CHAPTER 1 LINEAR EQUATIONS AND GRAPHS

EXERCISE 1-1
2. 3y - 4 6y - 19
= 4. 5x + 2 > 1
3y - 4 + 4 6y - 19 + 4
= 5x > -1
3y 6y - 15
= 1
x > -
3y - 6y =
-15 5
-3y =
-15
!15
y= = 5
!3
6. -4x ≤ 8
!4x 8
≥ (Dividing by a negative number)
!4 !4
x ≥ -2

8. -2x + 8 < 4
-2x + 8 - 8 < 4 - 8
-2x < -4
!2x !4
> (Dividing by a negative number)
!2 !2
x > 2 or (2, ∞) ( x
2

10. -4 < 2y - 3 < 9

-1 < 2y < 12
1 ( ) y
- < y < 6
2 -1/2 6

m 3 y
12. ! 2 = 14. ≤ -1
5 5 !2
Multiply both sides of the Multiply both sides by (-2)
equation by 5 to obtain: which will result in changing
m - 10 = 3 the direction of the inequality
m = 13 as well.
y ≥ 2
x x 18. -3(4 - x) = 5 - (x + 1)
16. = 9 !
4 2 -12 + 3x = 5 - x - 1
Multiply both sides of the -12 + 3x = 4 - x
equation by 4 to obtain: 12 - 12 + 3x = 12 + 4 - x
x = 36 - 2x 3x = 16 - x
3x = 36, x = 12 4x = 16
x = 4

EXERCISE 1-1 1
 20. x - 2 ≥ 2(x - 5) y y 1
22. - = 2
x - 2 ≥ 2x - 10 4 3
x - 2 + 2 ≥ 2x - 10 + 2 Multiply both sides by 12:
x ≥ 2x - 8 3y - 4y = 6
x ≤ 8 -y = 6
y = -6
u 2 u 26. 0.03(2x + 1) - 0.05x = 12
24. - < + 2
2 3 3 0.06x + 0.03 - 0.05x = 12
u u 2 0.01x = 12 - 0.03 = 11.97
- < 2 +
2 3 3 11.97
u 8 x = = 1,197
< 0.01
6 3
u < 16
28. -4 ≤ 5x + 6 < 21 2
30. -1 ≤ t + 5 ≤ 11
-6 - 4 ≤ 5x < 21 - 6 3
-10 ≤ 5x < 15 2
-5 - 1 ≤ t ≤ 11 - 5
-2 ≤ x < 3 or [-2, 3) 3
[ ( 2
x -6 ≤ t ≤ 6
-2 3 3
-18 ≤ 2t ≤ 18
-9 ≤ t ≤ 9
[ ] t
-9 9
2 34. y = mx + b
32. y = - x + 8
3 y - b = mx + b - b
2 mx = y - b
y - 8= - x + 8 - 8 y ! b
3 m =
2 x
- x = y - 8
3
-2x = 3y - 24
3y ! 24 3
x= = - y + 12
!2 2
5 38. U = 3C - 2CD
36. C = 9 (F - 32) U = C(3 - 2D)
9 U
C = F - 32 C =
5 3 ! 2D
9
32 + C = F
5
9
F = C + 32
5

40. -10 ≤ 8 - 3u ≤ -6
-18 ≤ -3u ≤ -14
18 ≥ 3u ≥ 14
14
6 ≥ u ≥
3
[ ] u
14/3 6

2 CHAPTER 1: LINEAR EQUATIONS AND GRAPHS

42. (A) Two must be negative and one positive or all three must be
positive.
(B) Two must be positive and one negative or all three must be
negative.
(C) Two must be negative and one positive or all three must be
positive.
(D) a ≠ 0 and b and c must have opposite signs.

44. c + d < c - d for all real c and d < 0.

b
46. If a and b are negative and > 1, then multiplying both sides by the
a
negative number a we obtain b < a and hence a - b > 0.

48. False. Consider the two closed intervals [1, 2] and [2, 3]. Their
intersection is {2} which is not an interval.

50. False. Consider the two closed intervals [-1, 0] and [1, 2]. Their
union is [-1, 0] ! [1, 2] which is not an interval.

52. True. Let A = [a, b], B = [c, d], where a < c < b < d, so that
A ! B ≠ ∅. Then A ! B = [c, b] which is a closed interval.

