Context
• You know two different ways to calculate q
• How is this accomplished in the lab?
Thermochemistry • How are these values for molar enthalpies determined?
• What are the limitations on experiments involving heat?
Measuring energy changes -
Calorimetry
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Monitoring Surroundings Food Energy!
• To keep track of energy being stored or released from a reaction,
we can monitor the temperature change of the surroundings
• Assumptions
• Water is commonly used, as most of the time chemicals reacting
being made here?
are dissolved in it, placed in it, or burned underneath of sample of
it.
• Data to be
• If the temperature of the water increases, energy is being released
by the system recorded?
• If the water gets colder, the system is absorbing the heat energy
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Calorimetry First Law of Thermodynamics
• “Measuring calories” • “energy can be converted from one form to another, but
• To measure enthalpy changes will we use a calorimeter cannot be created or destroyed.”
• “Coffee cup” • Apply this to calorimetry:
qsystem = - qsurroundings
• Filled with water or solution
or
• That allows us to monitor the “surroundings” by heat lost = heat gained
measuring the temperature changes of the water • If the water heats up, ΔHsystem is negative, and therefore the
• We will assume that the heat capacity of water applies to reaction observed is exothermic
all aqueous solutions, but this is not exactly true • Thermometer
• This is therefore a lab limitation
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More Lab Limitations
• Heat lost to/added by environment – unavoidable,
mitigated by material of calorimeter
• Heat absorbed by calorimeter itself – this is sometimes
quantified as a calorimeter constant, or a heat capacity of
the calorimeter
• Expressed as J/°C
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Example Problem Lab Analysis
• A dilute solution of HCl with a mass of 610.3 g and containing • When measuring enthalpy changes in the lab, heat is lost to the
0.332 moles of HCl was exactly neutralized in a calorimeter with a environment.
solution of sodium hydroxide with a mass of 615.3 g. The • Instead of a calorimeter constant, we can use graphical analysis to
temperature of the solution rose from 16.8 C to 20.6 °C. The heat attempt to know the true maximum temperature that could have
capacity of the calorimeter is 77.9 J/°C. Calculate the molar been reached by the water, since once it peaks, it will cool off in a
enthalpy of neutralization for this reaction. To the board! linear fashion.
• This must be done in any thermochemistry IA
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More Analysis - Stoichiometry
• We can experimentally determine the stoichiometric ratio of a
reaction by mixing different amount of the two reactants together
and measuring the energy released.
• The max temperature change should correspond to the max extent
of reaction
• The apex of the ascending and descending lines will show the
optimal ratio of reactants:
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2
Student Lab 4 NaClO + Na2S2O3 + 2 NaOH → 4 NaCl + 2 Na2SO4 + H2O
• Ratio of NaClO to Na2S2O3 (in mL) : Temperature
• A student mixes together two reactants of equal concentrations in
after 2 Minutes:
varying amounts in a calorimeter 50 : 0 22 degrees C
45 : 5 34 degrees C
• They keep the total amount of liquid the same 40 : 10 41 degrees C
• They record the temperature of the mixture after two minutes 35 : 15 36 degrees C
30 : 20 34.5 degrees C
each time. 25 : 25 32 degrees C
20 : 30 29.5 degrees C
• They plot a graph 15 : 35 28 degrees C
• They find the ratio represented by the apex of the two lines 10 : 40 26 degrees C
5 : 45 24.5 degrees C
0 : 50 22 degrees C
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• Use a ruler?
• Improvement – track cooling curve of each reaction to
• Use a program
extrapolate back to maximum temperature change
• Decent lines
• We have temperature probes and computers to do this
• Better titles very easily!
• Lack of SF in • Perform each trial more than once to eliminate outlines
measurements
• Ratio = 1:6?
• More data?
• Could you use this
data to find ΔH for
the reaction,
reliably?
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