagged their tails, the more they wanted to keep up with the moving stripes."’
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Direction (9-12): Study the following information and answer the questions that follow:

Dark as the medieval period was, nothing that happened during its 800 years could compete with the
catastrophe of the Black Plague, which, by the time it ended around 1350, had decimated one-third of the
population in the West fully. As a result, however, a new emphasis on the individual took place and with it came
a loosening of reflexive obedience to clerical rule. Because workers had become so scarce, they found they
were in a much stronger bargaining position with the feudal hierarchy. This change brought about a shakeup of
the entire social structure and a widespread challenge to the belief system of the previous millennium.

For example, artisans began to win acclaim and patronage for themselves. . . . Painters again signed their
artwork, abandoning pious humility for personal pride in their craft. Guilds were formed to foster the growth of
individual crafts and skilled trades. The principal source of patronage was no longer the Church but rather
wealthy princes and merchants whose pride in artful possessions was no longer considered a sin. The
emphasis in the work of the poets, painters, and philosophers was still on the glory of God, but as reflected in
the countless joys of human existence.

Also, at this time, we see widening criticism of what has been considered the acme of Church power, the
inquisition. This tribunal, with its witch hunt for heretics and its infamously murderous auto-de-fé (“prove your
love of God by admitting your guilt!”), had exerted a chilling influence over independent thought for many years.
As it lost its power, the Holy Roman Empire declined in importance, and the papacy was weakened by schism. . .
. Now we see the inauguration of humanistic philosophy, the belief that we ourselves are responsible for much
of what happens to us. This view was not generally antimonotheistic but rather co-monotheistic. The
resurgence of creative production on so grand a scale was inspiring and piqued the curiosity of those who
wished to understand the complexities of minds that were capable of such accomplishments.

The term ‘renaissance’ originally referred to the revival of values and artistic styles of the classical age. By the
1500s, the word had acquired a broader meaning: it was becoming known as one of the great ages of human
cultural development, a distinct period signalling the dawn of the modern era. Essentially, a breakdown occurred
in the rigid social order that had so dominated societies in Europe, manifesting itself in cultural and intellectual
advances. The style of the Renaissance music, literature, and arts are quite distinctive, and ultimately this
intellectual and spiritual revolution sparked a drive in the people to release themselves from the medieval
traditions. . . .

The Christian ideas had been accepted for a long time, but the pagan ideas were rapidly being reintroduced. . . .
Spurred by ‘new’ old ideas, the best minds experienced a sense of freedom, encouraging an inquiry into
everything, even the most cherished of beliefs. From this resurgence sprang the scientific, artistic, philosophical
and political revolutions that came to be referred to as the ‘Age of Enlightenment.’

Q.9 [11831809]
As per the passage, which of the following was not an aftermath of the Black Plague?

1 Painters and artisans gave up the patronage of the Church.

2 The collective forces of the skilled claimed opportunities to grow.

3 Humanistic philosophy and independent works of art gained prominence.

4 The work of the poets, painters, and philosophers depicted God through a new lens.

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 1
Correct answer: 1
Solution:
Option 1: It is a pure distortion of the actual claim of the author: ‘The principal source of patronage was no
longer the Church but rather wealthy princes and merchants whose pride in artful possessions was no longer
considered a sin.’ The author's claim does not imply that the Church’s patronage was given up entirely.

Incorrect options:
Option 2: It can be inferred from : ‘Guilds were formed to foster the growth of individual crafts and skilled
trades.’
Option 3: It can be inferred from : ‘Now we see the inauguration of humanistic philosophy, the belief that we
ourselves are responsible for much of what happens to us. This view was not generally antimonotheistic but
rather co-monotheistic. The resurgence of creative production on so grand a scale was inspiring and piqued
the curiosity of those who wished to understand the complexities of minds that were capable of such
accomplishments.’
Option 4: It can be inferred from : ‘The resurgence of creative production on such a grand scale was inspiring
and piqued the curiosity of those who wished to understand the complexities of minds that were capable of
such accomplishments.’
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Direction (9-12): Study the following information and answer the questions that follow:

Dark as the medieval period was, nothing that happened during its 800 years could compete with the
catastrophe of the Black Plague, which, by the time it ended around 1350, had decimated one-third of the
population in the West fully. As a result, however, a new emphasis on the individual took place and with it came
a loosening of reflexive obedience to clerical rule. Because workers had become so scarce, they found they
were in a much stronger bargaining position with the feudal hierarchy. This change brought about a shakeup of
the entire social structure and a widespread challenge to the belief system of the previous millennium.

For example, artisans began to win acclaim and patronage for themselves. . . . Painters again signed their
artwork, abandoning pious humility for personal pride in their craft. Guilds were formed to foster the growth of
individual crafts and skilled trades. The principal source of patronage was no longer the Church but rather
wealthy princes and merchants whose pride in artful possessions was no longer considered a sin. The
emphasis in the work of the poets, painters, and philosophers was still on the glory of God, but as reflected in
the countless joys of human existence.

Also, at this time, we see widening criticism of what has been considered the acme of Church power, the
inquisition. This tribunal, with its witch hunt for heretics and its infamously murderous auto-de-fé (“prove your
love of God by admitting your guilt!”), had exerted a chilling influence over independent thought for many years.
As it lost its power, the Holy Roman Empire declined in importance, and the papacy was weakened by schism. . .
. Now we see the inauguration of humanistic philosophy, the belief that we ourselves are responsible for much
of what happens to us. This view was not generally antimonotheistic but rather co-monotheistic. The
resurgence of creative production on so grand a scale was inspiring and piqued the curiosity of those who
wished to understand the complexities of minds that were capable of such accomplishments.