54. Let x = number of quarters in the meter. Then

100 - x = number of dimes in the meter.
Now, 0.25x + 0.10(100 - x) = 14.50 or
0.25x + 10 - 0.10x = 14.50
0.15x = 4.50
4.50
x = = 30
0.15
Thus, there will be 30 quarters and 70 dimes.
56. Let x be the amount invested in “Fund A” and (500,000 – x) the amount
invested in “Fund B”. Then 0.052x + 0.077(500,000 – x) = 30,000.
Solving for x:
(0.077)(500,000) – 30,000 = (0.077 – 0.052)x
8,500 = 0.025x
8, 500
x = = $340,000
0.025
So, $340,000 should be invested in Fund A and $160,000 in Fund B.

58. Let x be the price of the! house in 1960. Then

29.6 x
= (refer to Table 2, Example 9)
172.2 200,000
29.6
x = 200,000 · ≈ $34,379
172.2
To the nearest dollar, the house would be valued $34,379 in 1960.

EXERCISE 1-1 3
 60. (A) It is 60 – 0.15(60) = $51
(B) Let x be the retail price. Then
68 = x – 0.15x = 0.85x
68
So, x = = $80.
0.85
62. Let x be the number of times you must clean the living room carpet to
make buying cheaper than renting. Then
(20 !+ 2(16))x = 300 + 3(3)x
Solving for x
52x = 300 + 27x
25x = 300
300
x = = 12
25
64. Let x be the amount of the second employee’s sales during the month.
Then
(A) !3,000 + 0.05x = 4,000
4, 000 " 3, 000
or x = = $20,000
0.05
(B) In view of Problem 63 we have:
2,000 + 0.08(x – 7,000) = 3,000 + 0.05x
Solving
! for x:
2,000 – (0.08)7,000 – 3,000 = 0.05x – 0.08x
-1,560 = -0.03x
1, 560
x = = $52,000
0.03
(C) Clearly (A) which gives the same earning with much less sale.
66. Let x = number of books produced. Then
!
Costs: C = 2.10x + 92,000
Revenue: R = 15x
To find the break-even point, set R = C:
15x = 2.10x + 92,000
12.9x = 92,000
92,000
x = ≈ 7,132
12.9
Thus, 7,132 books will have to be sold for the publisher to break
even.
68. Let x = number of books produced.
Costs: C(x) = 92,000 + 2.70x
Revenue: R(x) = 15x
(A) The obvious strategy is to raise the price of the book.
(B) To find the break-even point, set R(x) = C(x):
15x = 92,000 + 2.70x
12.30x = 92,000
x = 7,480
The company must sell more than 7,480 books to make a profit.

4 CHAPTER 1: LINEAR EQUATIONS AND GRAPHS

 (C) From Problem 66, the production level at the break-even point is:
7,132 books. At this production level, the costs are
C(7,132) = 92,000 + 2.70(7,132) = $111,256.40
If p is the new price of the book, then we need
7,132p = 111,256.40
and p ≈ $15.60
The company should increase the price at least $0.60 (60 cents).
70. -49 ≤ F ≤ 14 MA
72. Note that IQ = × 100
9 CA
-49 ≤ C + 32 ≤ 14
5 (see problem 71). Thus
9
-32 – 49 ≤ C ≤ 14 – 32 80 < IQ < 140
5 MA
9 80 < ! × 100 < 140
! -81 ≤ C ≤ -18 12
5 (80)(12) (140)(12)
(-81) · 5 ≤ 9C ≤ (-18) · 5 or < MA <
("81!
)# 5 ("18) # 5 100 100
≤ C ≤ or 9.6 < MA < 16.8
9 9 !
!
-45 ≤ C ≤ -10
B ! !
74. Note that C = × 100 (see problem 73). Thus
! ! L
15 20
× 100 < C < × 100
17.4 17.4
or 86.2 < C < 114.9
!

