EXPERIMENT NO: 1

Environment: Microsoft Windows/Linux

Objective: Implement all basic commands used in Linux OS

a. ls e. man i. rmdir
b. mkdir f. date j. head
c. cd g. cal k. tail
d. cat h. rm l. pwd

Procedure/Algorithm/Steps/Syntax:

The commands used in UNIX/LINUX are:

S. No. Command Example Implementation

ls Lists files in current directory
a. Ls List all files in current
ls -a
directory
Make a directory called
b. Mkdir mkdir graphics
graphics
cd tempdir Change directory to tempdir
cd .. Move back one directory
c. Cd
Move into gla’s student
cd ~gla/student
directory
d. Cat cat filename Opens an existing file
Online manual (help) about
e. Man man ls
command
f. Date date Print out current date
Print calendar for September
g. cal <mo> <yr> cal 9 2000
2000
rm file1.bak Remove or delete file
h. Rm Remove all file with .tmp
rm *.tmp
extension
Remove directory (must be
i. Rmdir rmdir emptydir
empty)
j. Head head <filename> Displays first 10 lines of the file
k. Tail tail <filename> Displays last 10 lines of the file
l. Pwd pwd Prints current working directory
 EXPERIMENT NO: 2

Environment: Microsoft Windows/Linux

Objective: Implement all basic commands used in Linux OS

a. cp e. who i. bc
b. mv f. whoami j. top
c. sort g. ps k. grep
d. cut h. kill l. chmod

Procedure/Algorithm/Steps/Syntax:

The commands used in UNIX/LINUX are:

S. No. Command Example Implementation

cp file1 file2 Copy file into directory
a. cp
cp file1 file1.bak Make backup of file1
b. mv mv file1 file2 Move or rename files
Sorts the contents of the file
sort file1
alphabetically
Sorts the contents of the file
c. sort sort –n file1
numerically
Sorts the contents of the file
sort –r file1
alphabetically in reverse order
Displays only the columns
d. cut cut –m -n filename
from m to n of the file
Lists who is logged on your
e. who who machine
Lists the username of the current
f. whoami whoami
user logged in.
List all running processes by
ps aux #ID
g. ps <opt>
List process #ID's running by
ps aux | grep dhyatt
dhyatt
h. kill <opt> <ID> kill -9 8453 Kill process with ID #8453
i. bc bc starts a calculator
Various fields are displayed as
j. top top
per the current scenario
Find which lines in a file
k. grep <str><files> grep "bad word" file1 contain a certain word
Change file permissions read
chmod 644 *.html only
l. chmod <opt> <file>
Change file permissions to
chmod 755 file.exe executable
Options with ps command

Various options for ps are:

Option Description
-a Displays all processes on a terminal, with the exception of group
leaders.
-c Displays scheduler data.
-d Displays all processes with the exception of session leaders.
-e Displays all processes.
-f Displays a full listing.
-glist Displays data for the list of group leader IDs.
-j Displays the process group ID and session ID.
-l Displays a long listing
-plist Displays data for the list of process IDs.
-slist Displays data for the list of session leader IDs.
-tlist Displays data for the list of terminals.
-ulist Displays data for the list of usernames.

Details of top command

On implementing top command, the following fields are displayed:

1. CODE -- Code Size (KB).
2. COMMAND -- Command Name or Command Line.
3. %CPU -- CPU Usage.
4. DATA -- Data + Stack Size (KB).
5. Flags -- Task Flags.
6. GID -- Group Id.
7. GROUP -- Group Name.
8. %MEM -- Memory Usage
9. NI -- Nice Value.
10. nDRT -- Dirty Pages Count.
11. nMaj -- Major Page Fault Count.
12. nMin -- Minor Page Fault count.
13. nTH -- Number of Threads.
14. PID -- Process Id.
15. PPID -- Parent Process Id.
16. RES -- Resident Memory Size (KB)
 EXPERIMENT NO: 3

Environment: Microsoft Windows/Linux

Objective: Implement all basic commands used in Linux OS

a. nohup e. pg i. sed
b. last f. history j. emacs
c. more g. touch k. du
d. less h. tr l. diff
Procedure/Algorithm/Steps/Syntax:
The commands used in UNIX/LINUX are:

