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FOG 09 cover.qxd 19/12/08 14:04 Page 1

“Behold, he shall come up as clouds, and his

chariots shall be as the whirlwind: his horses
are swifter than eagles. Woe unto us!
For we are ruined!” (Jeremiah 4:13).
Command legions of chariots and hordes
of men in battle at the dawn of civilization.
From the opulence of Pharaoh’s armies to the
cruel reign of the Assyrians, Swifter Than Eagles,
the new Field of Glory gaming companion, brings
the savagery and splendour of the Biblical
Middle East to the table, with hundreds of
new troop types, detailed historical overviews,
maps and incredible artwork.

Swifter Than Eagles is a companion to Field of Glory, the historical miniatures

tabletop wargaming rules system for ancient and medieval wargaming.
To play the rules you will need a copy of Field of Glory.

Visit www.fieldofglory.com for the latest releases including companion

army lists, hints and tips, discussion forums and more.

FIELD OF GLORY COMPANION 9

US $19.95 UK £12.99
CAN $22.95
I S B N 978-1-84603-480-0
5 1 9 9 5
OSPREY

9 781846 034800
OSPREY
PUBLISHING
fog9layouts for repro.qxd:Layout 1 15/12/08 10:40 Page 1

Written by Richard Bodley Scott, assisted

by Nik Gaukroger, James Hamilton,
Paul Robinson, Thom Richardson
and Duncan Head

OSPREY
PUBLISHING
fog9layouts for repro.qxd:Layout 1 5/29/09 12:04 PM Page 2

First published in Great Britain in 2009 by Osprey Publishing Ltd.

© 2009 Osprey Publishing Ltd and Slitherine Software UK Ltd.

Osprey Publishing, Midland House, West Way, Botley, Oxford OX2 0PH, UK
443 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016, USA
E-mail: [email protected]

Slitherine Software UK Ltd.,The White Cottage, 8 West Hill Avenue, Epsom, KT 19 8LE, UK
E-mail: [email protected]

All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or
review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978 1 84603 480 0

Rules system written by Richard Bodley Scott, Simon Hall, and Terry Shaw
Page layout and cover concept by Myriam Bell
Index by Michael Parkin
Project Management by JD McNeil and Osprey Team Technical management by Iain McNeill
Typeset in Joanna Pro and Sleepy Hollow
Cover artwork by Peter Dennis
Photography by Duncan MacFarlane – Wargames Illustrated, Don McHugh, Simon Davey, Anthony Winter
Page design features supplied by istockphoto.com
All artwork and cartography © Osprey Publishing Ltd
Originated by PDQ Media, UK
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www.slitherine.com
fog9layouts for repro.qxd:Layout 1 15/12/08 10:40 Page 3

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 4 NEO-HITTITE AND ARAMAEAN 49
Neo-Hittite or Aramaean Allies
NUBIAN 6
LATER HEBREW 52
EARLY LIBYAN 7 Later Hebrew Allies
Early Libyan Allies
MANNAEAN ALLIES 54
LATER SUMERIAN OR AKKADIAN 11
Later Sumerian or Akkadian Allies LIBYAN EGYPTIAN 54
Early Nomad Allies Libyan Egyptian Allies

OLD OR MIDDLE KINGDOM EGYPTIAN 15 URARTIAN 56

Old or Middle Kingdom Egyptian Allies Urartian Allies

HYKSOS 18 MEDIAN 59
Median Allies
MITANNI 19
Mitanni Allies NEO-ELAMITE 62
Neo-Elamite Allies
SYRO-CANAANITE 22 Proto-Arab Allies
Syro-Canaanite Allies
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY SKYTHIAN 64
NEW KINGDOM EGYPTIAN 26 Cimmerian or Early Skythian Allies
New Kingdom Egyptian Allies
NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE 67
LATER MINOAN OR EARLY Neo-Assyrian Empire Allies
MYCENAEAN 31
PHRYGIAN ALLIES 73
HITTITE EMPIRE 34
Hittite Empire Allies KUSHITE EGYPTIAN 74
Kushite Egyptian Allies
MIDDLE OR EARLY NEO-ASSYRIAN 38
NEO-BABYLONIAN EMPIRE 76
LATER MYCENAEAN OR TROJAN 41 Neo-Babylonian Empire Allies
SEA PEOPLES 44 APPENDIX 1 – USING THE LISTS 80
Sea Peoples Allies
APPENDIX 2 – THEMED TOURNAMENTS 82
PHILISTINE 46
Philistine Allies INDEX 83