The term ‘renaissance’ originally referred to the revival of values and artistic styles of the classical age. By the
1500s, the word had acquired a broader meaning: it was becoming known as one of the great ages of human
cultural development, a distinct period signalling the dawn of the modern era. Essentially, a breakdown occurred
in the rigid social order that had so dominated societies in Europe, manifesting itself in cultural and intellectual
advances. The style of the Renaissance music, literature, and arts are quite distinctive, and ultimately this
intellectual and spiritual revolution sparked a drive in the people to release themselves from the medieval
traditions. . . .

The Christian ideas had been accepted for a long time, but the pagan ideas were rapidly being reintroduced. . . .
Spurred by ‘new’ old ideas, the best minds experienced a sense of freedom, encouraging an inquiry into
everything, even the most cherished of beliefs. From this resurgence sprang the scientific, artistic, philosophical
and political revolutions that came to be referred to as the ‘Age of Enlightenment.’

Q.10 [11831809]
Which of the following set of words/phrases can depict the flow of key arguments in the passage?

1 Medieval period – Artists – Inquisition - Renaissance

2 Black Plague – Artists – Inquisition - Renaissance

3 Medieval period – Artists – Inquisition – New old ideas

4 Black Plague – Artists – Roman empire - Renaissance

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 2
Correct answer: 2

‘Medical period’ is not the object of focus of the passage. Instead, it is the period following the medieval
period (the period of the Black Plague) that is at the heart of the central argument of the first paragraph and
also the whole passage. Therefore, options 1 and 3 get eliminated. ‘The Roman empire ’ was mentioned in the
context of declining influence and power of the inquisition. Thus, it is the inquisition that drives the argument
of the third paragraph. Therefore, the correct option is 2.
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Direction (9-12): Study the following information and answer the questions that follow:

Dark as the medieval period was, nothing that happened during its 800 years could compete with the
catastrophe of the Black Plague, which, by the time it ended around 1350, had decimated one-third of the
population in the West fully. As a result, however, a new emphasis on the individual took place and with it came
a loosening of reflexive obedience to clerical rule. Because workers had become so scarce, they found they
were in a much stronger bargaining position with the feudal hierarchy. This change brought about a shakeup of
the entire social structure and a widespread challenge to the belief system of the previous millennium.

For example, artisans began to win acclaim and patronage for themselves. . . . Painters again signed their
artwork, abandoning pious humility for personal pride in their craft. Guilds were formed to foster the growth of
individual crafts and skilled trades. The principal source of patronage was no longer the Church but rather
wealthy princes and merchants whose pride in artful possessions was no longer considered a sin. The
emphasis in the work of the poets, painters, and philosophers was still on the glory of God, but as reflected in
the countless joys of human existence.

Also, at this time, we see widening criticism of what has been considered the acme of Church power, the
inquisition. This tribunal, with its witch hunt for heretics and its infamously murderous auto-de-fé (“prove your
love of God by admitting your guilt!”), had exerted a chilling influence over independent thought for many years.
As it lost its power, the Holy Roman Empire declined in importance, and the papacy was weakened by schism. . .
. Now we see the inauguration of humanistic philosophy, the belief that we ourselves are responsible for much
of what happens to us. This view was not generally antimonotheistic but rather co-monotheistic. The
resurgence of creative production on so grand a scale was inspiring and piqued the curiosity of those who
wished to understand the complexities of minds that were capable of such accomplishments.

The term ‘renaissance’ originally referred to the revival of values and artistic styles of the classical age. By the
1500s, the word had acquired a broader meaning: it was becoming known as one of the great ages of human
cultural development, a distinct period signalling the dawn of the modern era. Essentially, a breakdown occurred
in the rigid social order that had so dominated societies in Europe, manifesting itself in cultural and intellectual
advances. The style of the Renaissance music, literature, and arts are quite distinctive, and ultimately this
intellectual and spiritual revolution sparked a drive in the people to release themselves from the medieval
traditions. . . .

The Christian ideas had been accepted for a long time, but the pagan ideas were rapidly being reintroduced. . . .
Spurred by ‘new’ old ideas, the best minds experienced a sense of freedom, encouraging an inquiry into
everything, even the most cherished of beliefs. From this resurgence sprang the scientific, artistic, philosophical
and political revolutions that came to be referred to as the ‘Age of Enlightenment.’

Q.11 [11831809]
Which of the following correctly describes the renaissance of the post sixteenth century era?

1 Post sixteenth century, renaissance reflected a resurgence of the rebellious tradition of overthrowing
feudalism.

2 Post sixteenth century, renaissance called for intellectual advances inclusive of dissent from the
established beliefs.
3 Post sixteenth century, renaissance called for the revival of values and artistic styles of the classical age.

