HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE

HEALTH: “It is the state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely an absence of a
disease.”

Health is affected by genetic disorders, infections, life styles including food, water, rest, exercise, habits.

DISEASE: It can be defined as impaired physiological functioning of body due to infections, environmental stress,
weakness of the organ.

Diseases can be classified as Infectious and non-Infectious diseases.

Infectious(Communicable) disease: disease which are easily transmitted from one person to another. It is caused
by pathogens.

Ex: Rabies, AIDS(Virus), Typhoid, Cholera(bacterial), Malaria(protozoan), Ringworm(fungal), Ascariasis(helminthes).

Non Infectious disease: Disease which are not transmitted from one person to another.

Ex:
a) Malnutrition – Obesity
b) Cardiovascular disease – Hypertension
c) Allergies -Asthma
d) Auto immune disease – Arthritis
e) Cancer – Oral, Lung cancer
f) Mental disease – Neurosis( unprogrammed death of cell)
g) Drug addiction

COMMON DISEASE IN HUMANS

“Disease causing organisms are called pathogens.”

(A) BACTERIAL DISEASE

a) TYPHOID
Typhoid is highly infectious and serious infection of the intestine caused by Salmonella
typhi(bacterium).
Symptoms: prolonged fever, headache, joint pain, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weakness,
intestinal haemorrhage, in severe cases can lead to death.
Transmission: the pathogens generally enters the small intestine through food and water
contaminated with them and migrates to other organs through blood. Pathogen is released to
outside along the feaces.
[ The classic case for chronic carrier is of Mary Mallon nicknamed “Typhoid Mary” who was a
cook by profession. She spread the disease for several years to hundreds of people through
the food. She prepared and handled unhygienically.]
Typhoid fever could be confirmed by Widal test.
b) PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia is acute infection of lungs caused by Bacterium – Streptococcus pneumoniae and
Haemophilus influenzae
As a result of infection,alveoli gets filled with fluid leading to severe respiratory problems.
 Symptoms: dry cough, high fever, increased rate of breathing, chest pain, sudden chills, lips,
finger, nails may turn grey to bluish in colour.
Transmission: pathogen causing pneumonia are transmitted by inhaling pathogens containing
droplets of infected person, contaminated pens, utensils, hands.
Prevention: vaccination is the main preventive measure, improved living conditions, better
nutrition, reduction in indoor air pollution.

(B) VIRAL DISEASE

a) COMMON COLD
Common cold is caused by “ Rhino Virus”. The virus affects the upper respiratory tract causing
inflammation of nasal linning, troat, larynx.
Symptoms: sore throat( pain in throat), running nose, head ache, stuffness of head, cough,
lack of appetite, feeling sick.
Transmission: transmitted through inhalation of droplets of mucus from the nose of the
infected person, through coughing/sneezing. It is also possible through the mucous
contaminated objects like pen, pencil, books, utensils, computer, key board, etc.

(C) PROTOZOAN DISEASE

a) MALARIA
Malaria is a Mosquito borne,haemolytic disease widespread disease caused by
Pathogen - Plasmodium vivax/P. malariae/P. falliparum/P. ovale.
Plasmodium has a complex life cycle having asexual phase of multiplication in human
(secondary host) and sexual phase of multiplication in female Anopheles mosquito (primary
host) which is the vector to spread the disease in human
Symptoms: fever, sweating, head ache, nausea(sensation of vomiting), enlargement of spleen
and liver, anaemia, jaundice, renal failure.
Prevention and control: use of insecticide, net, repellant.
 LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM
• Human infection occurs when female mosquito infects the sporozoites of plasmodium from its salivary gland
into the blood of human.
• Sporozoite invades to the cells of liver and undergoes asexual reproduction to produce merozoites.
• Merozoites are released by the rupture of liver cells and merozoites invade to blood streams and enters the
RBC’s.
• Once the merozoites are in RBC’s. merozoites become trophozoites and become a small ring like form called
“signet ring” stage, feeds on the content of RBC’s(Hb).
• Trophozoites grow in size. By the end of 48hrs, daughter merozoites are produced.
• RBC’s rupture and release merozoites along with the substance Haemozoin. The onset of fever begins with
cold stage, reaches the stage and ends with sweating stage.
• The released merozoites attack the healthy RBC and repeats the cycle asexual reproduction.
• Some of the merozoites develop into gametocytes (male and female gametocytes)
• When the mosquito sucks the infected blood, the gametocytes reaches the gut of mosquito and
gametocytes turn to microgametes(male) and macrogametes(female) which fuse to form zygote.
• Zygote penetrates into gut wall forming oocyst. Oocyst, multiplies by multiple fission to produce large
number of slender, sickle shaped sporozoite, which migrates to salivary gland and later injected into the
blood of man.

