1-INTRODUCTION

An antenna is a metallic device or sensor for radiating or receiving electromagnetic or

radio waves. According to IEEE definition of antenna / Arial is to radiate or receive the
signals. An antenna is designed to transmit / receive EM(electromagnetic) waves. Antenna
converts the electrical signals into EM (electromagnetic) waves for transmitting & recieving.
The role of antennas is vital across various fields:

Antennas are fundamental in communication systems, enabling wireless communication

between devices such as smartphones, Wi-Fi routers, and satellites. They facilitate the
transmission and reception of signals for voice, data, and video communication.

In broadcasting, antennas are used to transmit radio and television signals over the
airwaves. They ensure widespread coverage and clear reception of broadcasted content.

Radar systems utilize antennas to detect the presence, direction, distance, and speed of
objects. The antenna play very crucial in area of traffic control, monitoring (weather), &
military surveillance.

Antennas play a key role in navigation systems like GPS (Global Positioning System) by
receiving signals from satellites to determine precise locations and provide accurate
navigation information.

Antennas used in RSAC (remote sensing & application center ) for weather forecasting,
monitoring-environmental & agriculture. They help gather data from sensors mounted on
satellites or drones and transmit it back to ground stations for analysis.

Antennas can be employed in wireless power transfer systems to transmit electrical

energy wirelessly between devices, such as inductive charging pads for smartphones and
electric vehicles.

The role of antennas in drone technology is crucial for establishing and maintaining
communication links between the drone and its controller, as well as for receiving signals
from other sources such as GPS satellites. Antennas serve to transmit and receive
electromagnetic waves, allowing drones to send telemetry data, receive commands, and
navigate accurately. Additionally, antennas play a significant role in payload operations, such
as transmitting video feeds or sensor data back to the operator or base station. Therefore, the
design and placement of antennas directly impact the performance, range, and reliability of
drone operations.

UAV antennas play a critical role in enabling efficient and reliable communication,
navigation, and remote sensing capabilities for unmanned aerial vehicles across a wide range
of applications.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) continuously used in many applications because of

rapid and cost-effective deployment. UAV applications are mostly used in the field of
reconnaissance and been applied for communication platform. As we compare with satellite
communication platform, reconnaissance has simple and easy construction.

As an has simple and easy construction, no lag for communication capability and has
high-speed using UAV application. Here, auxiliary plays a vital role for communication and
easy way to transmit the information. In this new application the requirements of UAV
increased for autonomy, intelligence, multitasking, efficiency, and intelligence level of UAV

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have gradually decreased to acquire the task application. When the drone flying alone, there is
a limitation of energy supply and for operation range. At the same time, it also affects various
networks and communication is not proper for longer distance.

UAV makes the communication network composed of multiple UAV can effectively
improve and development of communication. UAV is an open network for communication,
and it is advanced in communication network. UAVs have the ability of interaction. UAV
technology makes quick operation effectively and its merits of many functionalities and
survivability. In last few years, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) used for emergency
perspective & surveillance cause of sudden situation, its necessary for a detection system.
UAV application is based on hardware to send information to transmit in UWB (Ultra-Wide
Band). Communication with UAV applications is a big challenge because of dragging issues
while drone is in motion and of instability. The characteristics of UAV antenna is ultra-
wideband, low-profile, and aerodynamic. UAV have a directional pattern to the earth &
spatial diversity. Generally, UAV antenna is flat square patches & dipoles. Hence, it has a
solution that UWB (ultra wide band) antenna design which is located on UAV with the spatial
diversity for drone (UAV) application.

This antenna has H-shape like structure to be committed to avoid drag problems that
suffer during flights. Using UWB antenna, we can provide flexible antennas. In recent years,
UAV applications based on designs of antenna have also been proposed. Here, reflector was
used to enhance gain with the 2.4 GHz for drone (UAV) applications. Here, we used to dual-
polarize conformal antenna array at frequency range at 9.8 GHz was proposed. This is the
conformal antenna with circular polarization and the band range from 1.5GHz to1.65 GHz.