PHOENICIAN ALLIES 49
fog9layouts for repro.qxd:Layout 1 18/12/08 14:42 Page 4

SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

INTRODUCTION
This book covers the better known armies of the chariots towards the end of this period
Near East in the Bronze and Iron Ages up until revolutionised warfare. The Late Bronze Age
the creation of the Achaemenid Persian Empire (1600–1200) saw the great kingdoms – Egypt,
in the mid-6th century BC. the Hittites, Mitanni, Assyria and Babylon –
Metallurgy developed first in the mountains of competing for power on a grand scale.
the Anatolian highlands (in modern Turkey), In the late 13th and early 12th centuries,
where there were rich deposits of metal ores. The however, there appears to have been a major
Early Bronze Age (3500–2000 BC) saw the rise crisis throughout the Near East, resulting in the
of urbanisation with the creation of city states complete collapse of the Aegean (Mycenaean)
throughout the “Fertile Crescent” from Egypt to and Anatolian (Hittite) palace cultures and the
Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) and the development retreat of the Egyptian Kingdom to its core
of larger kingdoms such as those of Egypt and territory. The causes of this collapse are disputed,
Akkad. The Middle Bronze Age (2000–1600) saw but there is no doubt that the period saw major
major movements of peoples, such as the migrations of militant peoples throughout the
Amorites, Hittites, Hurrians and Hyksos, changing Mediterranean region, particularly the enigmatic
the political map. The development of true “Sea Peoples”.

The Ancient Near East, c.9th century BC. Taken from Essential Histories 67: Ancient Israel at War
853–586 BC.
KURDISH
MOUNTAINS
Lake Van C AS PIAN SE A
U R A RT U
ANATOLIA

Haran
ab

Carchemish Nineveh
rZ
Ha b u r

Arpad ME DIA
pe

Calah
Up

Til-Barsip
ASSYRIA
Ashur
Oront e s

BIT-ADINI
Eu

ph ZAGROS
Qarqar rat
es M O U N TA I N S
Hamath

E LAM
MEDITERRANEAN Tig
SEA Damascus r is
A
CI

ARAM
NI

Babylon
OE
PH

ISRAEL
Samaria
Eu ph ra
tes
JUDAH AMMON
IA
ST
LI

I
PH MOAB
EDOM

Memphis AR ABIA
PE R S IAN
GU LF
EG Y P T SINAI
Aqabah

N
Gulf of

N 0 200 miles
ile

RED SEA 0 250 km

4
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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
NUBIAN
EARLY LIBYAN
LATER SUMERIAN OR
AKKADIAN
OLD OR MIDDLE
KINGDOM
EGYPTIAN
HYKSOS
MITANNI
SYRO-CANAANITE
NEW KINGDOM
EGYPTIAN
LATER MINOAN OR
EARLY MYCENAEAN
HITTITE EMPIRE
MIDDLE OR EARLY
NEO-ASSYRIAN
LATER MYCENAEAN
OR TROJAN
Sea People Army on the march SEA PEOPLES
PHILISTINE
After these convulsions had run their course, Great put an end to all this by taking over the
PHOENICIAN ALLIES
at the start of the Iron Age, most of the Near East Median Empire (550) and conquering Lydia
NEO-HITTITE AND
was once more divided up into a patchwork of (546) and Babylon (539). His son Cambyses ARAMAEAN
small kingdoms, even Egypt being relatively weak (Kambūjia) II conquered Egypt (525). The LATER HEBREW
and divided. The development (or increased use) Persian Empire then ruled the whole of the Near MANNAEAN ALLIES
of cavalry in the early 9th century, accompanied East from Egypt and the Aegean to India. Only LIBYAN EGYPTIAN