4 Post sixteenth century, renaissance led to the inclusion of literature, arts and music to the clerical intellect.

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 2
Correct answer: 2
Refer to these lines of the passage: ‘The term ‘renaissance’ originally referred to
the revival of values and artistic styles of the classical age. By the 1500s, the word had acquired a broader
meaning: it was becoming known as one of the great ages of human cultural development, a distinct period
signalling the dawn of the modern era. Essentially, a breakdown occurred in the rigid social order that had so
dominated societies in Europe, manifesting itself in cultural and intellectual advances. The style of the
Renaissance music, literature, and arts are quite distinctive, and ultimately this intellectual and spiritual
revolution sparked a drive in the people to release themselves from the medieval traditions.’
Incorrect options:
Option 1: Feudalism has not been mentioned in the argument surrounding ‘renaissance’.
Option 3: It ascribes the original and pre-existing meaning of renaissance to the renaissance of the post
sixteenth century.
Option 4: It is factually incorrect.
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Direction (9-12): Study the following information and answer the questions that follow:

Dark as the medieval period was, nothing that happened during its 800 years could compete with the
catastrophe of the Black Plague, which, by the time it ended around 1350, had decimated one-third of the
population in the West fully. As a result, however, a new emphasis on the individual took place and with it came
a loosening of reflexive obedience to clerical rule. Because workers had become so scarce, they found they
were in a much stronger bargaining position with the feudal hierarchy. This change brought about a shakeup of
the entire social structure and a widespread challenge to the belief system of the previous millennium.

For example, artisans began to win acclaim and patronage for themselves. . . . Painters again signed their
artwork, abandoning pious humility for personal pride in their craft. Guilds were formed to foster the growth of
individual crafts and skilled trades. The principal source of patronage was no longer the Church but rather
wealthy princes and merchants whose pride in artful possessions was no longer considered a sin. The
emphasis in the work of the poets, painters, and philosophers was still on the glory of God, but as reflected in
the countless joys of human existence.

Also, at this time, we see widening criticism of what has been considered the acme of Church power, the
inquisition. This tribunal, with its witch hunt for heretics and its infamously murderous auto-de-fé (“prove your
love of God by admitting your guilt!”), had exerted a chilling influence over independent thought for many years.
As it lost its power, the Holy Roman Empire declined in importance, and the papacy was weakened by schism. . .
. Now we see the inauguration of humanistic philosophy, the belief that we ourselves are responsible for much
of what happens to us. This view was not generally antimonotheistic but rather co-monotheistic. The
resurgence of creative production on so grand a scale was inspiring and piqued the curiosity of those who
wished to understand the complexities of minds that were capable of such accomplishments.

The term ‘renaissance’ originally referred to the revival of values and artistic styles of the classical age. By the
1500s, the word had acquired a broader meaning: it was becoming known as one of the great ages of human
cultural development, a distinct period signalling the dawn of the modern era. Essentially, a breakdown occurred
in the rigid social order that had so dominated societies in Europe, manifesting itself in cultural and intellectual
advances. The style of the Renaissance music, literature, and arts are quite distinctive, and ultimately this
intellectual and spiritual revolution sparked a drive in the people to release themselves from the medieval
traditions. . . .

The Christian ideas had been accepted for a long time, but the pagan ideas were rapidly being reintroduced. . . .
Spurred by ‘new’ old ideas, the best minds experienced a sense of freedom, encouraging an inquiry into
everything, even the most cherished of beliefs. From this resurgence sprang the scientific, artistic, philosophical
and political revolutions that came to be referred to as the ‘Age of Enlightenment.’

Q.12 [11831809]
In the light of the passage, it can be inferred that the ‘new old ideas’ were:

1 Centered around the monotheistic beliefs of church.

2 Overthrew the framework of the then existing Christian beliefs.

3 Were subject to an individual’s interpretation and imagination.

4 Spurred the acceptance and recognition of science by clerics.

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 3
Correct answer: 3

Option 3: It can be inferred from these lines of the passage: ‘Spurred by ‘new’ old ideas, the best minds
experienced a sense of freedom, encouraging an inquiry into everything, even the most cherished of beliefs.
From this resurgence sprang the scientific, artistic, philosophical and political revolutions that came to be
referred to as the ‘Age of Enlightenment.’

Incorrect options:
Option 1: It is contrary to the core idea of the events that followed the Black Plague. Liberation from the
Church was one of the highlights of the period succeeding the Black Plague.
Option 2: It is certainly an extreme and far-fetched conclusion which does not find any reference in the last
paragraph.
Option 4: Acceptance of science by clerics is unfounded in the passage
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Direction (13-16): Study the following information and answer the questions that follow:

The functions and roles of business anthropology are highly extensive and have expanded with time.
Anthropological interventions are not only in traditional, macro management functions but also in specialized or
micro functions such as advertising, consumer behaviour, sales promotion, and product design, among others.
Business anthropologists study all of these business arenas. In some instances, business anthropologists solve
multifarious business problems, such as securing acceptance of new technical equipment, methods, and
processes by reluctant workers, or creating an organizational culture incorporating people from distinctive
ethnic, educational, religious, and cultural backgrounds. . . .

The primary role of business anthropologists is, therefore, to investigate the causes of these real-life problems
and suggest feasible solutions. The primary distinction between business anthropology and other subfields of
anthropology is that it looks at organizations not only as an economic entity but also as a congregation of
people who are similar in certain aspects. Hence, the area of concern for business anthropologists is the formal
face of corporate culture along with the informal one. In other words, they look at not just what meets the naked
eye but also what goes on behind the scenes.