b) AMEOBIC DYSENTRY(AMBEOBIASIS)
It is the protozoan disease caused by Entameoba histolytica, which affects large intestine
Symptoms: Diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal cramps, pain in abdomen, fever, sweat, weight loss.
House flies act as mechanical carrier for infection.
Drinking water and food contaminated by faecal matter are the main source of infection.

(D) HELMINTHES DISEASE

(a) ASCARIASIS
Intestinal parasite caused by Ascaris lumbricoides
Symptoms: Internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anaemia, blockage of intestine, vomiting.
Transmission: Eggs of parasite are excreted out along the faeces of infected person which
contaminate soil, water, plants.
A healthy person acquires this infection through Contaminated food, water, vegetables, fruits.

(b) FILARIASIS( Elephantiasis)

Caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and W. malayi
Mosquito is the natural vector for spread of this nematode parasite
Repeated infection leads to extensive damage of Lymphatics
Symptoms: localised edema in legs, arms, genitalia, breast.
(Edema: excessive watery fluid collecting in cavities/tissues).

(E) FUNGAL DISEASE

(a) RINGWORM
Caused by fungus Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Microsporum.
Fungal disease affects skin called as Tinea
Symptoms: Dry scaly lesions on nails, scalp, intense itching.
Heat and moisture helps these fungus to grow.
Ringworm are generally acquired from soil/by using towel, cloths, comb of infected person.
(lesions: wounds, ulcers, tumours)
IMMUNITY
“Overall ability of the host to fight the disease-causing organisms, conferred by the immune system is
called Immunity”
Immunity are of two types
(A) Innate Immunity
(B) Acquired Immunity.

Innate Immunity
Non-specific type of defence.
-It is present at the time of Birth.

Innate immunity consist of four types of Barriers

A. Surface Barriers (Mechanical or physical barriers)
• Skin and mucous membrane forms first line of defence
• Melanin pigment of epidermis protects the chin by absorbing the harmful UV radiations.
• Keratin also acts as barrier preventing the entry of pathogens.

B. Physiological Barriers
• Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum that softens and prevents cracking of
skin.
• Sweat is also acidic in nature.
• Gastric mucosa secretes hydrochloric acid and destroys the Bacteria.
• Tears are antibacterial in nature.
• Mucosa of respiratory system secretes sticky mucous that traps the debris and microbes
• The urinogenital tracts have the mucous membrane secrete acidic mucus.

C. Cellular barriers.
• Phagocytes and Natural Killer cells (NK cells) constitute the second line of defense
• Phagocytosis: consist of ingestion and destruction of the micro-organisms/ Foreign particles.
Phagocytes include neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages ...
• Natural Killer cells (N.K cells):-N.K cells are type of lymphocytes that kill several types of cancer cells
and virus infected cells. They are produced in Bone marrow
NK cells directly come in contact with abnormal cells and break (lyse) them by in damaging their
plasma membranes.

D. Biochemical Barriers
• The Biochemical Barriers includes interferons and other Substances by cells in response to the
infections
• They also constitute second line of defence.
• Cytokine Barrier: Interferon: -Interferon is a glycoprotein secreted by several types of cells after
being infected by the Viruses
• Interferons interfere with the Viral multiplication. It enters into healthy cells of the body and
switches on the genes which produces antiviral protein, which prevents the synthesis of Viral DNA
and protein
• Complement: It includes a group of inactive enzymes in the plasma. The activated complement
causes lysis of foreign cell.
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
• Specific type of Immunity.
• Specific immunity forms the third line of defence.
• It is maintained by two types of lymphocytes: B-lymphocyte and T-lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells).
• B-cells do not directly attack pathogens but produce antibodies which attack the pathogens. Hence B-cells
are
called Antibody mediated Immunity. Antibodies are produced in blood and lymph, The immune response
is called Humoral immune response.
• T cells directly attack the pathogen and hence called Cell-mediated immunity