by an increase in the weight, crew size and the city states of Greece remained independent – URARTIAN

number of horses of chariots, saw a further but that is another story. MEDIAN
NEO-ELAMITE
change in the character of warfare.
The gradual rise in power of the Kingdom of TROOP NOTES CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
SKYTHIAN
Assyria, though opposed by Babylon and Elam in There is evidence that chariot runners, infantry NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
the south-east, the newly formed Kingdom of trained to cooperate closely with chariots, were PHRYGIAN ALLIES
Urartu in the north and the various Neo-Hittite used by Egyptians, Hittites, Mitanni, Israelites KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
and Aramaean kingdoms of Syria and Canaan in and Mycenaeans. Given the patchy nature of the NEO-BABYLONIAN
EMPIRE
the west, was ultimately inexorable. The Assyrian evidence available for the period, it is therefore
APPENDIX 1 – USING
Empire reached the peak of its power in the mid- likely that they were a standard feature of the Late THE LISTS
7th century, only to be wiped off the map by the Bronze Age chariot system. Their tactical function APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
Medes and Babylonians before the end of the is unknown – we can only speculate. We do not
century. From then until the mid-6th century, the represent them separately but include them as
Near East was divided between the mighty part of the formation making up each light
Median and Babylonian Empires and the chariot base. If desired they can be depicted as
Kingdoms of Lydia (in western Anatolia) and infantry figures on the same bases as the chariots.
Egypt. The Achaemenid Cyrus (Kūruš) II the

5
fog9layouts for repro.qxd:Layout 1 15/12/08 10:41 Page 6

SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

NUBIAN
Nubia (in northern modern Sudan) was the area At the end of the Middle Kingdom, control of
along the Nile south of Egypt, from the First the region was lost. At the beginning of the New
Cataract southwards. The main trade routes from Kingdom in the mid-16th century BC, however,
tropical Africa passed through it to Egypt, Lower Nubia was gradually reconquered. By the
carrying gold, ivory, ebony and incense. Lower end of the reign of Thutmose I, the border had
(northern) Nubians were similar in physical been moved south to the Fourth Cataract.
appearance to Egyptians, though somewhat This list covers Nubian armies from 3000 BC
darker skinned. Upper (southern) Nubians had a to the early 15th century BC.
more Black African appearance.
During the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, the TROOP NOTES
Egyptians annexed Lower Nubia, erecting a chain Most Nubian tribesmen were archers, but some
of fortresses along the Nile up are depicted with shield and club
to the Second Cataract. By the instead, or javelins.
mid-19th century BC the Clothing was scanty and
Pharaoh Senusret III had made of animal skins, often
established the frontier at Semna, exotic. Ostrich feathers
south of the Second Cataract. were often worn in the
hair.
Nubian General Nubian Javelinman

NUBIAN STARTER ARMY

Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander
Sub-commanders 2 2 x Troop Commander
Each comprising 8 bases of close fighters: Superior, Protected,
Close fighters 2 BGs
Undrilled Medium Foot – Swordsmen
Each comprising 8 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled
Archers 8 BGs
Light Foot – Bow
8 bases of javelinmen: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot –
Javelinmen 1 BG
Javelins, Light Spear
Camp 1 Unfortified camp
Total 11 BGs Camp, 88 foot bases, 3 commanders

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST instructions apply to this army:

USING OUR ARMY POINTS
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Commanders should be depicted as archers.
minima in the list below. The following special

