Chapter 1

Basic of
Computer
Organisation
 Basics of Computer
Organisation
Introduction to computer system
A computer is an electronic device, under the control
of instructions stored in its memory that can accept
data (input), process the data according to specified
rules(Program) on processor & produces information
(output), and store the information for future use.
Data vs Information
Data are raw numbers or other findings which, by
themselves, are of limited value.
Information is data that has been converted into a
meaningful and useful context.
Computers are being used
extensively nowadays in
everyday life/every field
In the form of laptop, desktop,
smartphone,gadgets etc.
 Basics of Computer
Organisation

Introduction to computer system

Advantages of computer
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Huge storage
• Versatility
• Tirelessness
Disadvantages of computer
• Data security issue
• Computer crimes
• Health risk
• Bad impact on environment if not properly
disposed of
 Basics of Computer
Organisation

Introduction to computer system

Any digital computer performs five
functions in gross term.
1. Take data as input
2. Stores data/instructions
3. Process those stored data
4. Generate the output
5. Control all above steps
 Basics of Computer
Organisation

Introduction to computer system

Computer Components Any kind of computers consists
of HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE.
Hardware: Computer hardware is the collection of
physical elements/parts that constitutes a computer
system,such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard,
computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system
unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory,
motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical
objects & can be touched.
Software :Software is a generic term for organized
collections of computer data and instructions,often
broken into two major categories: system software that
provides the basic nontask- specific functions of the
computer, and application software which is used by
 Basics of Computer
Organisation

Introduction to computer system

Functional components of a
computer

Microprocessor unit(mpu) =
(CU+ALU) control
unit+arithmatica / logical unit

CPU=MPU+Memory Unit
 Basics of Computer
Organisation

Hardware
Input/Output
Units Input Unit
A device through which data and
programs from the outside world
enter the computer system.
Output unit
A device through which results stored
in the computer memory are made
available outside
 Basics of Computer
Organisation
Hardware
Central processing unit – Comprises three parts
1. Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Performs basic arithmetic operations such as addition and
subtraction Performs logical operations such as AND, OR,
and NOT. Most modern ALUs have a small amount of special
storage units called registers that can be accessed faster
than main memory.
2.Control unit
It organizes the computer to work computer as single unit &
generates control signals for various devices regarding
read/write or execute operation
3.Memory
A collection of cells, each with ue physical
a uniq Most computers are address
byte-addressable
Cell at address 11111110 contains 10101010
 Basics of Computer
Organisation

Memory Units – How much memory is required

for a file/data/progam etc. is measured by
memory units. Following are the memory units.
 Basics of Computer
Organisation

Memory Types

*Primary Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM) - is a type of volatile memory that is
stores information on an integrated circuit which hold the data mainly
when the program is being executed by the CPU. As it is volatile in
nature so it can't store data permanently.
Read Only Memory (ROM) - a non-volatile memory chip in which data are
stored permanently, and can not be altered by the programmer.
*Secondary Memory: A storage, which suppliments the main memory of a
computer. Often refferred to as secondary storage, this section of
computer's memory is non- volatile and has low cost per bit stored, but it
generally has an operating speed far slower than that of the primary
storage.
*Cache Memory :A small high speed memory, which is used to increase
the speed of
processing the CPU at a rapid rate.
 Basics of Computer
Organisation

Cache Memory - is the volatile

computer memory which is very
nearest to the CPU,so also called
CPU memory, and is between CPU
and RAM all the Recent
Instructions are Stored into the
Cache Memory. It is the fastest
memory that provides high-speed
data access to a computer
microprocessor.
 Basics of Computer
Organisation

Difference between RAM and ROM

Secondary Storage Devices

Magnetic Tape
mass auxiliary storage device
 Basics of Computer
Organisation
Secondary Storage Devices
Hard disk
Fixed Head HDD / Movable head HDD