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 1.1 ANTENNA PARAMETERS
There various types are basic parameters of antenna few of them are given below.

Gain: It is defined as the ratio of U(radiation intensity) in a given direction and the radiation
intensity of isotropic antenna in perpendicular direction, if the power fed to the antenna were
radiated isotropically.Higher gain antennas can transmit or receive signals over longer
distances or with greater directional precision. Gain represented in decibel.

Bandwidth: Effective range of operation frequencies that should be prefer to operate. Or

difference between two frequencies.
Return loss:

Input impedance: Z=50Ω .

It is the complex ratio of V (voltage) to I(current )at antenna terminals. It is typically
specified as a resistance (real part) and reactance (imaginary part) at a specific frequency.
Matching the antenna's impedance to the transmission line or receiver system ensures
maximum power transfer and minimizes signal reflections..

Radiation pattern: Radiation pattern normally used in antenna is the radiation property as a
function of angular coordinates.

Radiation pattern of antenna

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 1.2 DRONE ANTENNA

A drone antenna is an antenna specifically designed and used for wireless

communication, navigation, remote sensing, or other purposes on unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs) or drones. These antennas facilitate the transmission and reception of electromagnetic
signals, enabling drones to establish communication links with ground control stations, other
drones, or remote devices; determine their position and orientation using satellite navigation
systems; transmit sensor data or live video feeds from onboard payloads; and perform other
functions essential for autonomous flight and operation.
A drone antenna is responsible for transmitting and receiving signals between the drone
and the remote controller or ground station. The antenna plays a crucial role in ensuring that
the drone can navigate safely and efficiently.
A drone antenna is a crucial device that allows a drone to communicate with its remote
control, other devices, and systems by transmitting and receiving radio waves. These antennas
enable the essential functions of drones, such as navigation, data transmission, and the
operation of onboard systems, making them indispensable in the performance and utility of
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
A drone antenna is used to transmit & receiving signals in between the drone & remote
controller(ground station). The antenna plays important role in ensuring that drone can
navigate safely & efficiently. Drone receives a signal from the remote (controller), drone
processes a command & executes the corresponding action. For example, if the pilot wants the
drone to ascend, they will push the throttle stick up, which sends a signal to the drone via the
antenna. The drone then increases the power to the motors and starts to ascend.
Similarly, when the drone transmits a signal to the remote controller, it provides
information about its flight status, such as altitude, speed, battery level, and GPS coordinates.
This information is displayed on the remote controller’s screen, allowing the pilot to monitor
the drone’s flight and make necessary adjustments.
The drone antenna ensures that these signals are transmitted and received effectively,
even at long distances. It needs to be designed to provide a strong and stable connection,
minimizing signal loss or interference. This is especially important for drones that fly in areas
with obstacles or interference, such as buildings or crowded urban environments.

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 1.3 UAV ANTENNA TYPES

Drone antennas come in various types, each serving specific functions and applications.
Here are some common types of drone antennas:
Omni-directional Antennas: These antennas radiate and receive electromagnetic signals
equally in all directions, making them suitable for general communication purposes. They are
often used for establishing a basic communication link between the drone and ground control
stations or other nearby devices.

Fig.
1 Dipole antenna with omnidirectional radiation pattern

Directional Antennas: Unlike omni-directional antennas, directional antennas focus their (RP)
radiation pattern in a particular direction, allow to long-range communication links. They are
commonly used for establishing point-to-point communication over longer distances, such as
between drones or between a drone and a remote base station.
Patch Antennas: Patch antennas are flat, low-profile antennas that offer directional radiation
patterns with high gain. They are commonly used for GPS and satellite communication
applications on drones due to their compact size and directional performance.
Helical Antennas: Helical antennas consist of a coiled wire or conductor wound into a helix
shape. They offer circular polarization and are often used in applications requiring robust
communication links, such as FPV (First Person View) video transmission or telemetry data
transmission from drones.