6
fog9layouts for repro.qxd:Layout 1 15/12/08 10:41 Page 7

EARLY LIBYAN

NUBIAN INTRODUCTION
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly NUBIAN
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 EARLY LIBYAN
Sub- Field Commander 50 0-2 LATER SUMERIAN OR
commanders AKKADIAN
Troop Commander 35 0-3
OLD OR MIDDLE
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name KINGDOM
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases EGYPTIAN
Core Troops HYKSOS
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 MITANNI
Archers 40-186
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 SYRO-CANAANITE
Optional Troops NEW KINGDOM
Close Fighters Superior 8 EGYPTIAN
Medium Foot Protected Undrilled - Swordsmen 6-8 0-16
with axe or club Average 6 LATER MINOAN OR
EARLY MYCENAEAN
Javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8 0-24
HITTITE EMPIRE
MIDDLE OR EARLY

EARLY LIBYAN
NEO-ASSYRIAN
LATER MYCENAEAN
OR TROJAN
SEA PEOPLES
Ancient Libya was the region west of Egypt. The in alliance with the Sea Peoples (see page 44).
PHILISTINE
most important Libyan tribes, from an Egyptian They were defeated by the Pharaoh Merenptah.
PHOENICIAN ALLIES
viewpoint, were the Tjehenu, the Tjemehu, the Somewhat over a quarter of a century later,
NEO-HITTITE AND
Libu and the Meshwesh. These peoples seem to Ramesses III was forced to repel two further ARAMAEAN
have been of varied ethnic origin – for example major Libyan invasions in the 6th and 11th years LATER HEBREW
the Tjehenu were similar to Egyptians but the of his reign. He also, in his 8th year, defeated a MANNAEAN ALLIES
Tjemehu had fair hair and pale skins. major coalition of Sea Peoples. LIBYAN EGYPTIAN

Climatic change resulting in the expansion The strength of the Egyptian state was much URARTIAN

of the Sahara Desert caused population pressure weakened by these wars. Large numbers of MEDIAN
NEO-ELAMITE
on the Libyan tribes, Libyans were recruited into the army and located
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
resulting in increasing in military settlements. They developed into a SKYTHIAN
raids into Egypt. At military caste, named after the tribe of the NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
the end of the 13th Meshwesh. In the mid-10th century BC, Libyan PHRYGIAN ALLIES
century BC the Libyan dynasties took control in Lower Egypt and ruled KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
tribes formed a large for over 200 years. Their armies are covered by NEO-BABYLONIAN
EMPIRE
coalition and invaded Egypt the Libyan Egyptian list (see page 54).
APPENDIX 1 – USING
This list covers Libyan tribal armies from THE LISTS
Libyan Javelinman 3000 to 550 BC. APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS

7
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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

Libyan-Egyptian border skirmish, by Angus McBride. Taken from Elite 40: New Kingdom Egypt.

8
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EARLY LIBYAN

INTRODUCTION
TROOP NOTES the Libyan chariots on Ramesses III’s Medinet NUBIAN
The earliest Libyan armies fought entirely on Habu relief are bows. Later, in the Classical EARLY LIBYAN
foot, using bows, javelins and throw-sticks. They period, Libyans are reported as fielding very large LATER SUMERIAN OR
did not use shields, but some wore a heavy numbers of chariots. Libyan graffiti of the later AKKADIAN
OLD OR MIDDLE
animal-skin or cloth cloak that must have period show chariot crew armed with spears. KINGDOM
provided very limited protection. Apart from that Libyan infantry of the period of Ramesses III EGYPTIAN

they were mostly naked except for a phallus are depicted as mostly swordsmen and archers. HYKSOS