Unlike more formal methodologies, the methods used for research in business anthropology incorporate
qualitative and ethnographic methods to inspect organizational phenomena. Other tools specific to
anthropology in organizations include participant observation, informal and structured interviews, and other
“realistic,” informal, and face-to-face methods of inquiry. The contribution of anthropologists is immense, but,
more specifically, business anthropologists can help corporations by developing methods of doing business
that are culture appropriate. Moreover, the profit motive usually means that the “product cycle” of any given item
produced by a business—the time between the development and introduction of a product and its subsequent
decline—tends to be relatively short. For this reason, research undertaken by business anthropologists is usually
of much shorter duration and involves far fewer informants than academic research.

The business arena is an amalgamation of various real-life problems, and anthropologists examine the human
side of the business. Hence business anthropology attempts to answer questions connected to organizations’
human resources, such as: Why do people do what they do? What is their intent while doing so? Some other
generic issues business anthropologists look at are: Who are the frontrunners, and who are the followers in the
business? How many different groups of people exist in the business? What common beliefs, values, and
attitudes do members of each group inside the business hold? What does the existing political hierarchy look
like according to which power and authority are wielded and responsibility is delegated? How does information
percolate among the members of each group? How do group members relate to and communicate with each
other? What are the reasons for clashes among group members or among groups, and how can they be fixed?

Business anthropology thus helps organizations evolve culturally sensitive policies and strategies in a business
realm characterized by cross-cultural contacts. Aguilera (1996) suggested that although the field is expanding
rapidly, there is still a large amount of resistance to embracing anthropological theories because it is difficult to
comprehend the direct effect and implications of anthropological investigations on the business function.

Q.13 [11831809]
All of the following can be inferred from the passage EXCEPT:

1 Business anthropology differs from others fields of anthropology in that it studies the human aspect of
businesses, that is, an organizations’ human resources.
2 Business anthropology has evolved over a period of time but it still faces some resistance as its impact on
business functions is not fully comprehended by many.

3 Anthropological interventions have expanded with time to include not only traditional, macro management
functions but also specialized or micro ones.

4 Business anthropology helps businesses overcome the cultural restrictions and gaps in communication
created by cross-cultural contacts in a diverse workplace.

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 4
Correct Answer: 4
There is no mention of cultural restrictions of gaps in communication caused by
cross-cultural contact. Business anthropology helps organizations evolve culturally sensitive policies and
strategies in a business realm characterized by cross-cultural contacts. Hence, option (4) is an extreme
inference.

Incorrect Answers:
1 – Refer: “The primary distinction between business anthropology and other subfields of anthropology is that
it looks at organizations not only as an economic entity but also as a congregation of people who are similar in
certain aspects.”
2 – Refer: “Aguilera (1996) suggested that although the field is expanding rapidly, there is still a large amount
of resistance to embracing anthropological theories because it is difficult to comprehend the direct effect and
implications of anthropological investigations on the business function.”
3 – Refer: “Anthropological interventions are not only in traditional, macro management functions but also in
specialized or micro functions such as advertising, consumer behaviour, sales promotion, and product design,
among others.”
Bookmark FeedBack
Direction (13-16): Study the following information and answer the questions that follow:

The functions and roles of business anthropology are highly extensive and have expanded with time.
Anthropological interventions are not only in traditional, macro management functions but also in specialized or
micro functions such as advertising, consumer behaviour, sales promotion, and product design, among others.
Business anthropologists study all of these business arenas. In some instances, business anthropologists solve
multifarious business problems, such as securing acceptance of new technical equipment, methods, and
processes by reluctant workers, or creating an organizational culture incorporating people from distinctive
ethnic, educational, religious, and cultural backgrounds. . . .

The primary role of business anthropologists is, therefore, to investigate the causes of these real-life problems
and suggest feasible solutions. The primary distinction between business anthropology and other subfields of
anthropology is that it looks at organizations not only as an economic entity but also as a congregation of
people who are similar in certain aspects. Hence, the area of concern for business anthropologists is the formal
face of corporate culture along with the informal one. In other words, they look at not just what meets the naked
eye but also what goes on behind the scenes.

Unlike more formal methodologies, the methods used for research in business anthropology incorporate
qualitative and ethnographic methods to inspect organizational phenomena. Other tools specific to
anthropology in organizations include participant observation, informal and structured interviews, and other
“realistic,” informal, and face-to-face methods of inquiry. The contribution of anthropologists is immense, but,
more specifically, business anthropologists can help corporations by developing methods of doing business
that are culture appropriate. Moreover, the profit motive usually means that the “product cycle” of any given item
produced by a business—the time between the development and introduction of a product and its subsequent
decline—tends to be relatively short. For this reason, research undertaken by business anthropologists is usually
of much shorter duration and involves far fewer informants than academic research.

The business arena is an amalgamation of various real-life problems, and anthropologists examine the human
side of the business. Hence business anthropology attempts to answer questions connected to organizations’
human resources, such as: Why do people do what they do? What is their intent while doing so? Some other
generic issues business anthropologists look at are: Who are the frontrunners, and who are the followers in the
business? How many different groups of people exist in the business? What common beliefs, values, and
attitudes do members of each group inside the business hold? What does the existing political hierarchy look
like according to which power and authority are wielded and responsibility is delegated? How does information
percolate among the members of each group? How do group members relate to and communicate with each
other? What are the reasons for clashes among group members or among groups, and how can they be fixed?

Business anthropology thus helps organizations evolve culturally sensitive policies and strategies in a business
realm characterized by cross-cultural contacts. Aguilera (1996) suggested that although the field is expanding
rapidly, there is still a large amount of resistance to embracing anthropological theories because it is difficult to
comprehend the direct effect and implications of anthropological investigations on the business function.