ANTIGEN: foreign protein but can also be polysaccharide/ Nuclei acids that induces immune system to
make certain response which may destroy/ eliminate them
• The membrane molecules that help in recognizing the normal calls of body the immune system is called as
self- antigens or Major histo compatibility complex (MMC)

ANTIBODY
Antibody belongs to the group of proteins called Immunoglobulin.
The structure of Immunoglobulin has been discovered by Gerald Elderman and Rodney Porter

STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY
• Immunoglobulin consist of 4 polypeptide chains.
• There are two heavy chains consist and two light chains. They are arranged in such a manner as to give a Y
shaped to antibody.
• Each heavy chain consists of one variable region and 3 constant regions. Each light chain consists of 1
Variable region and 1 constant region
• Disulphide bonds join the two heavy chains to each other well as adjacent light chains
• The Antibody has two antigen binding sites [antigen receptor],
• The Immunoglobulin is represented by Ig
There are five types of Immunoglobulins. IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE.

FUNCTIONS OF ANTIBODIES
• Neutralisation: Antibodies combine with bacteriall toxins can prevent these toxins from affecting cells
• Agglutination: the antibodies by binding to antigens make the foreign cells to get glued to each other.
• Precipitation: When the antibodies bind to soluble antigens then the complexes formed get precipitated
• Activation of complement: When a specific antigen of binds the to the antibody, there can be a change in
shape antibody.
• Phagocytosis: the antibodies by binding to antigens of the “invader " label them as foreigner and helps the
phagocytes to recognize them for attacking

TYPE OF ANTIBODIES, CHARACTERS AND FUNCTIONS.

TYPE CHARACTERS AND FUNCTIONS

IgG (70-75 %) Most abundant type of antibody. It protects the body
against Virus and Bacteria This is only antibody to pass
through the placenta from mother to the fetus.
Protection to new born
IgA (15-20 %) Acts as mechanical barrier found abundantly
in external secretions such as saliva, tears, Sweat, milk,
mucous secretion.
Ig M (5-10 %) First antibody produced by plasma cells after initial
exposure to specific antigen. It activates macrophages
and complement system. It is largest sized antibody.
Ig D (less than 1%) Found in blood, lymph, on surface of B-cell
It may function as antigen receptor on B-cells and
activate to become plasma cells.
IgE (less than 1 %). Found on the surface of mast cells and Basophils. They
are involved in allergic reaction, and protection from
infection by worms.

B-lymphocyte
• The B-lymphocytes develop in two stages
• They are produced in bone marrow from stem cells. Hence named as B-Cells
• B lymphocytes are also produced in yolk sac, fetal liver and red bone marrow of bone.
• These B cells are inactive, so named as inactive B-cells.
• B cells are surrounded by about 1,00,000 antibodies on their plasma membrane
• Each B cell has unique antibody molecule surrounding it
• The second stage of B cells development takes place when the inactive B-cells become activated on
encounter of antigen. The antigen epitope binds to antibody receptor of B-cells.
• B cells now rapidly divide through series of mitotic division to produce clone of identical B-cells. Some of
them differentiate into plasma cells and remaining into memory B-cells
• Plasma cells synthesis and release large number of antibodies
• The production of specific antibodies by activated B-cells during first exposure to antigen is called primary
immune response
• The memory B-cells on subsequent exposure become plasma cells secreting the antibodies. This is known
as secondary immune response.
T-Lymphocytes
• Bone marrow gives rise to pre-T- Lymphocytes. These cells enter into thymus gland and develop into T-
Lymphocytes
• T-cells have the antigen binding sites develop on its plasma membrane
• When an antigen epitope binds to T-cells receptors., then T-cells get activated
• The antigen presenting cells (APC's) like macrophages and B-cells encounter the antigens and digest them.
• There are two types of T-cells, namely Helper TH cells and Cytotoxic TC cells
• TC cells are also known as CD8 cells and T cells are called as CD4 cells
• The activated TC cells enlarge and divide and produces a large number of TC or Killer cells and gets attach
to target cells and release the chemical called Perforin which punches holes in membrane. Through holes,
salt and water enter into holes target cell which enlarges and burst, killing itself.
• It also secretes granzymes to destroy target call through apoptosis.
• The activated CD4 (TH cells) produces TH cells and memory cells. TH cells help the B cells to become
antibody secreting plasma cells.
• TS cells (suppressor T cells) suppresses the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells and inhibits the
activity and proliferation of Killer T cells.
Types of Immunity
Immunity can be broadly classified into Inherited immunity and acquired Immunity.
Acquired Immunity can be classified into Natural Immunity and Artificial Immunity.
1. Natural Immunity: Immunity developed when naturally exposed to disease Immunity 15
causing germs. Natural immunity is further classified into active and passive Immunity.
(A) Active Natural Immunity: The individual develops immunity by natural exposure to pathogen.
Ex: After attack of measles, the child develops active immunity to this Viral disease
B) Passive Natural Immunity: The Foetus receives the immunoglobins, from mother through placenta through
Breast feeding.
2. Artificial Immunity: The Immunity develops when there is intentional exposure to pathogen/ injected with
antibodies. It is also classified into active and passive.
(A) Artificial active Immunity: developed after vaccination. Ex: Polio vaccination.
(B) Artificial Passive Immunity: Introduction of antibodies into the affected person. These antibodies are obtained
by from another Individual's body.

