PRE-TEST

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Where will sinkholes be more likely to form?
A. hotels
C. waterfalls
B. fruit trees
D. limestone
2. What are sinkholes?
A. holes that form near coastlines
B. holes that form at the mouths of rivers
C. holes that form at the bottom of the ocean
D. holes that form in the ground when rocks and dirt are washed
away under the surface
3. What is a limestone?
A. a kind of rock
B. a kind of trees
C. a kind of erosion
D. a kind of sinkhole
4. What do we mean when we say that rock erodes?
A. It pushes up to the ground.
B. It is picked up and moved to another place.
C. It forms a new rock or minerals.
D. It gets thicker and more compact.
5. What does a rainfall-induced landslide mean?
A. a shaking of earth
B. an eruption of lava or magma
C. an opening of earth like sinkhole
D. soil, rock, debris sliding down the slope
6. What refers to a natural depression or hole caused by some form of collapse of the
surface layer of the ground?
A. sinkholes
B. landslides
C. man-made sinkholes
D. earthquake-induced landslides
7. Which of the following is NOT a type of a sinkhole?
A. solution sinkholes
B. dissolution sinkholes
C. cover collapse sinkhole
D. cover subsidence sinkhole3
8. Which of the following refers to natural earth processes that could cause mortality,
damage to property and livelihood?
A. sinkhole
C. earthquake
B. landslides
D. geological hazard
9. Which is not a cause of landslide?
A. geology
C. human activity
B. morphology
D. cover collapse landslide
10.Which is not an impending sign for rainfall-induced landslide?
A. rapid rise in water levels of the creeks
B. new cracks at the foundations of buildings and houses
C. a slight rumbling sound that rises in amplitude is noticeable.
 D. unusual noises, such as breaking trees, or knocking boulders together
11.What is the usual cause of natural sinkholes?
A. deforestation
B. chemical explosion
C. man-made forest fire
D. physical and chemical erosion
12.What is a cause of landslide that pertains to cutting of trees to make way for
agriculture and construction?
A. geology
C. morphology
B. subsidence
D. human activity
13.What type of sinkholes occurs when the bedrock is covered by soil and
materials that are not well-knitted together and is usually made from mostly
clay or sand?
A. sinkholes
B. solution sinkholes
C. cover collapse sinkholes
D. cover subsidence sinkhole
14.Which is not an impending sign of a sinkhole?
A. cracks in an area
B. depression at ground level
C. rapid rise in water levels of the creek
D. rapid appearance of a crater in the ground
15.What type of sinkhole that occurs when the bedrock is covered by a deep
layer of soil and earth then the bedrock erodes resulting into a hole?
A. sinkholes
B. solution sinkholes
C. cover collapse sinkholes
D. cover subsidence sinkhole

Geological Hazards: Landslides and

Sinkholes
Geological hazards are associated with earth materials such as toxic
materials or earth processes which include landslides, earthquakes, sinkholes
and many more. For some communities, these geological hazards turn into
impacts of disaster. These may cause injury, disability, loss of home, loss of
income, and even loss of loved ones. Communities can reduce and even
eliminate these losses by taking precautionary measures, learning about
preparedness and immediate response, and imbibing a culture of safety. In
this module we will be focusing more on landslides and sinkholes.