A hard disk is a set of stacked disks. Each disk has data

recorded electromagnetically in concentric circles, or
tracks, on the disk Hard Drive Types
1. Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA)
2. Serial ATA (SATA)
3. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
4. Solid State Drives (SSD)
Upto 12 TB sized HDD is available in the market
Input
Basics of Computer
Devices Organisation
Input devices can send data or information to a computer or another device.
Keyboard: It is an input device which sends data in to the computer. The
data send depends on the key pressed by the user.
Mouse: A mouse is a small handheld input device which controls a cursor in a
graphical user interface. It can move and select text, files, folders etc. on our
computer according to the user input.
Scanner: Scanner optically reads and document, file or image and then changes it
into digital signal and sends to the computer.
OMR: optical mark recognition/ reader, is used to read marks on a document
and send them to computer.
OCR: OCR stands for optical character Recognition, is an input device which
reads printed text and sends that to computer.
MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Reader is an input device which generally finds
application is banks to process cheques.
Microphone: it receives audio generated by some input source and sends it to a
computer. Webcam: it sends the captured images to a computer.
Graphics Tablets: This input device is used to draw using hand.
Trackballs: an upside down mouse ,encased within a socket. Is a cursor
control device. Barcode reader: It is used to read the barcode of various
items and feed the same to computer.
Gamepad: Also known as joy pad is the input controller for video
games. Joystick: these input devices are used to control video
games.
 Basics of Computer
Organisation
Output Devices
A device that can receive data from computer or
another device and create output with that data
is called output device. Examples of various
output devices are as : Monitor: A monitor is an
output device that is responsible for receiving
data from a computer and displaying that
information as text or images for users to see.
Speakers: Receives sound signal from a
computer and then plays that sound signal and
thus we hear songs or music or any other audio.
Projector: Gets data from a computer and displays
or projects the same information onto a screen or a
wall. Projector cannot directly accept data from a
user and send that data to another device.
 Basics of Computer
Organisation
Both Input / Output Devices
An input/output device is capable of receiving data from users or
another devices and also sending data to another devices or
computers. That means a devices which can be used as both input
device and output device are called Input / Output (I/O) devices.
Some examples of input/output devices are as: USB drive: Also
known as pen drive or flash stick works as both input device to
computer and as an output device. USB drives receive or save data
from a computer as an input and it can also send data to a
computer or another device. Facsimile: Facsimile or FAX machine
has a scanner which is an input device and a small printer to
provide output.
Modems:It is used to transmit and receive data from one computer
to another
computer or other devices using telephone lines
CD-RW drives and DVD-RW drives: Receives data from a computer
as input to copy onto and save into writable CD or DVD. We also use
CDs or DVDs to transfer data to a computer.
Touch Screen: Touch screen is both input and output device. By
touching the screen input is provided and being a screen, it is used
as an output device.
Headsets: Headset consists of speaker as an output device and
microphone
functions as an input device.
Mobile System
a Mobile Phone is essentially a two-way radio,
consisting of a radio transmitter and a radio receiver.
Mobile System
Mobile Phone Components
1. A circuit board as brains of the phone
2. An antenna
3. A liquid crystal display (LCD)
4. A keyboard / A touch screen
5. A microphone
6. A speaker
7. A battery
Mobile System
Different types of touchscreen
1. TFT (Thin Film Transistor) LCD display is used for better image quality and
high resolution. Since they are cheap to manufacture, they are found in budget
phones usually.

2. IPS (In-Place Switching) LCDs are somewhat the advanced version of TFT
LCDs in a way that they offer improved displays and are more battery friendly.
Hence, they are found in high end phones.

3. RESISTIVE AND CAPACITIVE

There are generally two types of touchscreen LCD displays; Resistive and
Capacitive. Resistive touchscreen has two layers of conductive material with a
small gap between them while capacitive touchscreen consists of a layer of glass
coated with transparent conductor. Capacitive screens tend to be more responsive
than resistive screens and are therefore found in high end phones mostly.

4. OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) is a newer technology used in mobiles

and monitors for display. They are better than LCDs because they offer fast
response times, wider viewing angles and higher brightness. AMOLED (Active-
Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode) and SUPER AMOLED displays are
types of OLED display.
OLED types include passive-matrix OLEDs, active-matrix LEDs and transparent
OLEDs
Mobile System
Smartphone Batteries and Their Types
Battery plays a huge role in any smartphone
Lithium Polymer batteries are the most advanced batteries available in the
market right now. They are made up of plastic instead of metal, which makes
them usable on a smartphone of any type.The Lithium Polymer batteries do not
suffer from memory effect and offer 40 percent more battery life than others

Lithium ion batteries are advanced and allow for a high charge capacity based on
the size and weight of the battery. However, these these are slightly expensive.
these lithium ion batteries will not remember the charge cycle, and as a result,
the battery capacity will not be reduced.

Nickel Cadmium These are the cells that suffer from memory effect. And, the
memory effect will result in reducing the capacity of the battery and its
lifespan as well.

Nickel Metal Hydride batteries are kind of an upgrade to the Nickel Cadmium
batteries, and they boast of the same size as the latter. Nickel Metal Hydride
batteries offer 30 to 40 percent more battery juice than the others

Battery Size : Measured in mAh.like 2000 mAh,4000 mAh etc.

 Mobile System organization
Display subsystem Camera Unit
RF Transceiver (Image
Touch interface signal
Processor)
SIM keyboard Display

screen
Radio
signal Communic APU
at ion (Application
Manageme processor processing Storage
nt (digital unit)
signal
processor) GPU (Graphic External
Processing Storage
POWER MANAGEMENT Unit)

Batte Battery
ry Mgmt
pack
RAM ROM
Charger CODEC

ADC DAC Memory

MIC Speaker