Q.14 [11831809]
Based on the information provided in the passage, all of the following questions/issues are likely to be of
interest to a business anthropologist EXCEPT:

1 What are the different groups that exist in a business and their common beliefs.
2 What are the reasons for disharmony among group members or various groups?

3 How do the various groups communicate and associate with one another?

4 How do genetics influence the diversity of attitudes and values displayed by groups?

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 4
Correct Answer: 4
The role of genetics or its impact on group dynamics has not been discussed
anywhere. This does not seem like an area of concern for a business anthropologist.

Incorrect Answers:
All the other options are either mentioned or can be inferred from the fourth paragraph of the passage.
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Direction (13-16): Study the following information and answer the questions that follow:

The functions and roles of business anthropology are highly extensive and have expanded with time.
Anthropological interventions are not only in traditional, macro management functions but also in specialized or
micro functions such as advertising, consumer behaviour, sales promotion, and product design, among others.
Business anthropologists study all of these business arenas. In some instances, business anthropologists solve
multifarious business problems, such as securing acceptance of new technical equipment, methods, and
processes by reluctant workers, or creating an organizational culture incorporating people from distinctive
ethnic, educational, religious, and cultural backgrounds. . . .

The primary role of business anthropologists is, therefore, to investigate the causes of these real-life problems
and suggest feasible solutions. The primary distinction between business anthropology and other subfields of
anthropology is that it looks at organizations not only as an economic entity but also as a congregation of
people who are similar in certain aspects. Hence, the area of concern for business anthropologists is the formal
face of corporate culture along with the informal one. In other words, they look at not just what meets the naked
eye but also what goes on behind the scenes.

Unlike more formal methodologies, the methods used for research in business anthropology incorporate
qualitative and ethnographic methods to inspect organizational phenomena. Other tools specific to
anthropology in organizations include participant observation, informal and structured interviews, and other
“realistic,” informal, and face-to-face methods of inquiry. The contribution of anthropologists is immense, but,
more specifically, business anthropologists can help corporations by developing methods of doing business
that are culture appropriate. Moreover, the profit motive usually means that the “product cycle” of any given item
produced by a business—the time between the development and introduction of a product and its subsequent
decline—tends to be relatively short. For this reason, research undertaken by business anthropologists is usually
of much shorter duration and involves far fewer informants than academic research.

The business arena is an amalgamation of various real-life problems, and anthropologists examine the human
side of the business. Hence business anthropology attempts to answer questions connected to organizations’
human resources, such as: Why do people do what they do? What is their intent while doing so? Some other
generic issues business anthropologists look at are: Who are the frontrunners, and who are the followers in the
business? How many different groups of people exist in the business? What common beliefs, values, and
attitudes do members of each group inside the business hold? What does the existing political hierarchy look
like according to which power and authority are wielded and responsibility is delegated? How does information
percolate among the members of each group? How do group members relate to and communicate with each
other? What are the reasons for clashes among group members or among groups, and how can they be fixed?

Business anthropology thus helps organizations evolve culturally sensitive policies and strategies in a business
realm characterized by cross-cultural contacts. Aguilera (1996) suggested that although the field is expanding
rapidly, there is still a large amount of resistance to embracing anthropological theories because it is difficult to
comprehend the direct effect and implications of anthropological investigations on the business function.

Q.15 [11831809]
Which of the following is not likely to be a methodology adopted by a business anthropologist?

1 Qualitative and ethnographic methods

2 Long-term study with numerous participants

3 Informal and structured interviews

4 Face-to-face methods of inquiry

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 2
Correct Answer: 2
Refer: “Moreover, the profit motive usually means that the “product cycle” of any
given item produced by a business—the time between the development and introduction of a product and its
subsequent decline—tends to be relatively short. For this reason, research undertaken by business
anthropologists is usually of much shorter duration and involves far fewer informants than academic
research.”

Incorrect Answers:
1 – Refer: “Unlike more formal methodologies, the methods used for research in business anthropology
incorporate qualitative and ethnographic methods to inspect organizational phenomena.”
3 and 4 – Refer: “Other tools specific to anthropology in organizations include participant observation,
informal and structured interviews, and other “realistic,” informal, and face-to-face methods of inquiry.”
Bookmark FeedBack
Direction (13-16): Study the following information and answer the questions that follow:

The functions and roles of business anthropology are highly extensive and have expanded with time.
Anthropological interventions are not only in traditional, macro management functions but also in specialized or
micro functions such as advertising, consumer behaviour, sales promotion, and product design, among others.
Business anthropologists study all of these business arenas. In some instances, business anthropologists solve
multifarious business problems, such as securing acceptance of new technical equipment, methods, and
processes by reluctant workers, or creating an organizational culture incorporating people from distinctive
ethnic, educational, religious, and cultural backgrounds. . . .

The primary role of business anthropologists is, therefore, to investigate the causes of these real-life problems
and suggest feasible solutions. The primary distinction between business anthropology and other subfields of
anthropology is that it looks at organizations not only as an economic entity but also as a congregation of
people who are similar in certain aspects. Hence, the area of concern for business anthropologists is the formal
face of corporate culture along with the informal one. In other words, they look at not just what meets the naked
eye but also what goes on behind the scenes.