Fig.2 Helical antenna with high gain directional radiation pattern

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Yagi-Uda Antennas: Yagi-Uda antennas are high-gain directional antennas consisting of
multiple elements arranged in a specific configuration. They are commonly used for long-
range communication links and can be mounted on drones to establish communication with
distant ground stations or other aerial platforms.

Fig3.yagi-uda directional antenna

Diversity Antennas: Diversity antennas utilize multiple antenna elements or polarizations
to improve the reliability and robustness of wireless communication links. They are often used
in drone applications to mitigate the effects of signal fading, multipath propagation, and
interference.
Helix Array Antennas: Helix array antennas consist of multiple helical antenna elements
arranged in an array configuration. They offer high gain and beam-steering capabilities,
making them suitable for applications requiring directional communication links and
beamforming, such as drone swarm communication or MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple
Output) systems.
Parabolic Dish Antenna: A parabolic dish antenna has a parabolic reflector & a feed
antenna placed to focus it. It is used for long-range communication and provides high gain
and a narrow beamwidth.

Fig4 Parabolic Dish Antenna with high gain Narrow Bandwidth

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 1.4 APPLICATIONS OF RESEARCH

drone antennas play a critical role in enabling efficient and reliable communication,
navigation, payload operations, and signal processing for unmanned aerial vehicles across a
wide range of applications and industries.
Communication: Antennas enables communication between drone & ground control
station (GCS) & remote pilot. They transmit control signals and receive telemetry data,
allowing for real-time monitoring of the drone's status and control of its movements. This is
crucial for safe and effective UAV operations, especially in scenarios where visual line-of-
sight communication is limited.

GPS Reception: Antennas for GPS receivers on drones ensure accurate positioning and
navigation. They receive signals from GPS satellites to find out the drone’s location very
precisely, altitude, & velocity. This information is essential for flight, navigation, & mission
planning in various applications such as mapping, surveying, and precision agriculture.

Payload Operations: Drones equipped with cameras, sensors, or other payload devices
often require specialized antennas for transmitting and receiving data. These antennas
facilitate the transmission of live video feeds, sensor data, or imagery back to the ground
station for real-time analysis or storage. Payload antennas play a crucial role in such as aerial
photography, surveillances, search & rescue, & monitoring environment.

Signal Range Extension: High-gain antennas can be used to extend the communication
range of drones, allowing them to operate over longer distances or in areas with weak signal
coverage. These antennas enhance the drone's ability to maintain reliable communication links
with the ground station or remote pilot, enabling missions in remote or challenging
environments.

Interference Reduction: Antennas with advanced filtering and interference rejection

capabilities help minimize the impact of electromagnetic interference (EMI) from other
sources. This is particularly important in crowded urban environments or areas with high
levels of RF noise, where maintaining clear and stable communication links is essential for
safe and efficient UAV operations.

Mission-specific Antennas: Depending on the specific application, drones may require

antennas optimized for particular frequencies, polarization, or radiation patterns. For example,
drones used for long-range surveillance may benefit from high-gain directional antennas,
while those deployed in urban environments may require omnidirectional antennas for 360-
degree coverage.

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 1.5 PROPERTIES OF DRONE ANTENNA

Frequency: Determine the frequency range your drone operates on. Many drones use 2.4
to 5.8 GHz frequency bands. Make sure to choose an antenna that is compatible with your
drone’s frequency.

Antenna Type: There are different types of antennas available, including omnidirectional
and directional antennas.

Omni directional antennas transmit and receive signals in all directions, making them
suitable for general flying and FPV (First Person View) applications.

Directional antennas are focus the signal in a specific direction, providing long-range &
better signal penetration. They are ideal for long-range flights or areas with obstacles.

Gain: it is the ability of antenna to focus the signal in a specific direction. Higher gain
antennas provide longer range & better penetration, but they have a narrower beam width.
Lower gain antennas have a wider beam width but offer shorter range. Consider your flying
style and the range you need to determine the appropriate gain for your antenna.