sheath. Their skin was sometimes painted or Recorded loot from one Egyptian victory included MITANNI
SYRO-CANAANITE
tattooed. They were bearded and often wore 603 bows, 2310 quivers, and
NEW KINGDOM
ostrich plumes in their hair, which was plaited only 92 spears. In the Classical EGYPTIAN
into dreadlocks, sometimes dressed in mud. Period Libyan infantry were LATER MINOAN OR
In the later 13th century BC they started to mostly javelinmen. EARLY MYCENAEAN
HITTITE EMPIRE
use chariots and “copper” swords of Sea Peoples
MIDDLE OR EARLY
design. The only weapons clearly shown in any of Libyan Archer NEO-ASSYRIAN
LATER MYCENAEAN
OR TROJAN
LIBYAN STARTER ARMY SEA PEOPLES
Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander PHILISTINE
Sub-commanders 2 2 x Troop Commander PHOENICIAN ALLIES
Each comprising 4 bases of chariots: Superior, Undrilled Light NEO-HITTITE AND
Chariots 2 BGs
Chariots – Bow ARAMAEAN

Each comprising 8 bases of swordsmen: Average, Unprotected, LATER HEBREW

Swordsmen 4 BGs
Undrilled Medium Foot – Impact Foot, Swordsmen MANNAEAN ALLIES
Each comprising 6 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled LIBYAN EGYPTIAN
Archers 5 BGs
Light Foot – Bow URARTIAN
Camp 1 Unfortified camp MEDIAN
Total 11 BGs Camp, 8 mounted bases, 62 foot bases, 3 commanders NEO-ELAMITE
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
SKYTHIAN
NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should PHRYGIAN ALLIES
USING OUR ARMY POINTS be depicted in chariots KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
Choose an army based on the maxima and or as swordsmen or NEO-BABYLONIAN
EMPIRE
minima in the list below. The following special javelinmen.
APPENDIX 1 – USING
instructions apply to this army: THE LISTS
Libyan Swordsman APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS

9
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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

EARLY LIBYAN
Territory Types: Desert
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1
Field Commander 50 0-2
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0-3
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases

Core Troops

Only from Light

- Superior Undrilled - Bow 17 4-6 4-12
1250 to 651 Chariots
Chariots
Only from Light
- Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 15 4-6 8-32
650 Chariots

Only from Medium Impact Foot,

Swordsmen Unprotected Average Undrilled - 6 8-12 16-60
1208 to 651 Foot Swordsmen
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8 Before 650
Javelinmen Medium 0-128,From
Unprotected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4 6-8
Foot 650 32-128
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 Before 650
Archers Medium 16-128, From
Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 650 0-32
Foot
Allies
Sea Peoples allies (Only from 1208 to 1176)

EARLY LIBYAN ALLIES

Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name
Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat Close Combat per base per BG bases

Only from
Light Chariots - Superior Undrilled - Bow 17 4 0-4
1250 to 651
Chariots
Only from
Light Chariots - Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 15 4-6 4-12
650

Only from Impact Foot,

Swordsmen Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled - 6 8-12 8-20
1208 to 651 Swordsmen

Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8 Before 650
0-40,
Javelinmen
From 650
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4 6-8 8-40
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 Before 650
Archers 6-40, From
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 650 0-8

10
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LATER SUMERIAN OR AKKADIAN

INTRODUCTION
LATER SUMERIAN OR AKKADIAN NUBIAN
EARLY LIBYAN
Sumer and Akkad were situated in what is now Sargon the Great of Akkad (reigned LATER SUMERIAN OR
southern Iraq. Sumer was in the south and Akkad c.2334–2279 BC) created the world’s first great AKKADIAN
OLD OR MIDDLE
to the north. Both areas shared a common empire, not only conquering the whole of KINGDOM
culture, but the Sumerians spoke an agglutinative Mesopotamia, but campaigning as far as Syria EGYPTIAN

language, whereas the Akkadian language was and Canaan in the west, Elam in the east, and HYKSOS