VACCINATION AND IMMUNISATION

Injection of weakened or killed disease causing microbes into the body is called Vaccination

Types of Vaccinations (vaccines)

• Live vaccines: -Weakened live microbes are used as Vaccines. Ex: Oral polio, Small pox.
• Killed organisms: killed organisms can be used as vaccines. Ex: cholera, Typhoid.
• Toxoids: certain pathogens produce exotoxins. These exotoxins are detoxified with formaldehyde and
are used as vaccines.
• Synthetic vaccines: Vaccines produced through Recombinant DNA technology.
• DNA vaccines: DNA based vaccines are the vectors carrying a gene encoding an antigen.

Difference between
B-cell T-cell.
Produced in the bone marrow and Produced in Bone marrow but differentiated
differentiated in bone marrow. in the thymus

On exposure to specific antigen, B-cell become On exposure to specific antigen, T-cell

active and multiply to produce plasma cells become active
which secrete antibodies. and multiply to produce types of T cells but
antibodies are not produced

B cells do not directly attack, the invading or T cells directly attack the invading or
abnormal cells. abnormal cells, killing them
They secrete only specific antibodies. They secrete cytotoxin and other chemicals
they have a short life span They have a long-life span
Difference between
Active Immunity Passive Immunity
Antibodies are produced in the body. Antibodies are obtained from a source
outside the body.
long lasting/permanent Immunity Temporary Immunity.
Individual do not show sickness or allergic Individual may show any sickness.
reaction
Immunity development takes some time. Immunity develops immediately.
Memory cells are produced for long term Memory cells are not produced.
immunity

Ex-Natural exposure to pathogens. Ex: Antibodies present in milk.

ALLERGY
• “Allergy is hypersensitiveness to an antigen or foreign protein known as Allergy”
• The antigen that induces allergy is called Allergen
• The antibodies produced to these are of IgE type
• Common examples of allergens are dust, pollen, animal dander
• Symptoms: Sneezing, Watery eyes, Running nose, Difficulty in Breathing
• Allergy is due to the release chemicals Histamine, serotonin from mast cells.
• The use of drugs like anti-histamine, Adrenalin, steroids quickly reduce the symptoms of Allergy.

AUTO IMMUNITY
Due to genetic and other Unknown reason, the body attaches self-cells. This results in damage to the body called
Auto-immune disease
Ex: Rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 diabetes.

IMMUNE SYSTEM IN BODY

• Immune system consists of Lymphoid organs, tissues, cell, and soluble molecules,
• Immune system also plays an important role in allergic reaction, autoimmune disease, organ-
transplantation.
• Lymphoid organs: This are the organs where origin and/or maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes
occurs.

Primary Lymphoid organs: Bone marrow, Thymus, where Lymphocytes differentiate into antigen-sensitive
lymphocytes
After maturation, the lymphocytes migrate to secondary Lymphoid organs like spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils,
Peyer’s patches of small intestine and appendix.

Secondary lymphoid organs provide the sites for interaction of Lymphocytes with antigen, which the proliferate to
become effecter cells.