Polarization: Antennas can be either linearly polarized (vertical or horizontal) or

circularly polarized. It is important to match the polarization of your drone’s transmitter and
receiver antennas for optimal signal strength. Circularly polarized antennas are more resistant
to signal loss caused by the drone’s orientation, making them a popular choice for FPV
applications.

1.6-META MATERIAL

Meta merials are engineered or manufactured not found in nature. For Meta meterial any one is
negative permittivity or permeability (€<0 or µ<0) then this type of material known as single
negative material. If both permittivity and permeability are negative this type of materials are
known as double negative materials.

Fig5.Classification of meta meterials

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 1.7 -PATCH ANTENNA

Micro strip patch antenna is low profile antenna used at microwave frequency range and
directly printed on the circuit board with radiating patch made of conducting material
mounted on a dielectric substrate.

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 2-RESEARCH MOTIVATION

Research motivation for drone antenna design for UAVs stems from several factors,
including:

1. Develop Robust Antenna Configurations for Enhanced Material Localization.

2. Innovate Antenna Systems for Improved UAV Integration.

3. Enhance Multi-Band Functionality for Diverse Operational Needs.

4. Maximize Energy Efficiency and Maintenance Sustainability

5. Wide band.

6. Miniaturization property (UAV antenna is small in size & light weight).

7. Enhance impedance matching.

8. Antenna designs tailored to UAVs can maximize range and coverage.

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 3-LITERATURE SURVEY

Miniaturization necessitates the use of small antennas. The adaptability to mounting

hosts, diminutive size, and low profile of planar printed antennas are some of its appealing
properties. A lot of portable devices are getting smaller and smaller as wireless connections
have gotten a lot better in the past few years. When it comes to fulfilling the aforementioned
requirements, they are highly potential choices. Researchers in the field of antennas have so
focused heavily on methods for designing planar antennas that are both small and wideband.
Here we have cited and examined a few works that deal with microstrip antennas and
their applications.
The authors, Jeen & Jia-Fu Tsai, laid up a straightforward plan for frequency-agile
circularly-polarized (CP) microstrip antennas [1]. The square radiating patch, two lumped
capacitors, and four varactor diodes make up the reconfigurable antenna. A coaxial probe may
stimulate the square patch antenna's two orthogonal resonant modes all at once. To generate
and tune a CP operating frequency, one must first raise the varactors equivalent value of
capacitors, which lower resonant frequencies two modes. Simultaneously, one must add
lump-capacitors of particular value to create a change between two resonant frequencies.
With the suggested design, you can change the CP working frequency with just one dc
voltage. Experiments show that you can switch it between 1.97 GHz and 2.53 GHz, and it
works well at both of those frequencies.
Y.-C. & Y.-Xu proposed a small antenna CPW-fed triple-band for WLAN and WiMAX
uses [2]. Rectangular ring, S-shaped feed line attachment, U-shaped strip, & 3- straight rear
strips make up an innovative antenna. Experimental & computational findings confirm,
presented antenna can acquire 3-frequency bands, including the 2.4-5.2-5.8 GHz WLAN &
the 3.5&5.5 GHz WiMAX specifications. Furthermore, the radiation patterns and gains of the
suggested antenna are steady within the operational bands. Wireless communication systems
can benefit from this small triple-band antenna.