Semitic. The region is naturally arid, but massive Magan (Oman) in the south. Armies of the MITANNI
SYRO-CANAANITE
irrigation systems were developed by the early Akkadian Empire probably numbered in the
NEW KINGDOM
cities, allowing intensive agriculture of the region of 20,000 men. After existing for little EGYPTIAN
fertile soil of the alluvial plains of the lower over 100 years, however, the Akkadian Empire LATER MINOAN OR
Tigris and Euphrates. collapsed c.2193 as a result of invasion by EARLY MYCENAEAN
HITTITE EMPIRE
Sumer was divided into a number of rival Gutian tribesmen from the Zagros Mountains to
MIDDLE OR EARLY
city-states, each of which had its own patron the east. NEO-ASSYRIAN
god. Wars between the city states were common Following a period of anarchy, the Third LATER MYCENAEAN
from an early date. Often the ruler of one city Dynasty of Ur rose to prominence c.2112. It fell OR TROJAN
SEA PEOPLES
gained supremacy over a number of other cities to an Elamite invasion c.2004. Following this, the
PHILISTINE
and could mobilise their combined forces under Kingdom of Isin carried on Sumero-Akkadian
PHOENICIAN ALLIES
his command. culture. Meanwhile many of the nomadic Amorite
NEO-HITTITE AND
ARAMAEAN
LATER HEBREW
MANNAEAN ALLIES
LIBYAN EGYPTIAN
URARTIAN
MEDIAN
NEO-ELAMITE
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
SKYTHIAN
NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
PHRYGIAN ALLIES
KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
NEO-BABYLONIAN
EMPIRE
APPENDIX 1 – USING
THE LISTS
APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS

Sumerian chariot of King Eannatum of Lagash, c.2500 BC, by Angus McBride.

Taken from Men-at-Arms 109: Ancient Armies of the Middle East.

11
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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

tribes who had been settling in Mesopotamia and TROOP NOTES

Syria since c.2500 gave up the nomadic life, In the early part of the period, the only
created their own kingdoms and became protection of the spearmen was a thick felt or
culturally assimilated. One such kingdom, Larsa, leather cloak. At some point in the early 25th
soon rivalled the power of Isin. century BC, they started to carry large body
This list covers Sumerian and Akkadian armies shields for the front ranks. Akkadian spearmen
from the start of the Sumerian Early Dynastic II often discarded their shields to fight in difficult
period c.2800, through the Akkadian Empire terrain. From the mid-21st century a smaller, less
period (c.2334–2193) until the destruction of unwieldy shield of Amorite origin came into use.
the Third Dynasty of Ur by the Elamites c.2004, Battle cars and platform cars are rated as
and then the various successor states of the Isin- undrilled to reflect their unwieldiness.
Larsa period until c.1762 BC.

THIRD DYNASTY OF UR STARTER ARMY

Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander
Sub-commanders 2 2 x Troop Commander
4 bases of proto-chariots: Average, Undrilled Light Chariots – Light
Proto-chariots 1 BG
Spear
Each comprising 8 bases of retained spearmen: Superior, Protected,
Retained spearmen 2 BGs
Drilled Medium Foot – Offensive Spearmen
Each comprising 8 bases of militia spearmen: Average, Protected,
Militia spearmen 3 BGs
Drilled Heavy Foot – Defensive Spearmen
Each comprising 6 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled
Archers 2 BGs
Light Foot – Bow
Slingers 1 BG 6 bases of slingers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – Sling
6 bases of javelinmen: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot –
Javelinmen 1 BG
Javelins, Light Spear
Camp 1 Unfortified camp
Total 10 BGs Camp, 4 mounted bases, 64 foot bases, 3 commanders

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • A Sumerian or Akkadian allied commander’s

USING OUR ARMY POINTS contingent must conform to the Later
Choose an army based on the maxima and Sumerian or Akkadian list
minima in the list below. The following special below, but the troops in
instructions apply to this army: the contingent are
deducted from the
• Commanders should be depicted on minima and maxima in
2-wheeled straddle or platform car, in the main list.
4-wheeled battle car or as royal guard
axemen. Nomad Ally Warrior