! !
EXERCISE 1-2
2. (a)

4. (b); slope is not defined for a vertical line

x
6. y = 2 + 1 8. 8x - 3y = 24
x y x y
0 1 0 "8
2 2 3 0
4 3 6 8

! !
1
10. Slope m = 12. Slope m = 0.7
5
y intercept b = -2 y intercept b = 5

EXERCISE 1-2 5
 3
14. m = 16. m = -5
4
b = -5 b = 9
3
Using 6, y = x - 5. Using 6, y = -5x + 9.
4
18. x intercept: 1; y intercept: 3; y = -3x + 3.
x
20. x intercept: 2; y intercept: -1; y = - 1.
2
3
22. y = - 2 x + 1 24. 5x - 6y = 15
3 ! x y
m = -2 , b = 1 0 "2.5
x y 3 0
0 1 "3 "5
2 "1
"2 4

!
26. 28. 5x - y = -2 30. 2x - 3y = 18
! -y = -5x - 2 -3y = -2x + 18
Multiply both Divide both sides
sides by (-1); by (-3);
y = 5x + 2 2
y = x - 6
m = 5 (using 6) 3
2
m = (using 6)
3
32. y 34. g(x) = 40x + 160, x ≥ 0
(C) (A)
10
(A) x = 4 x

(B) (B) y = 3 5,000

2
(C) y = - x + 8 4,000

–10 10
x 3
3,000

2,000

–10 1,000

y
20 40 60 80 100

36. (A) Set f(x) = 0, -0.8x + 5.2 = 0, x = 6.5.

Set x = 0, y = 5.2.

6 CHAPTER 1: LINEAR EQUATIONS AND GRAPHS

 10

(B) x intercept: 6.5; (C)

y intercept: 5.2 -10 10

-10
(D) x intercept: 6.5; y intercept: 5.2
38. Using 3 with a = -5 for the vertical line and b = 6 for the
horizontal line, we find that the equation of the vertical line is
x = -5 and the equation of the horizontal line is y = 6.
40. Using 3 with a = 2.6 for the vertical line and b = 3.8 for the
horizontal line, we find that the equation of the vertical line is
x = 2.6 and the equation of the horizontal line is y = 3.8.
42. m = -6 4
44. m =
For the point (-4, 1), x1 = -4 3
and y1 = 1. Using 7, we get: For the point (-6, 2), x1 = -6
y - 1 = -6[x - (-4)] and y1 = 2. Using 7, we get:
y - 1 = -6x - 24 4
y - 2 = [x - (-6)]
y = -6x - 23 3
4
y - 2 = x + 8
3
4
y = x + 10
3
46. y - (-2.7) = 0[x - 3.1]
y + 2.7 = 0 or y = -2.7
5 ! 2 3
48. (A) m = =
3 ! 1 2
3
(B) Using y - y1 = m(x - x1), where m = and (x1, y1) = (1, 2)
2
or (3, 5), we get:
3 3
y - 2 = (x - 1) or y - 5 = (x - 3)
2 2
Those two equations are equivalent. After simplifying either one of
these, we obtain:
3
y - 2 = (x - 1) or 3x - 2y = -1.
2
(C) Linear function
7 ! 3 4
50. (A) m = = -
!3 ! 2 5
4
(B) Using y - y1 = m(x - x1), where m = - and (x1, y1) is either
5
of these points, we obtain:
4
y - 7 = - (x + 3) or 4x + 5y = 23.
5
(C) Linear function

EXERCISE 1-2 7
 4 ! 4 0
52. (A) m = = = 0
0 ! 1 !1
(B) The line through (1, 4) and (0, 4) is horizontal; y = 4.
(C) Constant function

!3 ! 0 !3
54. (A) m = = which is not defined.
2 ! 2 0
(B) The line through (2, 0) and (2, -3) is vertical; x = 2.
(C) Neither

56. The graphs are parallel lines with slope -0.5.

58. We are given A = 75t + 1,000 = t ≥ 0

(A) At t = 5, (B)
we have A = 75(5) + 1,000 = $1,375
At t = 20,

Dollars
we have A = 75(20) + 1,000 = $2,500

(C) The equation A = 75t + 1,000 is in

slope-intercept form. Thus, the slope is 75.
The amount in the account is growing at the
rate of $75 per year.

