Types Of Lamp

Incandescent Lamp

● Incandescent means producing visible light by heating

an object. An incandescent lamp works on the same
principle.
● The electrical light source which works on the principle of
incandescent phenomenon is called as incandescent
lamp.
● In other words, the lamp working due to glowing of the
filament caused by electric current through it, is called as
incandescent lamp.

Construction of Incandescent Lamp

1. Filament:-
Very thin wire, usually made of tungsten, emit light rays
when current passes through it.

2. Contact Wire :-
Electric conductor carrying the current to the filament.

3. Inert gas :-
Gas inserted in the bulb to slow down the evaporation of
filament.

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 4. Support wire
Support wire holds the filament.
5. Bulb
Gas inserted in glass envelope into which the body of lamp is
inserted.
6. Electrical foot contact
Establish electrical connection between electrical main and lamp.

Working of Incandescent Lamp

● When an object is made hot, the atoms inside the object become
thermally excited.
● The outer orbit electrons of the atoms jump to higher energy
level due to supplied energy.
● The electrons on these higher energy levels are not stable, they
again fall back to lower energy levels.
● While falling from higher to lower energy levels, the electrons
release their extra energy in a form of photons.
● These photons are then emitted from the surface of object in the
form of electromagnetic radiation.
● The electromagnetic wave with wavelengths within the range of
infrared is heat energy and the electromagnetic wave with
wavelengths within visible range is light energy.

Advantages of Incandescent Lamp

1. Less cost.
2. Can be operated at normal voltage.
3. Good radiation characteristics.
4. Available in various shops.
5. Available everywhere easily.

Disadvantages of Incandescent Lamp

1. Life is less as compared to othet lamp.
2. Power consumption is more.

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Arc Lamp
Arc lamp is a type of electric lamp which produces light by creating
an ard arc in the place between two electrodes when electrical energy
is supplied.

Construction of Arc Lamp

Working:-
● In a arc lamp, the electrodes are connected together firstly.
● The electrodes are detached slowly. As a result of this, the
electric current gets heated and the arc is maintained between
the electrodes.
● The high intensity light is produced by this carbon vapour, which
is highly Luminous in the arc.

Types of Arc Lamp

1. DC Carbon Arc Lamp
● In this type of lamp, two electrodes placed touching to each
other.
● DC supply of 40-60 volts is given.
● When current flows, rod soon becomes incandescent due to high
resistance of carbon.
● When they are slightly pulled so that the gap of 2-3 mm is
formed, an arc is formed between between the gap and light is
produced.
● Transfer of carbon particles from one electrode to another
maintain the arc.
● The burning rate of positive electrode is twice than burning rate
of negative electrode.

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 2. AC carbon arc Lamp
● Im AC carbon arc lamp the burning rate of both electrodes is
same.
● It requires voltage of,
V = 39+2.8l
Where, l = length of arc in mm.
● Overall luminous efficiency of this lamp is low.

Application of Arc Lamp

1. Cinema projector
2. Search light

Fluorescent Lamp
Principle of operation
“ when fluorescent material are subjected to electromagnetic
radiation of particular wavelength, they get excited and in turns gives
out radiation of some other lengths, and give out radiation even if the
exciting radiation is removed. "

Construction

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Fluorescent tube consists of following parts :-

1. Tube :-
Glass tube whifch is sealed with two filament at two ends. It is
coated with fluorescent powder and Gilles with mercury and
argon.

2. Choke :-
Supply large potential for starting arc. Limits the arc current to
safe value.

3. Starter:-
Starter is provided to limit starting current.

4. Power factor improvement capacitor :-

It is used for power factor improvement.

Working
● When supply is ‘ON' current flows through the choke - filament
number 1 - starter - filament number 2 to neutral.

● At that time choke induces high voltage which is applied to two

filaments and ionized gas.

● Due to this, there will be high voltage ionization so that light will
be emitted through the tube.

Advantages of fluorescent tube

1. Efficiency is high about 90%.
2. Life is more.
3. Less glare.

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Mercury Vapour Lamp
When mercury discharge under low pressure gives mainly ultra
violet radiations. If pressure is increased to 1 or 2 atmosphere, it's
proportion of radiations in visible spectrum is increased and we get a
light of bluish colour.

Types of mercury vapour lamp

1. High pressure mercury vapour lamp (HPMV)
2. Low pressure mercury vapour lamp (LPMV)
3. Mercury Iodide lamp.

1. High pressure mercury vapour lamp

Construction

It consist of
1. Choke :- the choke is acting as the ballast. At the time of supply
voltage variation, the current flowing through the inner tube is
maintained constant to keep uniform light intensity.
2. Starting resistance / limiting resistance:- whenever current
flows through the starting resistance, there is a I2R loss occurs
which is converted into heat. If the temperature of this heat goes
near about 600°C then inert gasses ionization starts.
3. Auxiliary electrode and main electrode :- the ionization is
takes place through the inert gasses whenever current flows
from auxiliary electrode to main electrode.
4. Inner tube :- the various inert gasses eg. Argon , Nitrogen etc
with Mercury powder are filled in the inner tube at 5 to 7 times of
the atmospheric pressure.

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 5. Outer tube :- the function of outer tube is to make the vaccum
surrounding in the inner tube to avoid thermal dissipation.
6. Power factor improvement capacitor:- the function of power
factor improvement capacitor is to improve the power factor.