Unlike more formal methodologies, the methods used for research in business anthropology incorporate
qualitative and ethnographic methods to inspect organizational phenomena. Other tools specific to
anthropology in organizations include participant observation, informal and structured interviews, and other
“realistic,” informal, and face-to-face methods of inquiry. The contribution of anthropologists is immense, but,
more specifically, business anthropologists can help corporations by developing methods of doing business
that are culture appropriate. Moreover, the profit motive usually means that the “product cycle” of any given item
produced by a business—the time between the development and introduction of a product and its subsequent
decline—tends to be relatively short. For this reason, research undertaken by business anthropologists is usually
of much shorter duration and involves far fewer informants than academic research.

The business arena is an amalgamation of various real-life problems, and anthropologists examine the human
side of the business. Hence business anthropology attempts to answer questions connected to organizations’
human resources, such as: Why do people do what they do? What is their intent while doing so? Some other
generic issues business anthropologists look at are: Who are the frontrunners, and who are the followers in the
business? How many different groups of people exist in the business? What common beliefs, values, and
attitudes do members of each group inside the business hold? What does the existing political hierarchy look
like according to which power and authority are wielded and responsibility is delegated? How does information
percolate among the members of each group? How do group members relate to and communicate with each
other? What are the reasons for clashes among group members or among groups, and how can they be fixed?

Business anthropology thus helps organizations evolve culturally sensitive policies and strategies in a business
realm characterized by cross-cultural contacts. Aguilera (1996) suggested that although the field is expanding
rapidly, there is still a large amount of resistance to embracing anthropological theories because it is difficult to
comprehend the direct effect and implications of anthropological investigations on the business function.

Q.16 [11831809]
What is the main idea of the last paragraph of the passage?

1 To highlight the importance of business anthropology in today’s age.

2 To analyze the relevance of business anthropology as a subject of management.

3 To comment upon the continuing challenges faced by business anthropology

4 To critically evaluate the impact of anthropological theories on businesses.

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 3
Correct Answer: 3
In the last paragraph, the author is merely mentioning the role played by business
anthropology and how it continues to face resistance as many people are unable to comprehend the direct
effect and implications of anthropological investigations on the business function. Thus, option (3) is the
correct answer.

Incorrect Answers:
1 – This is just the initial part of the paragraph.
2 – This goes beyond the scope of the discussion.
4 – This is again extreme and beyond the passage’s scope.
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Q.17 [11831809]
Directions for question (17): The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, and 4) given in this question, when properly
sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper order for the sentences and key in this sequence
of four numbers as your answer.

1. More recent research on counselling psychology graduate students determined that eight weeks of MBSR
training significantly increased empathic concern for others’ pre- to post-intervention.
2. Research suggests that meditation can significantly enhance clinician empathy.
3. Lesh determined that counselling psychology students showed significantly more empathy after a Zen
meditation intervention compared to a wait-list control group.
4. Empathy, or the ability to “sense the patient’s private world as if it were your own, but without losing the ‘as if’
quality”, has been considered essential for effective therapy.
Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 4231
Source: Mindfulness for Health Care Professionals and Therapists in Training
Shauna Shapiro, ... Sarah de Sousa, in Mindfulness-Based Treatment Approaches
(Second Edition)

Answer – 4231
Sentence 4 opens the paragraph. It defines empathy. Sentence 2 provides additional information about
empathy. Therefore, sentences 4 and 2 form a mandatory pair. Sentences 3 and 1 form a mandatory pair as
well. Sentence 1 provides additional information about research on counselling psychology students.
Therefore, it logically follows sentence 3 which also mentions a certain aspect of research on counselling
psychology students.

Original Source Material:

Empathy, or the ability to “sense the [patient’s] private world as if it were your own, but without losing the ‘as if’
quality” has been considered essential for effective therapy (Arkowitz, 2002; Bohart et al., 2002; Rogers,
1957, p. 95). Research suggests that meditation can significantly enhance clinician empathy. Lesh (1970), for
instance, determined that counseling psychology students showed significantly more empathy after a Zen
meditation intervention, compared to a wait-list control group. Empathy was measured by students’ ability to
accurately determine emotions expressed by a videotaped patient. Similarly, a randomized controlled trial by
Shapiro and colleagues (1998) found increased empathy in pre-medical and medical students after an 8-week
MBSR intervention, compared to the wait-list control group. More recent research on counseling psychology
graduate students determined that 8 weeks of MBSR training significantly increased empathic concern for
others’ pre- to post-intervention (Shapiro et al., 2007). Further, increases in mindfulness correlated with
increases in empathy, suggesting that students may have increased their empathetic concern for others
because they became more mindful.
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Q.18 [11831809]
Directions for question (18): The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, and 4) given in this question, when properly
sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper order for the sentences and key in this sequence
of four numbers as your answer.

1. The 19th-century French word ‘aéroplane’ is made up of ‘aéro,’ meaning ‘air,’ and the Greek word ‘planos,’
meaning ‘wandering.'
2. Sometimes, the words we use now are shortened versions of the original word, including shortening
“airplane” to simply “plane.”
3. In the French from which they were borrowed, the ‘plane’ is related to a geometrical plane (flat surface), which
then became the name of the flat parts of flying machines that allow them to achieve lift.
4. What was the original meaning of the words “airplane” and “aeroplane”?
Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 2431
Correct Answer – 2431

Solution:
3 will follow 4 as 3 provides an answer to the question raised by 4. 1 further builds up on the claim of 3.
Therefore, 431 will be the correct sequence. 2 introduces the subject of the paragraph that revolves around
the words like ‘airplane’. So, 2 will be the opening statement.

