·--- ~ ~

1
- __ _____.,. .._. w e\d:Oti.tyO t Sh:1.-lle~ ~ s.1-;;-'e1

Stainl ess steel

in l 913
Stainle ss steel discov er-ed by Br-ar-el y / Sheffie ld

of l O. 5 % chron~ i:um.
•!• Stainle ss steels contai n princip ally iron and a mini1n. u1n.
ure i n th.e env i ronme n t to
•!• At this level, ch.ro1n iun:1. reacts with oxyge n and n1oist:
fonn a protec tive, adhere nt and cohere nt, oxide f1hn tha t e n v e l ops the e nti.r e
surfac e of the 1.nater ial.
l
l ayer) 1s very thin ( 2-3
•!•This oxide film (know n as t he passiv e or bound ary
nano1n etres).

08- 11 - 2024 3
l@OtU!lfelUt~
, . ;::;
0
- ~'- - AO -.u _-
"~~;•• ~ -•"';-,..o- _ c_....;..•~•-- --- .......,..----';,;,,,; 1~(') rr 11 0 l" r o m o 1<>r

J~•.~~~~~-L~~=~~1~~~~~
C r . M o, S I. Nb . Tl. Al. V and W

'~ J~ - - Au :. 10 1"\ lt o Promo 1o r

NI. Mn . C. N . C u a n d Co
ca-r •.0r,
...
100 0
·-
1400
• • I.
-
···- E
l t1lOO
Al 1,l&a {!

_,
tltOO

_-·I I
' ..
0 0 0 ,._, , eoo
NOf"
. . .., .... ... ~ ... ,.._
000 ,,, MM>

,~---■. 1o.____a"'o- .. o - 80 eo 70- - -..; ; - -.o Or 800

, ooo

W•lont ,,._,o entaoe C tvOfTllum •

... "'°° e ~
,o '
---.:- IIO
... :,0

.....
etwon,iuon - - (- )

w.,u ,no h!e•n,,, .- t, h,,u,, ,, ..

 weldobaty of Sto1n"-'" .::.t•• 1

Classification

1 .Austenitic Stain lE3SS steels

2.Martensitic Stainless stee ls
3.Ferritic Stain less steels
.'!
4. D uplex Sta inl ess st eels
5.Prec ip ita t ion harde nin g SS
.. .
- -
 Weldc bity of Sta,nJe ~ St•et h .:....._ _ _ ,

o The aus ten itic gra des are not 1na

gne tic.

are Fe- Cr- Ni ste els and are

o The 1no st com mo n aus ten itic allo ys
wid ely kno wn as the 300 ser ies.

Hig hly cor ros ion res ista nt and Go od Me cha nic al pro pe rtie s - ( B ' c az
o
hig h chr ok iu1n and nic kel con tent)

o The y can not be har den ed by hea t

trea hne nt, but can be har dened

sig nifi can tly by col d-w ork ing .

0 8 -1 1-2 0 2 4 6 Weld ing Resea rc l~ In stitut e
~ s1~nitic St ain les s ste els
no t 1n ag ne tic .
o Th e au ste ni tic gr ad es ar e
ar e
1m no n au ste ni tic al lo ys ar e F e- C r- N i s te el s a n d
o Th e mo st co
rie s.
wi de ly kn ow n as th e 30 0 se z
sis tan t an d G oo d M ec ha ni ca l pro pe rt ie s - (B ' ca
o Hi gh ly co!ros io n re
co nt ent)
hi gh ch rofu. iu1n an d ni ck el
en ed
be ha rd e~ ed by h ea t tre at m en t, bu t ca n b e ha rd
o Th ey ca nn ot
ng.
sig ni fic an tly by co ld-w or ki
itut e
08-1 1-2 0 2 4 6 W e ldin g Re sea rch Inst
pijjiwnl4MMIH44t#i 'r
384

308 Maxm .Tom p (C)

■
309 (;' 0 840
304 310 301
870
+SI 302,3 04
923

■ ■ ■. .
308
980
309

••
1030
310,3 30

■
870
316,3 17,32 1,347
~,.MJi4410hi4414NII◄ P

384 - D:ndti
+NI +Cr
+NI
308 Maxm.Ternp (C)
+NI 305 309 Grade
304 310 840
301
+SI 870
302,304
316 923
302 314 308
317
if 980
309
+s
J 1030
310,330
347 870
303 348 316,317.321,347