• Bone marrow is main lymphoid organ where all types of Blood cells including Lymphocytes are produced
• Thymus is lobed organ neat heart, beneath the breast bone thymes is large during birth and reduces to
very small size
 • Bone-marrow and thymus helps in development and maturation of T-lymphocytes
• Spleen is large bean-shaped organ, and it is the reservoir of erythrocytes, present beneath the diaphragm
• Lymph nodes the small solid structures located at different points along the lymphatic system

The Lymphoid tissue located within the lining of major tracts - Respiratory, digestive and urinogenital tracts called
as Mucosa associated lymphoid Lissue [MALT] and Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

AIDS (Acquired Immuno deficiency syndrome)

AIDS is caused by HIV (Human Immuno Virus) which comes under members of a group of viruses called Retrovirus.

Retrovirus
Retrovirus have envelop enclosing RNA genome.
Transmission of HIV-infection generally occurs
• Sexual contact (multiple sexual partners),
• By transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products.
• Sharing infected needles
• From injected mother to her child through placenta.
• Drug addicts.

Mode of Infection and Replication

After getting into the body of the person, the Virus enters the macrophages where RNA genome of virus replicates
to
form DNA with the help of the enzyme reverse transcriptase

The virus DNA gets incorporated into host cell's DNA and directs the infected cells to produce virus particles.

The macrophages continue to produce virus and in this way acts like a HIV Factory.

Simultaneously HIV enters into helper T-lymphocytes replicate and produce progeny Virus
Due the progeny viruses released in the blood attack other helper T-lymphocytes leading to progressive decrease
in the number of Helper T cells in the body of infected

Symptoms: Fever, diarrhea, weight loss. Due to decrease in Helper T-cells, the person may have infections due to
bacteria, fungi, Parasite

Diagnosis

• ELISA Test (Enzyme linked Immuno Sorbent Assay)

• Western Blot technique
This test indicates the presence of antibodies against HIV of infected person.

Prevention

• Prevention is only option.

• Awareness about infection, mode of transmission.
• Use of Condoms, disposable needles, regular checkup for HIV

[14 December - World AIDS day]

CANCER

"A condition in which there is uncontrolled cell division resulting in the abnormal growth of excess tissue.”

• The term "Cancer" was coined by Hippocrates in 15th century.

• Oncology - Study of cancer.

• Cancerous cells continue to divide giving rise to mass of cells called tumor.

Tumours are of 2 types

• Benign tumour: The cell division remains localised without spreading to other region
Cancer cells can be surgically removed and is rarely life threatening

• Malignant tumour: cancer cells are not localised and spread to other parts of Body through Blood and
lymph.
They produce secondary tumours [Metastasis]
This quickens death where vital functions are interrupted.

[Metastasis. → Tumour spread from one place to another place]

CHARACTERS OF CANCER CELLS

• Anaplastic /undifferentiated cells.

• Immortality (No death phase]
• Monoclonal in origini: Tumour cells arise due to division of a single transformed cells
• Change in Cell structure:- Mitochondria swells, lack of cristae, change in large irregular Nucleus, Increase
in number of Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), permeability of plasma membrane also gets altered.
 • Decreased adhesiveness of cells- Cancer cells donot stick to each other. Deficiency in cell wall protein
called Fibronectin.
• Invasiveness - Destruction of Surrounding cells, cancer cells secrete enzyme called protease

Types of Cancer

• Sarcoma (2%): Cancer of muscles and connective tissue.

Ex: Bone cancer (osteosarcoma).
cartilage cancer (Chondrosarcoma)
connective tissue cancer (Fibro sarcoma).
Adipose cancer (Liposarcoma).

• Carcinoma (90%): Cancer of Epithelial tissue. External and internal lining of body.
Ex: Cancer in Stomach, Intestine, skin, uterus, ovary, Brain.

• Lymphoma (5%): Malignant tumour of lymph-glands.

Ex: Enlargement of lymph glands in neck, Brain, pancreas.

• Leukaemía (4%): Cancer of Blood, cancer of bone marrow (Myslema) which is responsible for production
of excess Blood cells

CAUSES OF CANCER

Physical carcinogens

• Natural sources: Radiations UV rays causes skin cancer

• other sources include Medical, industrial, Military activities
• Medical X-rays causes Thyroid cancer.
• luminescent paints contain radium which is carcinogen.

Chemical carcinogens

• Cigarette smoking causes skin and lung cancer.

• Metals like Nickel, lead, Mustard seeds causes lung cancer.

Biological carcinogens

Virus - Polyoma virus infects a variety of Mammals induces 20 types of tumours, Cancer of liver, kidney, lungs,
skin, Bone, Connective tissue, cervix.
cancer caused by Virus-oncogenic virus and their genes are oncogenes.