60. Let C be the total daily cost of producing x picnic tables. Then
C = 1,200 + 45x
For C = $4,800, we have
1,200 + 45x = 4,800
Solving for x we obtain
4, 800 " 1, 200
x = = 80
45

62. Let y be daily cost of producing x tennis rackets. Then we have two
points for (x, y):
!
(50, 3,855) and (60, 4,245).
(A) Since x and y are linearly related, then the two points
(50, 3,855) and (60, 4,245) will lie on the line expressing
the linear relationship between x and y. Therefore
(4, 245 " 3, 855)
y – 3,855 = (x – 50)
(60 " 50)
or y = 39x + 1,905

8 CHAPTER 1: LINEAR EQUATIONS AND GRAPHS

 C
8,000

(B) (C) The y intercept, $1,905, is the

6,000
fixed cost and the slope, $39, is
the cost per club.
4,000

2,000

20 40 60 80 100
x

64. Let R and C be retail price and cost respectively. Then two points
for (C, R) are (20, 33) and (60, 93).
(A) If C and R are linearly related, then the line expressing their
relationship passes through the points (20, 33) and (60, 93).
Therefore,
(93 " 33)
R – 33 = (C – 20)
(60 " 20)
or R = 1.5C + 3
(B) For R = $240 we have
! = 1.5x + 3
240
240 " 3
or x = = $158
1.5

66. We observe that for (t, V) two points are given:

(0,
! 224,000) and (16, 115,200)
(A) A linear model will be a line passing through the two points
(0, 224,0000) and (16, 115,200). The equation of this line is:
(224, 000 " 115, 200)
V – 115,200 = (t – 16)
(0 " 16)
or V = -6,800t + 224,000
(B) For t = 10
V = -6,800(10)
! + 224,000 = $156,000
(C) For V = $100,000
100,000 = -6,800t + 224,000
(224, 000 " 100, 000)
or t = = 18.24
6, 800
So, during the 19th year, the depreciated value falls below $100,000.

EXERCISE 1-2 9
 V
!
$240,000
(D) !!
$200,000
!!
(10, 156,000)!!
$160,000!
!!
!
$120,000! (18.24, 100,000)!

$80,000!

$40,000
!!!

t
10 20 30
!
Years
!

68. We have two representations for (x, T) namely:

(29.9, 212˚) and (28.4, 191˚).
(A) The line of the form T = mx + b passes through the above two
points. The slope of this line is
(212° " 191°)
m = = 14
(29.2 " 28.4)
Using any of the above two points, say (29.2, 212˚) will give us
the value for b:
212 = 14(29.9) + b
!
or b = -206.6
Thus, T = 14x – 206.6.
(B) For x = 31, we have
T = 14(31) - 206.6 = 227.4˚F
(C) For T = 199˚F, we have
199 = 14x – 206.6
199 + 206.6
or x = = .97 mHg
14
T

235!
! (31, 227.4)!
(D)

(28.97, 199)!

185!

x
28! 33!

Barometric pressure (inHg)!

10 CHAPTER 1: LINEAR EQUATIONS AND GRAPHS

70. Let T be the true airspeed at the altitude A (thousands of feet),
then we have two representations of (A, T): (0, 200) and
(10,000, 360).
(A) A linear relationship between A and T has slope
(360 " 200)
m = = 0.016. Now using the point (0, 200) we obtain
(10, 000 " 0)
the equation of the line:
T – 200 = (0.016)(A(1,000 – 0))
or T = 16A + 200
!
(B) For A = 6.5 (6,500 feet)
T = 16(6.5) + 200 = 304 mph

72. For (t, I) we have two representations:

(0, 34,000) and (25, 45,000).
(A) The linear equation will be:
(45, 000 " 34, 000)
I – 34,000 = (t – 0)
(25 " 0)
or I = 440t + 34,000
(B) For t = 50, we have I = 440(50) + 34,000 = $56,000.
!
74. We have two representations of (t, m):
(0, 25.7) and (4, 23.4).
(A) The equation of the line relating m to t is:
(23.4 " 25.7)
m – 25.7 = (t – 0)
(4 " 0)
f
or m = -0.575t + 25.7
30
(B) For m =! 20%, we have (C)
20 = -0.575t + 25.7 (9.9, 20)!!!
25.7 " 20 20 !!!!!!!!!!
or t = = 9.9
0.575
So, the year will be 2009. 10

!
10 20
t
Years since 2000!!
!!!!!!!!!!!

