FLUID MECHANICS

ATEF ABDEL-HAMEED ELSAIAD

Professor of Hydraulics and Water Engineering
Faculty of Engineering - Zagazig University

Lecture 5
3.2-Fluid Action on inclined Surfaces Water surface
Intensity of pressure on da= p= h O
Ɵ
Force on da = pda= hda h
Total force on lamina= P=  hda    hda  Ahcg hcg
P hcp y

ycg
I o = moment of inertia of lamina about the line
I
hcp  o sin 2  Cg
Ahcg Cp
da
I o = moment of inertia about centroid axis Cg
I o  I G  A(hcg cos ec )  I G  Ahcg cos ec 
2 2 2 Cp
By substituting on equation (3.9) then,
I G  Ahcg
2
cos ec 2
hcp   sin 2 
Ahcg
IG
hcp  hcg  sin 2 
Ahcg
hcp hcg IG
  sin 
sin  sin  Ahcg
IG
ycp  ycg 
Aycg
Example 3.9: Circular plate 2.0m diameter is submerged in water as shown in figure (3.12). Find
the total pressure on the front face of plate and the center of pressure position.
Solution Water surface
Ɵ
O

2 1 1  (2 2 ) 1 2
1.0m

sin    A 2
 3.14m hcg   1.50m 2.0m P
2 2 4 2
d 4   24
G

IG    0.785m 2
C
2.0m

64 64
P = Ahcg = 1000  3.14 1.50  4710kg
IG 0.785
hcp  hcg  sin 2  = 1.5  (0.5) 2  1.542m
Ahcg 1.5  3.14
Example 3.10: A rectangular gate AB 1.50×4.0m as shown in figure (3.13) is hinged
at point A. determine the force normal to the gate at B to open it.
Solution: A  1.50  4  6.0m2 Water surface O
bh 3 4 1.53
hcg  4  0.75 sin 45  3.625m IG    1.125m 2 45
12 12
A
I
hcp  hcg  G sin 2  = 3.625  1.125 (sin 2 45)  3.652m
4.0m P

Ahcg 3.47  6 F

=P  Ahcg = 1000  3.625  6.0  21827kg C

1.5m

B
4
OB   5.657m
sin 45
A=OB-1.50=5.657-1.50=4.157m
hcp 3.652
OC    5.165m
sin 45 sin 45
Taking moments about A
22154
F 1.50  P  AC  21827  (5.165  4.157)  22154kg F  14769kg
1.50
Example 3.11: A rectangular sluice gate AB 1.0 wide and 2.0 0.3

long. It is hinged at A as shown in figure. This gate kept closed A 100 h1

0h
1 W
by weight 9000kg. at G. find the water height of water h A

m
h

2.0
that will just cause the door to open.
Solution F1 G
AB=2.0m F2 o
B 60
AC= ABsin60=2 sin 60=1.732m 17 B c
32
P A = h1  1000h1 kg/m2
P B = h1   ( AC )  1000  h1  1000 1.732  1000h1  1732 kg/m2
F1  1000h1  2  2000h1 it arm about A =1.0m
F2  1732  2  0.5  17321 its arm about A=(2/3)2=1.33m
W=9000kg its arm about A=0.3m
Taking the moment bout A B
2000h1 1.0  1732 1.33  9000  0.3 h1  0.198m
h  h1  1.732  0.198  1.732  1.93m
P
Example 3.12: A rectangular gate AB of dimension 3m×4m as shown in D

1.5m
o
figure. The gate is hinged at A and inclined with 60 with the horizontal. 45
The prop at middle point D inclined by 45o with the gate. C
R prop
Calculate the trust in the prop. 60

1.5m
A
Solution E
Depth of water h= 3 sin60=2.60m PA= h  2.6 1000  2600kg
3 4
Total pressure on the gate = 2600   15600kg . Acts at point C where, AC=1.0m
2
Let R= Prop reaction, it component perpendicular to the gate = Rsin45. Acts at 1.5m from A
M A  0 15600 1  R sin 45 1.5
R  14707.8kg  14707.8  9.81  144284 N
Curved Surfaces
D E

F X = Force on projection of surface onto a vertical plane

F X must also act at the same level as Fac and so it acts through
C B
the center of pressure of the projected surface.
G
Fac o Fx
F y = Weight of liquid directly above the surface ɵ

`
Also, this component must act through the center of gravity of
A F
the area ABED, shown as G on the diagram.
Fy
Fy
F  Fx2  Fy2   tan 1
Fx
Example 3.13: Determine the resultant force and its direction on the gate shown:
Solution
The horizontal force, per meter run of the gate, is that of A C
the surface projected onto a vertical plane of length CB:
6 6m
Fx  gACB hcg (CB)  1000  9.81 (6 1)  176600 N  176.6kN Fx
2
2
And this acts at a depth h = 3  6  4.0m
B
from the surface. Fy
 62
Fy  1000  9.81 ( 1)  277400 N  277.4kN
4
In which πR2/4 is the area of the circle quadrant. The vertical force is located at:
4R 4  6
x   2.55m to the left of line BC.
3 3
Example 3.14: Semi-circular gate ABC retaining water on two
sides while AC is flat vertical surface as shown in figure (3.18).
Calculate the vertical and the horizontal component of force.

Solution
W.S A
42
FX 1  1000   8000kg 
2
22 o
FX 2  1000   2000kg  4m B W.S
2 2m
Net horizontal force FX 1
FX 2
FX (total )  8000  2000  6000kg 
Fy C
  42
Fy  1000   6280kg
2 4
R  Fx2  Fy2  60002  62802  8685.53kg
Angle of inclination of the resultant
F 6280
  tan 1 y  tan 1
Fx 6000
  46.3o
Example 3.15: Figure (3.19) shows a cylindrical gate of unit width. Subjected to
water pressure from the two sides. Calculate the component of vertical and
horizontal forces and the net resultant force on the gate.
Solution
2.4 2
FX 1  1000   2880kg 
2
1.2 2
FX 2  1000   720kg 
2
FX  2880  720  2160kg 
W.S A
  2.4 2
Fy1  1000   2260.80kg 
4 2
2.4m D W.S
B
  2.4 2
Fy 2  1000   1130.4kg  Fx1 1.2m
4 4 Fy1 Fy2
Fx2
Fy  2260.80  1130.4  3391.2kg  C
Resultant force R
R  Fx2  Fy2  2160 2  3391.2 2  4020.7kg
Angle of inclination of the resultant
F 3391.2
  tan 1 y  tan 1
Fx 2160
  57.5o