Symptoms: Lumps, Hardening, Swelling, loss of appetite, weight loss, difficulty in breathing, Indigestion.

CANCER DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS

Biopsy: Small tissue sample is taken surgically by giving local anesthesia. If the tumour is filled with Fluid, Fluid is
extracted and tested.
Endoscopy: Plastic tube with tiny camera is inserted into body cavity.
Ex: colonoscope:- In colon.
Pap Smear: Cytological staining method used for cervix and other parts of genital tract
Blood test: Tumour
Immunohistochemistry

TREATMENT

• Chemotherapy.
• Surgery.
• Radiotherapy.
• Immunotherapy: Transplantation of Bone marrow, Monoclonal antibody
• Gene therapy :Transformation of certain calls of system into anti-tumour substance called Tumour
necrosis factor (TNF), which shrinks the tumour.

DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE

• Drug: Chemical compound that alters the biochemical or physiological processes of tissues of organisms"
• Drug is addictive, alters the working of the body in Such a way that after certain period of time the body
demands for it.
• Drugs are taken in amount or with method neither approved nor supervised by medical professionals.
• It includes opioids, Cannabinoids and cocoa alkaloids.

OPIOIDS
• Opium is the drug, which binds to specific opioid receptors present in our central Nervous system and
gastrointestinal tract.
• It relieves pain, decreases perception, increases pain tolerance
• Opioid includes opium, Morphine, codeine which are present on seed pack of Asian poppy plant -
"Papaver somniferum".
• Opium is collected from milky sap of seed capsule.
• Morphine and codeine is obtained from unripe fruit of poppy plant
• Heroin (Smack): synthesized from Morphine which is treated with acetic anhydride to produce diacetyl
morphine(Heroin).
• Heroin: white, odourless, bitter crystalline compound.
• This drug makes the user feel like Hero or heroin. Heroin is depressant, Slows down the body function.
• It is snorted or injected

CANNABINOIDS
• Cannabinoids are obtained from plant “Cannabis sativa”
• Cannabinoids binds to receptors found in CNS of Cannabis plant
• The flower tops, Leaves and resin to cannabis plant are used in various combination to produce marijuana,
Hashish, Chanas, ganja which are taken by inhalation and ingested
• Long duration use can lead to digestive disorders, respiratory disorder, cardio-vascular disorders
• Symptoms: Dreamy state, Altered memory and mood.

COCA ALKALOID (COCAINE)

• It is obtained from coca plant “Erythroxylon coca”, native to south America

• Cocaine is extracted from leaves of plant which is stimulant and Hallucinogen (smoothen the body /mind)
• Drug that tends to stimulate and speed up body reaction Causing alterness and Hyperactiveness
• High dose causes depression, Addiction, death. it is commonly called as Coke or Crack or White snow
• They are usually inhaled through a thin tube inserted into nostril or smoked through a water pipe,
sometimes
 it is injected into vein.

DEPRESSANTS/SEDATIVE /TRANQUILIZERS

“Drug which depress the activity of CNS"

ALCOHOL ABUSE

• Alcohol is the most common legal depressant.

• Most of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach as well as in small intestine. It is then transported to liver
through the hepatic portal vein in liver, an enzyme called Alcohol dehydrogenase catalyze alcohol to
acetaldehyde, which is highly reactive, toxic byproduct which contribute to tissue damage
• Though it is taken as stimulant by many, in reality it is depressant which act as sedative and anaesthetic
agent.

SMOKING

Smoking kills 900,000 people every year in India

Causative factors
• To look cool
• Became their family/Friends smoke.
• 9 out of to smoke before 18 years of age.

Effect
Tobacco contains a drug called "Nicotine" which is highly addictive.
Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and noradrenaline into blood circulation, which rises B.P
and Heart rate.
Smoking associated increased incidence of cancer of lungs, urinary bladder, throat, bronchitis, coronary heart
diseases, gastric ulcers, oral cancer.

ADOLESCENCE

• Adolescence is stage between the childhood and Adulthood

• During this period, there is a raped physical and mental development.
• It begins at around 12 yrs, is usually completed by 18 yrs.
• It is a crucial and vulnerable phase of mental and psychological development of Individual
• Curiosity, need for adventure and excitement and experimentation contribute common Causes which
motivate youngsters towards drug and alcohol use.
• First use of drugs / Alcohol may be out of curiosity or experimentation, but later the child starts using
these to escape from stress, problems, pressure to excel in academics/Exam, unstable/unsupportive
family structure.