They (Pei-Yuan Qin et.al., 2003)[3] demonstrated We provide a novel antenna that can
be reconfigured in terms of both frequency and polarization. A single probe feed runs
diagonally across the antenna's square microstrip patch. Center of every edge of patch is
linked to a shorting post by a polarization-switching p-i-n diode & two frequency-tuning
varactor diodes. The suggested antenna may generate radiation patterns with 45 linear
polarizations, horizontal, or vertical.
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 Operational frequency of each antenna polarization may be individually modified by
adjusting the dc bias voltage. Horizontal and vertical polarization frequency tuning ranges
( 1.35 - 2.25 GHz), while 45 LPFTR (linear polarization frequency tuning ranges )from (1.35
-1.9 GHz). Numerical calculations and measured findings on radiation patterns and frequency
tuning ranges are in good agreement.
That group, Sarin[4]. Printed microstrip antenna with a large frequency range has been
suggested for use in wireless communications by This microstrip antenna has a 38%
impedance bandwidth and is electromagnetically linked. It is slotted and loaded with a wide
band.
For use in ultra-wideband systems, Gopikrishna[5] suggested a small semi-elliptic
monopole slot antenna. An expansive bandwidth spanning 2.85–20 GHz is achieved by means
of the antenna's coplanar waveguide signal strip, which is capped with a semi-elliptic stub, &
a redesigned GP(ground plane).
For use in wideband environments, Laila[6] suggested a small, asymmetrical, coplanar
strip-fed antenna. Broad bandwidth is achieved in this setup by combining 3- resonances at
1.85GHz ,3.18GHz, & 4.4GHz.
An uniplanar antenna F-shaped ,ACS-fed printed for dual band WLAN applications was
reported by Deepu [7]. This uniplanar arrangement takes an asymmetric coplanar strip as its
input.
For broad band applications, Deepu [8] introduced a parasitic element-equipped slot line
fed dipole antenna. With a strength of over 6.5 dBi, the antenna available here has a 2:1
VSWR, bandwidth spanning 1.66 - 2.71GHz. The parasitic element enhances the antenna's
gain and bandwidth.
For use in WLANs, Yang & Yan [9] suggested printed monopole antenna with two
bands. Radiating element of the microstrip fed printed monopole is fashioned like P. Antenna
resonating at 2.45 GHz to 2.28 & 2.64 GHz, & at 5.8 GHz between 4.92 & 6.37 GHz, with an
impedance bandwidth of 1.45 GHz & a -10 dB bandwidth. DCS-1800, IMT-2000, and
WLAN Applications. Printed on opposite sides with thin substrate, planar antenna's S-strip &
T-strip make up the antenna's structure. Despite its size, the antenna is a mere 18 X 7.2 X
0.254mm3. The reciprocal connection S-strip and the T-strip increases the planar antenna's
bandwidth.
For WLAN & WiMAX operations, Krishna [10] offer a modified Koch fractal printed
slot antenna with dual wide-band CPW feeds. In this case, a compact antenna is achieved by
lowering operating frequency of a triangle slot antenna using , Koch iteration approach. Koch
fractal slot antennas span the 2.4-5.2-5.8 GHz WLAN bands as well as the 2.5-3.5-5.5 GHz
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WiMAX bands with an impedance bandwidth of 2.38-3.95 GHz and 4.95-6.05 GHz,
respectively.
In their study, Gijo Augustin et al. [11] .Design is a dual-band monopole fed by Finite
Ground CPW. The flared monopole antenna may operate in two bands by attaching a "V"
shaped sleeve.
A quasi-omnidirectional antenna for use in contemporary wireless communication
devices was introduced by Bybi et al. [12]. An improved impedance bandwidth and almost
omnidirectional radiation behavior are the outcomes of this antenna's evolution from the
traditional CPW with the addition of a modified short.
An ultra-wideband slot antenna was suggested by Deepti Das Krishna et al. [13] for use
in wireless USB dongle applications. A 20 mm wide printed circuit board (PCB) contains a
coplanar waveguide that feeds a nearly rectangular slot in the design. With omnidirectional
radiation patterns and a wide bandwidth spanning the 3.1-10.6 GHz UWB spectrum, the
suggested device is a formidable contender.
In [14], Sheng Bing Chen et al. present a new multiband antenna design based on a
modified T-shaped planar monopole antenna. A T-shaped planar monopole antenna is
suggested in this study, which makes use of 2-asymmetric horizontal strips extra resonators ,
generate the bottom & higher resonant modes.
Consequently, a radar with two separate bands for spanning the 2.4- 5 GHz bands of
wireless LAN put into place.
DCS-2.4GHz WLAN Applications, Suma [15] suggested an Antenna for Small Dual
Band Planar Branched Monopole. Long arm contribute to low resonant frequency and small
arm contribute high resonant frequency.
A small dual-band coplanar, antenna for WLAN applications was described ,Raj et al.
[16]. An antenna is stimulated using a 50Ω microstrip transmission line and is made up
dielectric substrate and rectangular strip. Because the center strip forms a "U" shape resonant
path, the antenna's lower resonant frequency is lower than its higher resonant frequency,
which is a function of center strip width & corresponds to a lamda by two wave lentgh change
with the substrate.