7 Welding Researc h Institu te

08-11-2024
 Weldobuty of Sta,n._u Steel

, 0 Essentially iron chromium alloys

+Al
- 405
0 Ni is usually less than 1 %
-Cr 0 Ti, Al,Cb & Se added for spl properties
430 -
0 Service upto 250 °C
\+Mo l+cr -
+Tl
409
0 BCC structure
434 442 0 Moderate corrosion resistance
I

i 0 Low ductility& toughness

l+cb ·l +cr
0 Resistance to SCC good than AUST.SS
436 446
0 Can not be hardened by HT
0 Useful In automotive exhaust system

. .
: .
Marte~~lit~ ~f~il)j ess steel types

- 410 1--

+P + NI
+S l+c

416 420 4 14

I +c, + C r + Cr

440 431
11 ~t4ii§4; t4fit}1ht4Uit,in l
o Two pha se alloys c01nbin atio n of
auste n itic a n d ferritic phase.

Grade Cr Ni N Mo
o Carbon 1nax 0 .03
2304 23 4 0.1
o Better weldabili ty 2205 22 5.5 0.15 3.0

2505 25 5 0.17 2 .5
o Higher stre n g th c o n~pared to Aust.s s 0.2 5 3.5
2507 25 7

o B e tter S CC resistanc e than Au st. SS

o B ette r duc tility and toug hness than FSS

08- 11 -20 2 4 10 W e ld ing Resea rch Institu t e

 We-Jdobt1fy of Sto,nl•s: Ste••

Duplex stainless steel classification

o Two phase alloys - c01nbination of
austenitic and ferritic phase.
Grade Cr Ni N Mo
o Carbon max 0.03
2304 23 4 0.1

22 5.5 0.15 3.0

o Better weldability 2205
2505 25 5 0.17 2.5
o Higher strength c01npared to Aust.ss 25 7 0.25 3.5
2507
1
o Better SCC resistance than Aust. SS

o Better ductility and toughness than F SS

. .
: .
 W e ld o bNly o f Sto,nl•n :;reel

o P recipitatio n hardening grades , a s a c la ss , o ffer the designer a unique co1n bin.ation

of '
o Fabricability,
o Strength,
o ease of H eat treatm.ent,
o Corrosion resistance .
These grades include l 7Cr-4N i (17-4 PH) and lSCr-SNi (15-SPH).

o T h e au stet1.itic PH alloys r eplace d by the higher strength superalloy s .

o Develop ed as aero spa ce 1naterials, n1any of these steels are gaining conunercia l
accep tance as truly cost-effective materials in 1nany applications.

Welding Research Institute

 S'OGflWfTil?fJWcrrm

Table 2
Comparison of Weldlng Charac a of Type 304 Stalnleaa Steel
with Carbon Steel
Carbon Type Remarks
Steel 304
Melting Point 2800 2550-2650 Type 304 requires less heat to produce fusion , which means faster
°F Approx . welding for the same heat or less heat input for the same speed.

Electrlcal Resistance This Is of lmportence In electric fusion methods. The higher electrical
(Annealed) resistance of Type 304 results In the generation of more heat for the
(Mlchrohm-cm , aeme current or the same heat with lower current. as compared with
approx.) carbon steel. This , together with Its low rate of heat conductivity ,
At 68 °F 12.5 72.0 accounts for the effectiveness of resistance welding methods on
At 1626 °F 126 126 Type 304 .

Rate of Heat Type 304 conducts heat much more slowly than carbon steel thus
Conductivity promoting sharpar heat gradients. This accelerates warping , e spe-
(C ompared In clally In combination with higher expansion rates. Slower d iffu s ion
Perc ent) Al 21 2 ° F
O ver 1 200 °F
It' 100%
100%
28%
66%
of heal through the base metal means that weld zone s remain hot
longer, one result of which may be longer dwell In Iha carbide pre -
N o te : Type 304 e t 2 12 ° F ha s 11 olpllellon range unle ss e xce H heat Is ertlllolelly removed b y c hill
ra te o f 9 .4 a nd a t 9 32 °F a rate bars, etc .
o l 12 .4 Btulll' /hr/F/h ,

Ooelllolent o f ,0000066 .0000098 Type 304 eMranrta ancl contracts at a fas tar ra te th an carhon s tes l,
6l( t)dl)b lOn par ·f (6 8- 11 62 ' f ) (68-032 "F ) which m ean s th at hrnreasBrt aM fHIOlilon anrt r:nntrac tinn m11111 bs
()v., , r.moa lnrtlCdlB<I allnwall for In outer tn c:nn trnl warplno an<t th e oa11a lnp1nent of thu1
1pal b l lUbbUb U1Hll1 ,.oollno