76. For (x, p) we have two representations:

(9,800, 1.94) and (9,400, 1.82).
(A) The slope is
(1.94 " 1.82)
m = = 0.0003
(9, 800 " 9, 400)
Using one of the points, say (9,800, 1.94), we find b:
1.94 = (0.0003)(9,800) + b
or b = -1
! the desired equation is: p = 0.0003x – 1.
So,

EXERCISE 1-2 11
 (B) Here the two representations of (x, p) are: (9,300, 1.94)
and (9,500, 1.82). The slope is
(1.94 " 1.82)
m = = -0.0006
(9, 300 " 9, 500)
Using one of the points, say (9,300, 1.94) we find b:
1.94 = -0.0006(9,300) + b
or
! b = 7.52
So, the desired equation is: p = -0.0006x + 7.52.

(C) To find the equilibrium point, we need to solve

0.0003x – 1 = -0.0006x + 7.52 for x. Observe that
0.0009x = 8.52
8.52
or x = = 9,467
0.0009
Substituting x = 9,467 in either of equations in (A) or (B)
we obtain
p =! 0.0003(9,467) – 1 = 1.84
So, the desired point is (9,467, 1.84).
p

Supply

1.90
(D)

Equilibrium point
1.80

1.70

Demand
x
9,200 9,500 9,800
Millions of Bushels

78. We have two representations of (w, d): (3, 18) and (5, 10).
(18 " 10)
(A) The line through these two points has a slope = -4.
(3 " 5)
So, the equation of the line is
d - 10 = -4(w – 5)
or d = -4w + 30
!
(B) For w = 0, d = 30 in.
(C) For d = 0,
-4w + 30 = 0
30
or w = = 7.5 lbs.
4

12 !
CHAPTER 1: LINEAR EQUATIONS AND GRAPHS
 80. (A) This line has the following equation:
(17 " 35)
y – 35 = (x – 0)
(40 " 0)
or y = -0.45x + 35
(B) This line has the following equation:
(32 " 35)
y –! 35 = (x – 0)
(10 " 0)
or y = -0.3x + 35
y
40
!
30
(C) (D) y = -0.45x + 35 :
20
y = -0.45(60) + 35 = 8%
y = -0.3x + 35 :
10
y = -0.3(60) + 35 = 17%

10 20 30 40
x
Years since 1960!!

EXERCISE 1-3
2. (A) w = 52 + 1.9h
(B) The rate of change of weight with respect to height is 1.9 inches
per kilogram.
(C) 5’8” is 8 inches over 5 feet and the model predicts the weight
to be
w = 52 + 1.9(8) = 67.2 kg.
(D) For w = 70, we have
70 = 52 + 1.9h
70 " 52
or h = ≈ 9.5
1.9
So, the height of this man is predicted to be 5’9.5”.

! two representations of (d, P): (0, 14.7) and (34, 29.4).

4. We have
(A) A line relating P to d passes through the above two points.
Its equation is:
(29.4 " 14.7)
P – 14.7 = (d – 0)
(34 " 0)
or P = 0.43 d + 14.7
(B) The rate of change of pressure with respect to depth is
! 2
0.43 lbs/in per foot.
!

!
EXERCISE 1-3 13
 (C) For d = 50,
P = 0.43 (50) + 14.7 ≈ 36.3 lbs/in2
(D) For P = 4 atmospheres, we have P = 2(29.4) = 58.8 lbs/in2
and hence
! 58.8 = 0.43 d + 14.7
58.8 " 14.7
or d = ≈ 102 ft
0.43
!
6. We have two representations of (t, a): (0, 2,880) and (180, 0).
!
(A) The linear model relating altitude a to the time in air t has
the following equation:
(0 " 2, 880)
a – 2,880 = (t – 0)
(180 " 0)
or a = -16t + 2,880
(B) The rate of descent for an ATPS system parachute is the
slope of the
! line -16 ft/sec.
(C) It is 16 ft/sec.
8. We have two representations of (t, s): (0, 1,449) and (20, 1,521).
So, the line passing through these points has the following equation:
(1, 521 " 1, 449)
s – 1,449 = (t – 0)
(20 " 0)
or s = 3.6t + 1,449
The slope of this line (model) is the rate of change of the speed of
sound with respect to temperature; 3.6 m/s per ˚C.
!
y