The PIFA setup for 2.4/5GHz uses was suggested by Cho et al. [17]. With this setup,
you may enjoy 900 MHz of WLAN bandwidth and 110 MHz of Bluetooth.
For PCS and WLAN applications, Liu and Hsu [18] suggested a Y-shaped monopole
antenna that is dual-band CPW-fed. A dual-band planar monopole antenna's impedance
bandwidth is increased in this work by means of the introduction of a rectangular notch. An
antenna that looks like the letter 'Y' is supplied by a CPW wire. In lower (1.95GHz) & upper
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(5.45GHz) bands, encompass PCS & WLAN, respectively, the antenna displays a bandwidth
of 14.4% and 34.1%.

For UWB uses, Jacob et al. [19] suggested creating a small branching monopole antenna
that is microstrip-fed. Merging multiple resonances to generate UWB response is as easy as
inserting branches on the top edge of the strip monopole in the right way.
Liu [20] suggested monopole antenna with CPW-fed notched planar that could operate
on several bands. Rectangular CPW-fed patch may achieve requisite the mode with multi-
resonant frequency & large impedance bandwidths by adding an appropriate notch to it.
Qiu et al. [21] suggested a planar antenna T-shaped with two bands that is printed using
CPW. Two varying-length horizontal arms and a shorted strip forming a L that links the
vertical arm to the ground plane made up the proposed antenna. The two distinct resonant
modes are supposedly caused by the short-circuiting L-shaped element. Two distinct resonant
modes, at 1.8 & 2.4 GHz, are helped along by the inclusion of inductance, which helps to
offset the enormous capacitance that is a result of the space between the ground plane and the
planned antenna.
For a variety of mobile communication uses, Jung [22] suggested a( Wideband )
monopole antenna. A microstrip fed printed monopole arrangement, this design essentially
has a radiating patch, 2- L-shaped notches, stubs at bottom corners, & a truncated GP(ground
plane). By simply cutting two L-shaped notches and connecting two stubs to the radiating
patch, the suggested antenna may readily acquire a wideband characteristic. At mid-frequency
ranges within the target bandwidth, the L-shaped notches, when sized appropriately, enhance
impedance matching performance. Adding two stubs to the radiating patch allows for
effective impedance matching at higher frequencies.
An optimal printed strip monopole design has been proposed by Amman and John [23].
The impact of ground plane dimensions on impedance bandwidth and radiation pattern are
examined in this research through the lens of a microstrip fed printed monopole antenna.
Reportedly, the ground plane dimensions had a significant impact on the printed monopole's
impedance bandwidth.

Jean Yea Jan et al. [24] for the 2.4/5.2/5.8 WLAN frequencies. The intriguing and
high-frequency-controlling component of this design is an inverted L-shaped monopole. The
lower frequency is controlled by another etched parasitic strip with an inverted L shape that is
shorter and located closer to the monopole.
A hook-shaped feeding mechanism was devised for the purpose of increasing the
bandwidth of a rectangular micro strip antenna by Lethakumary et al. [25]. This antenna
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 maintains its efficiency while providing an impedance bandwidth of 22%.
Planar inverted-F antenna operating at the 0.9GHz & 1.8GHz bands was introduced by Zi
Dong Liu et al. [26]. This paper presents two different designs for dual band antennas.
Antennas with single-port and dual-port inputs are detailed. One radiating element is
rectangular and tuned to 1.8 GHz, while the other is L-shaped and tuned to 0.9 GHz; these two
components make up the two-port antenna.