Original Source Material

Words, a lot of the time, come from other words. Sometimes, the words we use now are shortened versions of
the original word, including shortening “airplane” to simply “plane.” But what was the original meaning of the
words “airplane” and “aeroplane”? “In the French from which it was borrowed, the ‘plane’ is related to a
geometrical plane (flat surface), which then became the name of the flat parts of flying machines that allow
them to achieve lift,” says Murphy. “The 19th-century French word ‘aéroplane’ is made up of ‘aéro,’ meaning
‘air,’ and the Greek word ‘planos,’ meaning ‘wandering.'” By the way—did you know these airplane features
existed?
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Q.19 [11831809]
Directions for question (19): The passage given below is followed by four summaries. Choose the option that
best captures the author’s position.

Intelligent technologies are dramatically transforming modern societies. The potential economic and social
benefits of these technologies seem unprecedented. Intelligent technologies are, therefore, increasingly being
involved in a variety of decision-making contexts: to support, advise and sometimes even override human
decision-makers. As a result, as organisations undergo digital transformations, such technologies are
increasingly used to influence a wide variety of outcomes that are important to human end-users. But of course,
with greater power also comes greater responsibility. As such, it is no surprise that a strong need is emerging
for greater scrutiny about the extent to which humans are vulnerable to the actions and decisions of intelligent
technologies.

1 Intelligent technologies are changing modern societies in big ways; however, there is a concern with the
extent of power it wields, so there needs to be greater scrutiny on the organisations that use these techniques.

2 There is a strong need for more inspection into how vulnerable people are to the actions and decisions of
intelligent technologies, which organisations increasingly use as they undertake digital transformation.

3 Intelligent technologies are progressively being integrated into a wide range of decision-making settings to
supplement, guide, and even substitute for human decision-makers, which needs to be looked at with caution.
4 Intelligent technologies are profoundly impacting contemporary culture, and their potential societal and
economic advantages may be unprecedented to such an extent that humans may be vulnerable to their actions.

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 2
Correct Answer: 2
The main idea of the paragraph is: organizations are undergoing digital
transformations and as such a strong need is emerging for greater scrutiny about the extent to which humans
are vulnerable to the actions and decisions of intelligent technologies.

Incorrect Answers:
1 – It is not the organizations using these technologies that have to be scrutinized.
3 – The actions of intelligent technologies don’t need looking into, rather it is the vulnerability of humans to
these actions that has to be assessed.
4 – This is a complete distortion of the information given.
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Q.20 [11831809]
Directions for question (20): Five sentences related to a topic are given below. Four of them can be put together
to form a meaningful and coherent short paragraph. Identify the odd one out.

1. To grapple with information necessarily is to consider the medium of its representation.

2. Our assumptions about the democratic role of information were forged in the era of the press, when the
circulation of printed documents was the means of public information and newspapers were the central
technology of citizenship.
3. The institutional effort to determine what information is “fit” to print has always been an exercise in privilege
and exclusion.
4. This modernist logic would reach its zenith in the mid-twentieth century, a moment of presumed consensus
that print-based journalism would provide an objective account of public life to help citizens make rational
decisions.
5. The duty of the citizen was to “follow the news,” while the press was trusted to serve as gatekeeper,
managing the representational space.
Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 3
Source: “Is There a Cure for Information Disorder?”, JSTOR Daily

Correct Answer – 3
Order : 1245

1 opens the paragraph stating that to fight with information, we have to consider the medium. 2 and 4 form a
logical pair describing publishing of information through print media. 5 acts as a corollary to 4 and completes
the paragraph.

3 is the odd one out because it states which work is fit for print depends on class and exclusiveness. Other 4
sentences portray how print media used to function highlighting few features of the print media.

Original Source Material

To grapple with information necessarily is to consider the medium of its representation. Our assumptions
about the democratic role of information were forged in the era of the press, when the circulation of printed
documents was the means of public information and newspapers were the central technology of citizenship.
This modernist logic would reach its zenith in the mid-twentieth century, a moment of presumed consensus
that the function of print-based journalism was to provide an objective accounting of public life that could
serve as a resource for individual citizens’ rational decision making. The duty of the citizen was to “follow the
news,” while the press was trusted to serve as gatekeeper, managing the representational space. Consider, for
example, the longstanding claim of The New York Times that it provides “All the News That’s Fit to Print.”
While the institutional effort to determine what information is “fit” to print has always been an exercise in
privilege and exclusion, it also regulated the information environment, ostensibly to facilitate the functioning
of democracy.
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Q.21 [11831809]
Directions for question (21): The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, and 4) given in this question, when properly
sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper order for the sentences and key in this sequence
of four numbers as your answer.

1. From a classical point of view a lie is a deliberate act intending to say something that one knows to be untrue.
2. We often think that there is a sharp and clear distinction between what is real and what is imaginary, between
what is “truth” and “lie”.
3. Conceptually it is more closely related to the notion of false memory, a term which was originally created
within psychology following research by Loftus, Miller, and Burns.
4. In psychology a lie takes on another meaning, that of the relativity of truth.
Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 2143
Correct Answer – 2143

Solution:
2 sets the argument for the paragraph, i.e. distinction between truth and lie. 4 states ‘another’ meaning, which
indicates that the meaning stated in 3 shall precede 4. ‘It’ in 3 refers back to ‘lie’ described in 4, and thus
creates a logical sequence. Therefore, the correct sequence is 2143.
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Q.22 [11831809]
Directions for question (22): The passage given below is followed by four summaries. Choose the option that
best captures the author’s position.