100 (B) The rate of change of the

10. (A) percentage of oil imports with
respect to time is -0.22% per
year.
50

(C) For x = 50 (2010 is 50 years from

1960), we have
y = -0.22(50) + 94 = 83,
x
20 40 i.e. 83% of total production.
Years since 1960

(D) For y = 80, we have:

80 = -0.22x + 94
94 " 80
or x = ≈ 64
0.22
So, it would be approximately 64 years after 1960, which will
be 2024.
!
14 CHAPTER 1: LINEAR EQUATIONS AND GRAPHS
 y

12. (A) 30 (B) For m = 15, we have

15 = -0.57t + 25.86
25
25.86 " 15
or t = ≈ 19.05
20 0.57
(10.3, 20)!
!! So, during 2020 the percentage
15
of male smokers fall below 15%.
10
!
5

x
2 4 6 8 10
Years since 2000
y

14. (A) (B) For 2010, x = 10 and

200 y = 4.4(10) + 114 = 158, so the
median price in 2010 is
predicted to be $158,000.
(C) The rate of change of median
150 price with respect to time is
$4,400 per year.

100

x
0 5 10
Years since 2000

50

16. (A) 40 (B) For x = 5, we have

y = 0.62(5) + 0.78 = 3.88
5 10 So the model estimates
30
3,880,000 licensed drivers in
Minnesota in 2004.
20
–50
(C) For y = 3.9, we have
3.9 = 0.62x + 0.78
10
3.9 " 0.78
or x = ≈ 5.032.
0.62
x So, the model estimates the
10 20 30 40
Population population of Wisconsin in 2004
(millions)
to be 5,032,000.
!

EXERCISE 1-3 15
 y

18. (A) (B) For period ending 1/31/10,

100
t = 8 and from the model
R = 6.8(8) + 44.6 = 99.
So, the predicted annual gross
profit will be $99 billion.
50

x
5 10
Years since 1/31/02

90

(B) For P = 30, we have:

20. (A) 30 = -0.54T + 34
60 34 " 30
or T = ≈ 7˚F
0.54
(C) For T = 15, we have:
30
P = -0.54(15) + 34 = 29.5,
i.e.,
! the estimated percentage
x
of propylene glycol is 29.5%.
–60 –30 30
Degrees (°F)

22. (A) The rate of change of height with respect to Dbh is 1.66 ft/in.
(B) One inch increase in Dbh produces a height increase of
approximately 1.66 ft.
(C) For x = 12, we have:
y = 1.66(12) – 5.14 ≈ 15 ft.
(D) For y = 25, we have:
25 = 1.66x – 5.14
25 + 5.14
or x = ≈ 18 in.
1.66

24. (A) The rate of change of annual total revenue is $2.94 billion
per
! year.
(B) For 2015, x = 25 and y = 2.94(25) + 13.17 ≈ 87.
So, the predicted annual revenue is $87 billion.

16 CHAPTER 1: LINEAR EQUATIONS AND GRAPHS

26. (A) Male enrollment is increasing at the rate of 5,000 students
per year; female enrollment is increasing at the rate of 20,000
students per year.
(B) For 2010, x = 40 and for male enrollment we have:
y = 0.005(40) + 0.64 = 0.84 million
For female enrollment,
y = 0.02(40) + 0.4 = 1.2 million
(C) The point of intersection of the two lines is obtained by solving
0.02x + 0.4 = 0.005x + 0.64
(0.64 " 0.4)
or x = = 16, or year 1986.
(0.02 " 0.005)

28. Men: y = -0.289x + 125.362;

Women: y = -0.399x + 139.485
!
The graphs of these linear regression models indicate that women will
catch up to men in the year 2096. To see this mathematically, we find
the intersection point of these lines by solving the following
equation for x:
-0.289x + 125.362 = -0.399x + 139.485
(139.485 " 125.362)
or x = ≈ 128
(0.399 " 0.289)
or the year 1968 + 128 = 2096.

30. Supply: y = 1.53x! + 2.85;

Demand: y = -2.21x + 10.66
To find equilibrium price we solve the following equation for x and
then use that to find y:
1.53x + 2.85 = -2.21x + 10.66
(10.66 " 2.85)
or x = ≈ 2.09,
(1.53 + 2.21)
and y = 1.53(2.09) + 2.85 ≈ $6.05.

EXERCISE 1-3 17