Mohammad S.Sharawi [27],a 12-element patch planar antenna array is designed,

fabricated and tested along with its radio frequency (RF) feed network at 2.45 GHz. & gain
21.4dB.
Nosrati, Amir[28] broadband blade dipole antenna over a wide frequency range of 20-
1200 MHz and size 71 cm×25 cm with stable radiation pattern.

Sun, & Huang, [29] Minimum sized annular ring slot antenna ( small or mini-UAV
applications), A miniaturized annular ring slot antenna is presented with frequency 2.67GHz
and gain 2.5dBi.

Sahrawi, Ibrahim, Alois, [30] A planar printed antenna array embedded in the wing
structure of a UAV for communication link enhancement,’’ In this work a 12-element patch
planar antenna array is designed, fabricated, and tested along with its radio frequency (RF)
feed network at 2.45 GHz. The array is designed to be embedded in the wing structure of a
fixed wing hobby-type UAV.

J. Thiemann, F. Stemkowski, and C. Weikfield, [31]Design of an UWB indoor-

positioningsystem for UAV navigation in GNSS-denied environments.

Z. Yin, Z. Shi, J. Liang, and Z. Wu,[32] Direct sequence ultra-wideband (DS-UWB)

antenna operated at frequency1.5GHz.

F. B. Stornelli and C. M. Pinta,[33] On the localization of sensors using a drone with UWB
antennas.

Kim, Lee, [34] anti drone antenna at ultra wide band range can cover GPS L1, ISM 2.4 GHz,
ISM 5.8 GHz, & remotely piloted aircraft system bands. A multilayer ground plane is proposed
to fix the radiation angle at the GPS L1 band, while a metallic ring is proposed to enhance
bandwidth and gain at the GPS L1 band. Directors are also proposed to enhance the gain of the
antenna and decrease the HPBW of the radiation pattern. The total size of the antenna is 140 ×
90 × 270 mm3, & gain is 10 dB with a narrow HPBW of 20.9°.

Zubair Akhtar[35]a dual band design for frequency range 2.4 to 5.2GHz with gain
10decibel.
Kwang-Seok Kim , Jong-Sang Yoo, Jeong [36] design a dual pole antenna with gain
6.35 to 6.4 dBi for Drone Communications.

Saman ,Sebak,[37] design aMultifunctional Drone-Based Antenna for Satellite Applications.

Duc Anh Pham , Minjae Lee, and Sungjoon Lim[38] ,antenna with frequency 28GHz duriod
materials & gain 8.54db. using High-Gain Conical-Beam Planar Antenna for Millimeter-Wave
Drone Applications

Harmer, S.W.[39] a feasible study for distributed drone antenna at 1GHz.

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 Watcharaphon, Amnoiy[40], Triple band dipole antenna at frequencies
112MHz,331MHz,1087.50MHz band with gain 1,73,3.43,6.41dBi.for drone application.

Comparison with existing models

S.N. Reference Frequency Gain Band Size Material ε Substrate

width Thickness
1 27 2.45GHz 21.4dB 50 78.5x61mm2 FR4 4.4 .8mm
MHz
2 29 2.67GHz 2.5dB -------- r =47.2mm, Arlon 2.5 1.524MM
- h=3.4mm AD250A
3 30 2.45GHz 21.4dB 50 396x116 mm2 FR4 4.4 .8mm
MHz
4 32 1.5GHz 10dB -------- ---------------- ----------- --- --------
-
5 34 5.8GHz 10dB -------- 140x90x270 FR4 … .5mm
mm3
6 35 2.4- 10dB 97- H=1.57mm Roger 2.2 --------
5.2GHz 360 5880
MHz
7 36 5.5GHz 6.4dB ……. ---------------- ----------- ---- ---------
----
8 38 28GHz 8.54dB 48x48x5mm3 Duriod- 2.3 1.57mm
5870
9 40 112, 1.73, 40x60mm2 FR4 4.4 .764mm
331, 3.43,
1087.50 6.31dBi
MHz .
10 Proposed 2.4- 3dBi 800 29x39mm2 Duriod- 1.9 1.6mm
work 5.8GHz MHz 5880LZ