S. No. Command Example Implementation

Runs a command, making it
immune to
any HUP (hangup) signals while
it is running.
Runs the find command,
nohup find -size
a. nohup instructing it to search for any
+100k > log.txt
file bigger then 100k. Find will
continue to search regardless of
the user's connection to the
terminal, and log results to the
file log.txt
Finds out who has recently
b. last Last
logged in and out on your server
c. more more file1 Look at file, one page at a time
Less is a program similar
to more, but which allows
d. less less file1
backward movement in the file
as well as forward movement.
pg displays a text file on a CRT
one screenful at once. After
each page, a prompt is
e. pg pg <filename>
displayed. The user may then
either press the newline key to
view the next page
Lists commands you've done
f. history History recently
Creates a new file of zero bytes,
if does not exist.
g. touch touch <filename>
If, however exists, changes the
timestamp of it.
Translates in the file as per
given translation. In the
tr [a-z] [A-Z]
h. tr example, changes the lowercase
<filename>
characters to uppercase
characters.
 Sed command is mostly used to
replace the text in a file. The
sed 's/unix/linux/'
i. sed below simple sed command
file.txt
replaces the word "unix" with
"linux" in the file.
j. emacs emacs filename emacs is a screen editor.
Lists the disk usage of the given
k. du du <filename> file.
Checks whether two files are same
l. diff diff <file1> <file2> or different.
 EXPERIMENT NO: 4

Environment: Microsoft Windows/Linux

Objective: Write and implement the basic vi editor commands.

Procedure/Algorithm/Steps/Syntax:
vi is a visual text editor.
vi is actually the command which launches the visual mode of ex. As ex gained
popularity, he noticed that most users were exclusively using its visual mode, so he
created a link to ex which immediately starts in visual mode and simply named it vi.
The name stuck, and today vi is the most popular text editor among Linux users.

Code:
vi [option]

-l Set up for editing LISP programs.

-R Readonly mode; the readonly flag is set, preventing
accidental overwriting of the file.
-r filename Edit filename after an editor or system crash.
(Recovers the version of filename that was in
the buffer when the crash occurred.)
-S This option is used in conjunction with the -t tag
option to tell vithat the tags file may not be sorted
and that, if the binary search (which relies on a
sorted tags file) for tag fails to find it, the much
slower linear search should also be done. Since the
linear search is slow, users of large tags files should
ensure that the tags files are sorted rather than use
this flag. Creation of tags files normally produces
sorted tags files. See ctags for more information on
tags files.
-t tag Edit the file containing the tag tag, and position
the editor at its definition.
-v Start up in display editing state using vi. You
can achieve the same effect by typing
the vi command itself.
-V Verbose mode. When ex commands are read by
means ofstandard input, the input will be
echoed to standard error. This may be useful
when processing ex commands within shell
scripts.
-x Encryption option; when used, vi simulates
the X command of exand prompts the user for a
key. This key is used to encrypt and decrypt
text using the algorithm of the crypt command.
-wn Set the default window size to n. This is useful
when using the editor over a slow speed line.
 -C Encryption option; same as the -x option,
except that visimulates the C command of ex.
The C command is like the Xcommand of ex,
except that all text read in is assumed to have
been encrypted.
+command | -c command Begin editing by executing the specified editor
command (usually a search or positioning
command).
filename The file to be edited.

Sample Input:

vi myfile.txt

Sample Output:
Edits the file myfile.txt
 EXPERIMENT NO: 5

Environment: Microsoft Windows/Linux

Objective: Shell scripts that uses simple commands

a. Write a shell script to display current date in a particular format, number of
users currently login and current month’s calendar.

Procedure/Algorithm/Steps/Syntax:
The current date is displayed using the date command.
The number of users currently login is displayed using who|wc –l command.
The current month’s calendar is displayed using cal command.

Code:
echo “Current date is”; date
echo “Number of users”; who|wc –l
echo “Monthly calendar”; cal

Save it as file1.sh

Sample Input:
chmod 754 file1.sh
./file1.sh

Sample Output:
Current date is <today’s date>
Number of users 20
Monthly calendar
<Current month’s calendar>

b. Write a shell script to display the process name and its pid.

Procedure/Algorithm/Steps/Syntax:
The process id (PID) is displayed using $$.
The process name is displayed using $0.