I IU 11 •I • . I I• \ ,,J 1 l Il l! J I ~I 11 1 I+ II + 1111 11L <W ~lil

 Weldobaty o f Sto,n .. u Steel ,

© PURGING

© CONT AMINATIO NS FR EE

© HEA T INPUT

© CONTROL OV ER C RATER

© GROOVE D ESIGN

© SELEC TION O F CON SU MABLE

© W ELD ER TRAINING

08- 1 1-20 2 4 13 Wel d ing Research Institu t e

 ❖ Higher melting points the dark oxides forms on the surface when exposed to high temperatures

❖ These oxides may be trapped In the weld pool and may not be able to float to the top due to t he

❖ rapid cooling of the weld pool.

The oxides that form on carbOn steel melt at around the same temperature as the carbon steel

Itself. M c l1i11g Tc mpcrn t ures

oc
❖ To avoid weld Imperfections - this dark oxide Co 1npo un d
Fe
co F
2798 153S
must be removed from the weld area before 1566
Fc20 3 285 0
1593
any welding is done. Fc304 2900
'1 J-l54
❖ Th~se dark oxides cannot be removed b Ni
Ni O
2650
3600 1982
wire brushing; Y 1399- 145-l
2550 -2650
4100 22(..0
❖ They mu st b e removed aggressively
,· ! either by machining
or by pickling , grlndi
with ch ,
e . nlg, or ?brasive blasting ,
mica solu11ons.

We ld ing Researc h In stitu t e

❖ Higher melting points the dork oxides forms on the surface when exposed to high tempe ra t u re>

❖ These oxides moY be trapped In the weld pool and maY not be able to float to the top d u e to the

❖ rapid cooling of the weld pool.

The oxides that form on carbon steel melt at around the same temperature as the c arbon steel

Itself. M c l li ntt Tc rnp cro t u r c<

•c
❖ To avoid weld Imperfections - this dark oxide Co m po ,1n d
• r,
2798 1538
must be removed from the weld area before Fe 2650 1566
Fc 2 0 ;i 1593
any welding is done. Fc:, 0 2900
4

2650 1454
❖ These dark o xides c annot be removed by Ni
N IO
J(,00 1982

w lr<"' brushing ; 2..~50 - 2(150 IJ?'>- 145-l

.u oo 22(,1 1
❖ The y mu st b e re m o v e d aggressiv e ly
orither
e l.lY plckllnq wllt1 c h· qrlndln,
by mocl1lnlng n I .
I I, o r al::itaslve 1:>lastln~J.
m c.o c;olu lion,; .

w: tt:l:
_ _ _ _ _ __ _: lnu l~eu,o rr, ri lr11ll1t Jt t
<l~
14_
.,._._,_
 Weldobnty of Sto,nl-.:• St eel -

❖ Higher melting points the dark oxide s forms on the surface when exposed to high temperatures

❖ These oxides may be trapped In the weld pool and may not be able to float to the top due to the
rapid cooling of the weld pool.

❖ The oxides that form on carbon steel melt at around the same temp,erat ure as the carbon steel
Itself. ·

❖ To aiVold weld Imperfections - this dark oxide ( M~i11ng Temperatures

must be removed from the weld area before Compound •F •c
any welding Is done. Fe 2798 1538
Fc203 2850 1566
j Fc304 2900 1593
❖ These dark oxides cannot be removed by
wire brushing; Ni 2650 1454
NIO 3600 1982

-❖ They must be removed aggressively, 3045S 2550-2650 1399-1454

Cr203 4100 22(,0
either by machining, grinding, or abtasive bla st ing,
or b y pickling with chemical solutions.
 Weldobiity of S toinl~ ~~ S t eel

se o fi iP.rea.icti.v.:e a.iagrams

28 Structural diagram of wrought quench-annealed chromlum-nlckel

steals after. E. Maurer. Region from 17 to 26 chromium and 3 to 11
24 nickel verified by Seherer - Rledrlch - Ho_ch for carbon 0.07 to 0.13
manganese 0.30 to 0.48 and slllcon 0 .23 to 0.37
-20
~
~ 16
<> Ferrite
Z 12 ~0-10%

8 £883 10-20%
6SS) 20 - 50 %
4
~ over 50%
0 L!::!!!!!2!!!!!___.__ __,__.::::::;:=====-=--0:::::::::::::........_ __._.:..:.=.:..I..~::....:!:....!::~~......_____J
o 2 4 s a 10 12 14 1a 1a 20 24
. . Chromium (%)