ADDICTION AND DEPENDENCE

• Addiction is psychological attachment to certain effects such as Euphoria and temporary feeling of well-
·being.
• Euphoria: Feeling of Happiness.
• This driver the people to take them even when these are not needed.
• With repeated use of drugs, the tolerance level of receptor present in our body increases.
• Receptor respond to only high doses of drugs /Alcohol of leading to greater intake and addiction.
DEPENDENCE

• It is the tendancy of the body manifest a characteristic and unpleasant withdrawal syndrome
• If regular dose of drugs/Alcohol is abruptly discontinued.
• This is characterized by anxiety, shakiness, nausea, sweating, which may be relieved when use is resumed
again. In some cases, withdrawal symptoms can be severe and even life threatening and the person may
need medical supervision.

EFFECTS OF DRUG /ALCOHOL ABUSE

Excess doses of drug can lead to Coma, death due to respiratory failure
Combination of drug and alcohol can lead to overdosing and death.

Effects

Lack of interest in personal hygiene, Isolation, Depression, Aggressiveness, Fatigue, loss of interest in hobbies,
change in eating or sleeping habits, fluctuation in weight, appetite, stealer, Mental and financial distress to his/her
entire family friends,
Those who take drugs intravenously are likely to acquire Serious infections like AIDS, Hepatitis B
The use of alcohol drinking during Adolescence can lead to heavy drinking in adult.
In Female
Maleness, abnormal periods, growth of hair on face
In Males
Decrease in sperm production, aggressiveness, depression

Prevention and control

1) Avoid undue peer pressure- Don't force children

2) Education and counselling- how to face problems, to accept disappointment, failure.
3) Seeking help from parents and peer- Help from parents.
4) Looking for danger signs: Alert parents and teachers to look for and identify the danger signs. Any
problems should be brought into notice to parents, teacher without any hesitation.
5) seeking professional and medical help.

ASSIGNMENT
1 MARKS
• Name the causative agent of elephantiasis.
• What is an allergy?
• Mention the cell involved in cell mediated immunity.
• What is Benign tumor?
• Name the causative organism of pneumonia.
• Name the plant from which cocaine is obtained.
• Name the enzyme by which the HIV genome replicates in the host cell.
• Name the disease diagnosed by Widal test.
• What are Interferons?
• Name the Diagnostic Test for AIDS.
• From which plant Morphine is extracted?
• Name the type of antibodies produced during allergy.
• Write the name of toxic substance responsible for fever and chill in Malaria.
 • Name the disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae.
• Mention the type of antibody present in the colostrums.
• Write the infectious forms of Plasmodium which enter human body
• Mention the role of Alpha interferon in treatment of cancer.

TWO MARKS
• Differentiate between active immunity and passive immunity.
• Draw a neat labeled diagram of an antibody.
• Distinguish between Benign tumor and malignant tumor.
• List any two methods of HIV transmission.
• What is Innate Immunity? Mention any two types of Innate immunity barriers.
• What is an allergy? Name the two chemicals released by mast cells in the body during allergy.

THREE MARKS
• Mention three types of innate barriers of defence with an example each.
• Briefly explain any three prevention and control measures of drug /alcohol abuse.
• List any three types of Innate immunity barriers and give an example for each.
• What is contact inhibition? Mention the types of tumors.
• Contact inhibition is property of normal cells because of this when normal cell contact with other cells
inhibits their uncontrolled growth.
• Mention any three characteristics of cancer.
• Name the pathogen, vector and symptom of Malaria.
• Mention three types of carcinogens with an example for each.
• Differentiate between active immunity and passive immunity.
• Sketch the diagrammatic representation of Replication of Retrovirus inside an animal cell.
• What is biopsy test? Mention any two techniques of cancer detection and diagnosis.
• What are carcinogens? Mention any two groups of carcinogens with one example for each.
• Name the diseases caused by the following organism:
• Rhino virus:
• Wuchereria bancrofti:
• Haemophilus influenza:

FIVE MARKS
• Write the diagrammatic representation of life cycle of HIV.
• Name the diseases caused by following organisms:
Rhino virus (b) Epidermophyton (c) Salmonella typhi (d) Wuchereria malayi (e) Plasmodium vivax
• Describe the measures taken to control alcohol and drug abuse in adolescents.