Code:
echo “Current process’ name: $0”
echo “Current process’ id: $$”

Save it as file1.sh

Sample Input:
chmod 754 file1.sh
./file1.sh

Sample Output:
Current process’ name: ./file1.sh
Current process’ id: 1245 (Or any other number)
 EXPERIMENT NO: 6

Environment: Microsoft Windows/Linux

Objective: Decision based Shell scripts:

a. Write a shell script that finds whether an entered number is even or odd.

Procedure/Algorithm/Steps/Syntax:
The % operator is used to find the remainder.
The if [ condition ] then statement else statement is the syntax of if-else construct.
fi is used to end the if statement.

Code:

echo –n ”Enter a number”

read x
rem=$ (( $x % 2 ))
if [ $rem -eq 0 ]
then
echo “$x is even”
else
echo “$x is odd”
fi

Save it as file1.sh

Sample Input:
chmod 754 file1.sh
./file1.sh

Sample Output:
Enter a number
10
10 is even

b. Write a shell script to input the name of a file as command line argument and
display whether it is a file, a directory or anything else.

Procedure/Algorithm/Steps/Syntax:
The –f option checks for a file and the –d option checks for a directory.
The first command line argument is stored in the variable $1, the second in $2, and so
on.
fi is used to end the if statement.

Code:

if [ -f $1 ]
then
echo “It is a file”
else if [ -d $1 ]
then
echo “It is a directory”
else
echo “Invalid filename”
fi
fi

Save the file as file2.sh

Sample Input:
chmod 754 file2.sh
./file2.sh file1.sh
(Note: Here file1.sh is the command line argument.)

Sample Output:
It is a file

c. Write a shell script to input the marks of a student in 3 subjects and find his
grade.

Procedure/Algorithm/Steps/Syntax:
Any expression can be calculated in shell programming using expr. The options for
equal to is –eq, for greater than equal to is –ge, for less than equal to is –le, and so on.

Code:
echo “Enter marks in three subjects”
read m1
read m2
read m3
sum=`expr $m1+$m2+$m3`
per=`expr $sum/3`
if [ $per –ge 60 ]
then
echo “First division”
else if [ $per –ge 50 ]
then
echo “Second Division”
else if [ $per –ge 40 ]
then
echo “Third Division”
else
echo “Fail”
fi
fi
fi

Save the file as file1.sh

Sample Input:
chmod 754 file1.sh
./file1.sh

Sample Output:
Enter marks in three subjects
98
97
90
First division
 EXPERIMENT NO: 7

Environment: Microsoft Windows/Linux

Objective: Shell scripts related to strings:

a. Write a shell script to input two strings from the user and determine whether
they are same or not.

Procedure/Algorithm/Steps/Syntax:
Two strings can be compared using “=” sign

Code:
echo “Enter string1”
read s1
echo “Enter string2”
read s2
if [ s1 = s2 ]
then
echo “Strings are same”
else
echo “Strings do not match”
fi

Save the file as file1.sh

Sample Input:
chmod 754 file1.sh
./file1.sh

Sample Output:
Enter string1
University
Enter string2
University
Strings are same

b. Write a shell script to input a string from the user and determine its length.

Procedure/Algorithm/Steps/Syntax:
The length of a string can be determined using #.
When we write
len=$ {#s1}
the length of the string s1 gets stored in the len variable.

Code:
echo “Enter string”
read s1
len=${#s1}
echo “Length of the string is $len”
Save the file as file1.sh

Sample Input:
chmod 754 file1.sh
./file1.sh

Sample Output:
Enter string
GLA University
Length of the string is 14

c. Write a shell script to input two strings from the user and find the
occurrences of string2 in string 1.

Procedure/Algorithm/Steps/Syntax:
The patterns can be matched using grep command. Similarly, we can match the
strings within each other using grep command.
The –o option is for matching and the –w option is for a complete word only.

Code:
echo “Enter string1”
read s1
echo “Enter string2”
read s2
grep –o –w “$s2” <<< “$s1” | wc -l

Save the file as file1.sh

Sample Input:
chmod 754 file1.sh
./file1.sh

Sample Output:
Enter string1
Jitendra is ten years old
Enter string2
ten
 EXPERIMENT NO: 8

Environment: Microsoft Windows/Linux

Objective: Shell scripts using pipes:

a. Write a shell script to input the name of a file as command line argument and
display the number of characters, words and lines in the file.

Procedure/Algorithm/Steps/Syntax:

The entered name is a file or not can be checked by the option –f. The grep command
helps us to find the number of lines, characters and words in the file.