For Voltaire, humans are not deterministic machines of matter and motion, and free will thus exist. But humans
are also natural beings governed by inexorable natural laws, and his ethics anchored right action in a self that
possessed the natural light of reason imminent. For Voltaire, those equipped to understand their own reason
could find the proper course of free action themselves. But since many were incapable of such self-knowledge
and self-control, religion, he claimed, was a necessary guarantor of social order.

1 According to Voltaire, religion is required to maintain social order since many humans lack the self-
knowledge and self-control needed to use the free will that humans possess, subject to the bounds of natural
law.

2 According to Voltaire, human ethics are subject to natural laws and the inherent rational faculty. However,
since humans are not capable of knowledge or control, religion is required to guarantee social order.

3 According to Voltaire, there is an impending need to use reason to anchor the ethical action needed to
exercise free will, and this must be aided by religion that can ensure the maintenance of social stability.

4 According to Voltaire, people are not deterministic matter-and-motion machines; hence free will exists. But,
since humans are subject to inescapable natural laws, religion is a vital guarantor of social order.
Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 1
Correct Answer: 1
The main idea of the passage is that Voltaire believed that humans are governed
by natural laws and those who have self-knowledge and self-control can determine the proper course of free
action for themselves. However, since there are many who don’t possess these abilities, for them religion
acted as a necessary guarantor of social order.

Incorrect Answers:
2 – Not all humans are incapable of knowledge and control.
3 – This option introduces ideas not mentioned in the passage.
4 – There is no conflict between natural laws and religion which is what this option is suggesting.
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Q.23 [11831809]
Directions for question (23): Five jumbled up sentences related to a topic is given below. Four of them can be
put together to form a coherent paragraph. Identify the odd one out and key in the number of the sentence as
your answer.

1. How many times this year have you heard advocates of green energy decrying the fact that consumers have
been ripped off by our failure to shift to renewables even more quickly?
2. That, then, is the future to which we can look forward: not one where the lights necessarily go out, but where
we are forced to pay through the nose if we want to keep them on in unfavourable weather conditions.
3. Yet we really don’t have an alternative to gas to make up for shortfalls in wind and solar.
4. We could try to store renewable energy, but storage, in the form of batteries, say, or pumped-storage hydro-
electric stations or some other emerging technology, is incredibly expensive.
5. It costs around three or four times more to store a unit of electricity than it does to generate it in the first
place.
Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 2
Source: “The true cost of renewable energy”, The Spectator Magazine

Correct Answer – 2
Order: 1345

1 opens the paragraph stating “...consumers have been ripped off by our failure to shift to renewables even
more quickly.” 3 follows 1 logically stating that eleven after all this time we don't have an alternative. 4 and 5
form a logical pair highlighting the economic crisis of adapting to renewable sources of energy.

2 is the odd one out as it deviates from the argument presented by the other 4 sentences. It showcases a
specific topic, “That, then, is the future to which we can look forward…”

Original Source Material

How many times this year have you heard advocates of green energy decrying the fact that consumers have
been ripped off by our failure to shift to renewables even more quickly? Yet we really don’t have an alternative
to gas to make up for shortfalls in wind and solar. We could try to store renewable energy, but storage, in the
form of batteries, say, or pumped-storage hydro-electric stations or some other emerging technology, is
incredibly expensive. It costs around three or four times more to store a unit of electricity than it does to
generate it in the first place.
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Q.24 [11831809]
Directions for question (24): The passage given below is followed by four summaries. Choose the option that
best captures the author’s position.

Criminal responses are environmental and not racial. Poverty, ignorance, social isolation, and economic
deprivation breed crime, whatever the racial group may be. A great and concerned nation must go back to the
cause or basis for the problem. There must be massive programs, training programs and public works programs
to get the jobless on the job. And so that people can work so that they can walk the earth with dignity and make
an adequate income, and they can stand before their families with that kind of creativity and that kind of
creative response that will make the family a real and meaningful unit.

1 Training programs that help create jobs will go a long way in addressing not only the dignity of an
individual but also creating wealth leading to them not living a life of crime.

2 The way to address the criminal behaviour of individuals is for concerned nations to ignore their racial
background and create adequate opportunities for them to integrate into society.

3 A person's propensity to commit a crime is influenced more by their immediate surroundings than by their
race, and no ethnic group is immune to the corrosive effects of an unconcerned nation.
4 A nation must acknowledge and address the root cause of crime—an individual’s race is not the reason
why they commit crimes, but it is their derisive environment that breeds crime.

Solution:
 Answer key/Solution
Correct Answer : 4
Source:Dr Martin Luther King Jr. - 1966 Convocation

Correct Answer – (4)

The passage talks about the root cause of crime. The author believes that the environment is responsible for
criminal activities. Option (4) mentions the core argument of the passage and therefore, it is the appropriate
answer.
Incorrect answers
Option (1) is partly correct. It is narrow in scope and does not cover the entire topic of the paragraph. It leaves
out the first 3 sentences of the passage. Therefore, it is not correct.
Option (2) is again narrow in scope. It is sketchy and does not comprehensively cover all the salient points
mentioned in the paragraph.
Option (3) is incorrect because it is superfluous. It does not address all the points mentioned in the passage.
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