Figure 3.1 Strauss-Maurer nickel--chromiwn nlicrostructurc diagram as modified by Scherer

et al. (From Scherer et al. (11].)
 W e ldcb uty o f Sta i n !~:..:.. St•el

tiv:e cliagrams

Structural diagram of wrought quench-annealed chromlum-nlckel

steels after. E. Maurer. Region from 17 to 26 chromium and 3 to 11
nickel verified by Scherer - RJedrlch - Ho.ch for carbon 0.07 to 0.13
manganese 0.30 to 0.48 and silicon 0.23 to 0 .37

Ferrite
~0-10%

a ~ 10-20%

4 ESS1 20 - so ""'
i;:s:s:t Over 50%
ol...!::!!!!!2!!!!_--=--:...._ _._-=:.:::=--.....:::::::...~__._-=~==:.....!:...!:!~!..._,____J
o 2 4 a a 1o 12 14 1s 1a 20 22 24
.. qhromlum (o/o)

Figure 3.1 Strauss-Maurer nickel-chromiUDl Dlicrostnlcture diagram as modified by Scherer

et al. (Fro.m Scherer et al. [11].)
 W e ld obnty o f Sto in lez Steel

IDse o fill_r.._e aictive qiag!:fil!!,_s.

'c 30
, ::i 27
ll)

~ 24
O 21
~
+ 18
z
-c 15
e 12
1
t 9
Iz 6
3

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38

Figure 3.4 Schaeffler diagram of 1949, which is still in use. (From Schaeffler (22). Courtesy
of ASM International.)
 21
~

~- ~
23
19
20 -
.J1vatont
22
21 (~r+,.,_Mo + ,.ax..,81 + OJhc ""Cb)
Ch,omium

...~..,.~
/ / /
,,,,,,,,,,,,"':,,,:;,:,,;,,,,,,., - .
, J ,, / / / ·- ced - -· l of Femte

Figure
3 8
·
(Prom Long
DeLong diagram
[
an d DeLong 271 ·
1 73 which
of ·; , of
Counesy
10
the Ame
•- •-
in~C::,.
!he COOCCJ? t )
Welding Socie y.
~-=------
 @&MmtzRtlWIPffi@ffi
• Prcd1c 1 1ag

, 14

t: a ,.
i

P11un 3.8 DcLonK

(Prom Lona nnd
dlaaram
OaLong
,o
or 197
[27 l . CounoAy
-~
•• 3 • of
.•
which ...
lhe American
ad the oonccp
' We lding Society.)
lnlroduo
 W eldobnty of Stoinl•:a Steel

)( Austenitic stainless steels can be susceptible to liquation cracking in the HAZ and weld metal

)( Formation of liquid films along grain boundaries in the partially melted zone adjacent to the fusion
boundary.

)( This can occur due to segregation of impurities at elevated temperatures or by the liquation of
NbC(Type 347) and TiC (Type 321).

)( Base metals have a Ferrite Potential will form some ferrite along HAZ/PMZ boundaries and
effectively inhibit liquation cracking.

)( Liquation crackil g can be minimized by restricting impurity levels and grain size.

)( Lowering the heat input will result in steeper temperature gradients in the surrounding HAZ and
restrict the distance over which liquation occurs.
 W eldcbut y o f Sto in 1-=--;:; 5 t eel

l'w,.347
or321

Intragranular attack can also occur in certain situations in the stabilized grades, such as Types ~47 and 321 .

This type of attack oc. when the stabilized carbides (NbC or TiC) dissolve at elevated temperatures in
e region just adjacentfo the fusion zone.

Upon cooling, Cr-rich carbides will form faster than the NbC or TiC, resulting in a narrow sensitized
- region. Farther from the fusion boundary.. NbC and TiC do not dissolve and sensitization does not occur.

I: I •
 W e ld c buty of S tcin 1~4~ Steel

Copper lllxadedon ~

Q Molten copper ( or a copper alloy) is a prerequ isite, it can only occur above the
melting point of copper (1083°C ).
Q The abrasio n o:Qi;opp er on the parts to be welded from :fixturin g, contact tip s, or
other
parts or tools :mlde from Copper.
Q Copper added to the materia l as an alloying elemen t does not p rom ote Crackin g.
Q Copper fixtures are plated with. chromiu m, nickel, or other meta ls to isolate the
copper from the parts to be welded.
. .
: .