Working of high pressure mercury vapour lamp:

1. Whenever single phase, 230v, AC supply is provided to the
discharge tube of MVL initially current flows from phase to choke
to the starting electrode to neutral.
2. The starting electrode or resistance is made up of tungsten
filament having more resistance [5 to 10 KΩ], so that whenever
current flows from tungsten filament, as per the thermal
emission, the light is emitted through the filament.
3. At the same time the rated voltages is applied in between the
main electrode no.2. Due to this voltage there will be collision of
neon gas particles and current will start to flow through the
discharge tube.
4. Whenever temperature surrounding the inner tube increases up
to 600°C the mercury powder will start vaporizing and the
continuous collision process of all inert gasses takes place so
that full light is emitted through the discharge tube.

Mercury Iodide Lamp

Construction
1. Construction is same as that of HPMV Lamp.
2. In HPMV lamp only mercury is added for filling gap while iin
Mercury Iodide lamp mercury and also Iodide is added for filling
the gap in light spectrum to improve the colour characteristics of
light.
3. As compared to HPMV lamp , it's efficiency is higher (70 to 90
lumen per watt)
4. In HPMV lamp for higher ignition, choke ia used whereas in
mercury Iodide lamp choke as well as a separate ignition device
is used.

Advantages of MVP
1. Higher efficiency
2. Better performance
3. Good light quality
4. Ignition is effective

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Application
1. Flood lighting
2. Industrial lightening
3. Public lightening

Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)

Construction

1. Screwbase and housing : it provides protection to electronic

ballast.
2. Electronic Ballast : An electronic ballast is a device which
controls the starting Voltage and the operating currents of the
lighting devices.
3. Spiral Lamp : spiral lamp consist of argon and mercury and it is
coated with triphosper coating.

Working of Compact Fluorescent Lamp

1. The electronic ballast circuit takes a 220 V input from external
power source and sends high frequency supply is applied to that
two terminals of CFL.

2. This ionizes the argon and mercury vapor particles.

3. The ionized particles emit ultra violet radiations which strike with
the fluorescent layer of material coated on the tube.

4. High frequency AC Supply (60 80V at 1 KHz) is applied to the

inert gases which are filled at low pressure.

5. Then due to high frequency there will be ionization of mercury

powder helium and other inert gases.

6. And light is emitted through this fluorescent lamp.

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Advantages of CFL
1. Low power consumption.
2. Long life.
3. Small size.
4. Illumination is high.

Disadvantages of CFL
● Initial cost is high.

Halogen Lamp
● This is one type of incandescent lamp having number of
advantages over the ordinary incandescent lamp.
● The life & efficiency of an incandescent lamp is affected by the
gradual evaporation of tungsten and also its operating
temperature but the addition of small amount of halogen vapour
to the gas in bulb restores.
● In Halogen Lamp evaporated tungsten vapour back to the
filament by means of chemical reaction and the cycle goes on
this cycle is called as Halogen Cycle.

Construction of Hydrogen Lamp

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 ● Filament : Very thin wire, usually made of tungsten, emit light
rays when current passes through it.

● Haloen gas : Prevents the evaporation of the tungsten filament.

● Base : it holds the filament.

● Lamp terminal Socket : Establish electrical connection between

electrical mains and lamp.

Working of Halogen Lamp

● A halogen lamp functions identically to an incandescent lamp,
with one notable exception: The halogen cycle.
● The halogen gas reacts chemically with the evaporated tungsten
to prevent it from affixing to the glass.
● Some tungsten is returned to the filament, which also serves to
increase the rated life of the lamp.

Halogen Cycle

Advantages of Halogen Lamp

1. Longer lifetime
2. Instant Startup
3. Compact size
4. No blakening of lamp
5. Higher lumen output

Disadvantages
1. Extremely hot

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Applications of Halogen Lamp
1. Spot light
2. Film projectors
3. Scientific Instruments

Sodium vapour Lamp

Construction
● Sodium vapour lamp consist of ‘u’ shaped tube and at the ends
of the tube two electrodes are sealed
● This tube is filled with sodium (solid sodium) and small quantity
of neon gas.
● Since there is great effect of the change of surrounding
temperature on the light output given by the lamp. Hence the
inner tube is enclosed in an outer double walled gas tube.

Working of sodium vapour lamp

1. Before the lamp starts working, the sodium is usually in solid
form deposited on the sides of wall in the inner tube.
2. When the voltage is applied to the lamp, it warms up and starts
vapourising slowly and radiates out yellow colour light.
3. After 10 to 20 minutes, the lamp starts giving it's full output.
4. For this a voltage is about 230v. Supply is given through a
leakage transformer.

Advantages
1. Average life is about 2500 - 3000 hours.
2. Luminous efficiency is 50 lume / watt.
3. Low operating temperature.
4. Effective in rainy and foggy season.

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Disadvantages
1. Starting time required.
2. It requires additional transformer.
3. Poor power factor.

Applications
1. Street lightening
2. Lightening for open space
3. Highway lightening

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

1. A LED is a special type of P-N junction diode.
2. The LED is specially dopped and made of a special type of
semiconductor
3. This diode can emit light when it is in forward biased state.

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