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 4-RESEARCH GAP
Research Gaps in Antenna Design for UAV and Related Applications:
Antenna design for UAV applications presents numerous challenges, including size constraints,
and performance optimization. Some potential research gaps in this area could include:

1. Miniaturization (Investigating novel methods to miniaturize antennas while maintaining or

improving their performance to meet the size limitations of UAVs).

2. Multi-band and Wideband Antennas(Developing antennas capable of operating across

multiple frequency bands or with wide bandwidths to support diverse communication and
sensing requirements of UAVs)

3.Adaptive and Reconfigurable Antennas:(Exploring adaptive and reconfigurable antenna

designs to dynamically adjust their radiation characteristics based on changing UAV operational
conditions and communication environments).

4. Integration with UAV Structures:(Studying efficient integration methods to embed antennas

into UAV structures, considering aerodynamics, structural integrity, and performance
degradation.

5. Antenna Placement Optimization :(Investigating optimal antenna placement on UAVs to

maximize performance, minimize interference, and maintain aerodynamic efficiency).

6. Communication in Challenging Environments :(Exploring antenna designs capable of

maintaining reliable communication links in challenging environments such as urban areas,
mountainous regions, or cluttered airspace).

7. Autonomous Antenna Optimization :( Investigating autonomous or AI-driven methods to

optimize antenna parameters, such as radiation pattern, polarization, and impedance matching,
for specific UAV missions and scenarios)

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 5-RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

1. To analyze the existing antenna for UAV at UWB frequency application.

2. To design and propose a novel ultra-wide band antenna (UWB) for UAV
applications.

3. Determine the desired frequency range, bandwidth, gain and radiation pattern needed
for efficient communication and sensing.

4. Optimize antenna performance by using electromagnetic simulation tools. Focus on

achieving low VSWR, high gain and desired radiation pattern.

5. Fabricate the structure that yielded the best results during simulation.

6. Compare simulated results with measured data to ensure accuracy, and demonstrate
UAV application suitability.

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 6-RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

To determine the design specification for patch antenna, ε, h, δ

Determine antenna parameter L, W

Select substrate materials& create substrate and ground

Determine the impedance matching with microstrip and patch

antenna

Initial design of UAV antenna with 50Ω feed line

Determine the effect material on antenna for UAV.

Simulation of antenna for Bandwidth, return loss and radiation

pattern using HFSS, CST. etc.

Optimization of frequency reconfigurability, based on

simulated result

Fabricate the structure that yielded the best results during

simulation.
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& compare the result with simulated result.
 7-SOFTWARE USED
There ismany software are used in design and simulation of antenna for UAV applications
few of them are given below:

1-HFSS: High frequency Structure Simulator.

2-CST-MS: Computer Simulation Technology Micro Wave Studio.

3-ADS: Advance System Software.

4-EVERY CIRCUIT

Time Plan for Research Study:

1. Further survey of the work and chosen the Techniques/methodologies –4 months

2. Implementing the techniques/methodology using the appropriate simulator-6 months

3. Design dimensions optimization and repeat simulation to obtain the certain desired
range of result - 2 months

4. Hardware construction of design – 6 months

5. Laboratory measurement of results- 2 months

6. Comparing the software simulated design and hardware measurement of results –2

months

7. Comparing the results with other existing technique/methodologies- 3 months.

8. Research paper and Thesis Writing – 11 months

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