Code:

if [ -f $1 ]
then
w=`cat $1 | wc –w`
c=`cat $1 | wc –c`
l=`cat $1 | wc –l`
echo “Number of words=$w”
echo “Number of lines=$l”
echo “Number of characters=$c”
else
echo “Invalid filename”
fi

Save the file as file2.sh

Sample Input:

chmod 754 file2.sh

./file2.sh file1.sh
(Note: Here file1.sh is the command line argument.)

Sample Output:
Number of words=25
Number of lines=2
Number of characters=243

b. Write a shell script to display a list of directories within the current directory and how
much space they consume, sorted from the largest to the smallest.

Procedure/Algorithm/Steps/Syntax:

The du command is used to find the disk usage. The sort command is used for
sorting. The –n option with sort command is for numeric sort. The –r option with
sort command is used to sort in reverse order.
Code:

du -sh */ | sort -nr

Save the file as file2.sh

Sample Input:

chmod 754 file2.sh

./file2.sh

Sample Output:
List of directories sorted from largest to smallest.
 EXPERIMENT NO: 9

Environment: Microsoft Windows/Linux

Objective: Shell scripts with loop statements:

a. Write a shell script that inputs a number from the user and prints its table on the
screen.

Procedure/Algorithm/Steps/Syntax:

The frequently used two loops in unix shell scripts are while loop and for loop.

Code:

echo "Enter the value of n:"

read n
for((i=1;i<=10;i++))
do
echo " $n * $i = `expr $n \* $i`"
done

Save the file as file2.sh

Sample Input:

chmod 754 file2.sh

./file2.sh

Sample Output:
Enter the value of n:
5
5*1=5
5*2=10
5*3=15
5*4=20
5*5=25
5*6=30
5*7=35
5*8=40
5*9=45
5*10=50

b. Write a shell script to implement a timer.

Code:

ch=1
while [ $ch -eq 1 ]
do
echo "Enter a Timer Limit"
read n
for (( i=n; i>0; i--)); do
sleep 1 &
printf "Timer $i \r"
wait
done
echo "Time Up!"
echo "Want a new Timer? Press 1 to continue 0 to exit!"
read ch
done

Save the file as file2.sh

Sample Input:

chmod 754 file2.sh

./file2.sh

Sample Output:
Enter the timer limit
5
(Timer runs for 5 seconds)
Time Up
Want a new Timer? Press 1 to continue 0 to exit!
0
 EXPERIMENT NO: 10

Environment: Microsoft Windows/Linux

Tools/ Language: Telnet

Objective: Implement the basic IPCS commands used in UNIX.

Procedure/Algorithm/Steps/Syntax:
IPC stands for Inter-process Communication. This technique allows the processes to
communicate with each another.
We can request the kernel to allocate the space which can be used to communicate
between processes. The process can also communicate by having a file accessible to
both the processes. Processes can open, and read/write the file, which requires lot of
I/O operation that consumes time.

Different Types of IPCS

There are various IPC’s which allows a process to communicate with another process,
either in the same computer or different computer in the same network.
1. Pipes – Provides a way for processes to communicate with each another by
exchanging messages. Named pipes provide a way for processes running on
different computer systems to communicate over the network.
2. Shared Memory – Processes can exchange values in the shared memory. One
process will create a portion of memory which other process can access.
3. Message Queue – It is a structured and ordered list of memory segments
where processes store or retrieve data.
4. Semaphores – Provides a synchronizing mechanism for processes that are
accessing the same resource. No data is passed with a semaphore; it simply
coordinates access to shared resources.

Code:
ipcs –a
ipcs –q
ipcs –s
ipcs –m
ipcs -q -i 32768

Sample Input:
1. ipcs –a
2. ipcs –q
3. ipcs –s
4. ipcs –m
5. ipcs -q -i 32768

Sample Output:
1. ipcs command with -a option lists all the IPC facilities which has read access
for the current process. It provides details about message queue, semaphore
and shared memory.
2. ipcs with option -q, lists only message queues for which the current process
has read access.
3. ipcs -s option is used to list the accessible semaphores.
4. ipcs -m option with ipcs command lists the shared memories.
5. ipcs -i option provides detailed information about an ipc facility. Option -i
with -q provides information about a particular message queue. Option -i with
-s provides semaphore details. Option -i with -m provides details about a
shared memory.