Geological Hazards
Geological hazards are gradual or sudden natural earth processes which
cause injury, loss of life, property damage, loss of livelihood and services,
social and economic disruption, or environmental changes. These include
earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruption, sinkholes etc. This module
discusses the geological hazards landslides especially rainfall-induced
landslides and sinkholes.
1. Landslide
A landslide is rock, dirt, or debris falling down a sloping section of land.
Landslides are caused by storms, earthquakes, volcanoes or other factors
which makes the slope unstable.
There are three major causes of landslides:
a) Geology – this refers to the material of the soil or rock in the area or can
be the layers of earth has weakened or stiffened in some part.
b) Morphology – this refers to the structure of the land. The soil or rock has
weakened through loss of vegetation or root system which holds the soil in
place. Another is prolonged rainfall or heavy water leakage that increases
the
weight of the land mass therefore as the water flows, sediments and soils
also comes with it.
c) Human activity – to make way for agriculture and construction, trees
are
needed to be cut down. Irrigation, deforestation, and excavation can
weaken
the integrity of the earth. The most common landslide we have
experienced here in the Philippines is the rainfall-induced landslide.
Rainfall-induced Landslide
This occurs due to prolonged or heavy rainfall, increasing the weight of the
land mass. The development of a rainfall-induced landslide may take
several days but the landslide itself will only take a few minutes to cause a
disaster. Rainfallinduced landslides can form debris flows when they mix
with additional water and sediments from their path. It may sweep away a
whole community in an instant.

The impending signs of a rainfall-induced landslide

Rainfall-induced landslide can happen anytime during a heavy and
prolonged rainfall. We cannot tell when exactly it will happen but there are
some signs that may indicate so:
• Unusual noises, such as breaking trees, or knocking boulders together,
can
mean moving debris.
• As the landslide nears, a slight rumbling sound that rises in amplitude is
noticeable.
• Rapid rise in water levels of the creeks, likely followed by increased
turbidity (soil content).

2. Sinkhole
A sinkhole is a depression or hole caused by the collapse of the surface
layer
of the ground. Water is the primary cause of most sinkholes when it
dissolves soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum.
Sinkholes has two kinds, natural or man-made.
Natural sinkholes
are caused by physical or chemical erosion. The natural flow of water may
erode rock material while acidic substances may also dissolve and
eventually weaken it.
Man-made sinkholes
are caused by drilling, mining, road construction, and broken water or
underground pipes. Water may penetrate through mud and rocks and
eventually erode the ground underneath.
Types of sinkholes
1. Solution sinkholes – are common in areas that have thin cover of soil on
the surface of the ground which exposes the bedrock to water erosion. As
the
bedrock erodes, particles collect in the spaces it leaves and a small
depression is formed over a period, eventually forming a hole. The
bedrock may collapse suddenly, or it may happen over time.
2. Cover Subsidence Sinkholes - this occur when the bedrock is covered by
soil and materials that are not well-knitted together. The soil in these
areas are made mostly of clay or sand. Once the bedrock starts to erode,
the clay or sand starts to enter through the cracks and settles into the
spaces left behind, creating a cavity on the surface of the soil.
3. Cover Collapse Sinkholes – occur when the bedrock is covered by a
deep layer of soil and earth. A crack starts once the bedrock begins to get
eroded. Weak points begin to form in the layers of soil above it. The weak
points eventually become a large hole within the bedrock that cannot
support the weight above it. The collapse occurs in an instant and can
create large holes in a matter of minutes.
The impending signs of a sinkhole
Sinkholes either man-made or natural can occur anytime. We cannot tell
when will the hole emerge but there are some signs that may indicate an
impending disaster.
• New cracks at the foundations of buildings and houses
• Cracks in an area
• Depressions at ground level
• Rapid appearance of a crater in the ground

Activity 2. Landslides and Sinkholes

Directions: Share to a family member or anyone you are with in your
home, the causes of landslides and the different types of sinkholes then
interview them using the guide questions below. Make sure to take note of
the emotions and their opinions in answering. Use another sheet of paper
to answer.
Questions:
1. What do you think will be most likely to occur in our barangay, a
landslide or a sinkhole? Why?
2. What do you think the cause of landslide or the type of sinkhole that will
occur in our barangay? Why?
3. Do you think we have an element/factor in our home that can contribute
to the cause of a landslide or sinkhole? What is it and why?
4. What do you think are the signs we can observe in our surroundings
before the event will occur?

Prepared by: PINKY JEAN O. BRUA

Subject Teacher