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LATER SUMERIAN OR AKKADIAN

INTRODUCTION
LATER SUMERIAN OR AKKADIAN
Territory Types: Developed, Agricultural. Only Akkadians: Hilly NUBIAN
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 EARLY LIBYAN
Field Commander 50 0-2 LATER SUMERIAN OR
Sub-commanders AKKADIAN
Troop Commander 35 0-3
OLD OR MIDDLE
Sumerian or Akkadian allied
Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 0-3 KINGDOM
commanders
EGYPTIAN
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total HYKSOS
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases
MITANNI
Core Troops
SYRO-CANAANITE
Heavy
Royal guardsmen with heavy axe Heavy Foot Unprotected Superior Drilled - 8 6-8 0-8 NEW KINGDOM
Weapon
EGYPTIAN
Superior 7
Retained archers Medium Foot Unprotected Drilled Bow - 6-8 0-8 LATER MINOAN OR
Average 6
EARLY MYCENAEAN
Only before Superior Defensive 7
Heavy Foot Unprotected Drilled - 6-8 HITTITE EMPIRE
2500 Average Spearmen 6
Only from Superior Defensive 9 MIDDLE OR EARLY
Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - 6-8 NEO-ASSYRIAN
Retained 2500 Average Spearmen 7
6-16
spearmen Only from Superior Offensive 8 LATER MYCENAEAN
Medium Foot Unprotected Drilled - 6-8 OR TROJAN
2500 to 2051 Average Spearmen 7
Only from Superior Offensive 10 SEA PEOPLES
Medium Foot Protected Drilled - 6-8
2050 Average Spearmen 8 PHILISTINE
Only before Average Defensive 6 PHOENICIAN ALLIES
Heavy Foot Unprotected Drilled - 6-10
2500 Poor Spearmen 4
Militia spearmen 18-102 NEO-HITTITE AND
Only from Average Defensive 7 ARAMAEAN
Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - 6-10
2500 Poor Spearmen 5
LATER HEBREW
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-18
Archers MANNAEAN ALLIES
Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 3 6-8 0-8
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 0-18 LIBYAN EGYPTIAN
Slingers
Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Sling - 2 6-8 0-8 12- URARTIAN
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 36
6-8 0-12 MEDIAN
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4
Javelinmen NEO-ELAMITE
Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 2 6-8
0-8 CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
Medium Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled - Light Spear 2 6-8
SKYTHIAN
Optional Troops
NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
Only before Heavy
- Average Undrilled - Light Spear 14 4-6 0-8
4-wheeled battle 2334 Chariots PHRYGIAN ALLIES
cars Only from Heavy KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
- Average Undrilled - Light Spear 14 4 0-4
2334 to 2193 Chariots
NEO-BABYLONIAN
4-equid platform EMPIRE
Only from Light
cars or 2-equid - Average Undrilled - Light Spear 11 4 0-4
2334 Chariots APPENDIX 1 – USING
proto-chariots
THE LISTS
Hastily raised levies Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 8-12 0-12
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5
APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Only from TOURNAMENTS
Amorites Light Spear, 6-8 0-16
2500 Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 6
Swordsmen
Fortified camp 24 0-1
Field
Field fortifications 3 0-12
Fortifications
Allies
Amorite allies (Only from 2500) – up to 2 contingents – Early Nomad

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LATER SUMERIAN OR AKKADIAN ALLIES

Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1
Troop Type CapabilitiesPoints Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases

Only before Superior Defensive 7

Heavy Foot Unprotected Drilled - 4-6
2500 Average Spearmen 6
Only from Superior Defensive 9
Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - 4-6
Retained 2500 Average Spearmen 7
0-6
spearmen Only from Superior Offensive 8
Medium Foot Unprotected Drilled - 4-6
2500 to 2051 Average Spearmen 7
Only from Superior Offensive 10
Medium Foot Protected Drilled - 4-6
2050 Average Spearmen 8
Only before Average Defensive 6
Heavy Foot Unprotected Drilled - 6-10
2500 Poor Spearmen 4
Militia spearmen 6-24
Only from Average Defensive 7
Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - 6-10
2500 Poor Spearmen 5
Average 5
Archers Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 6-8 0-8
Poor 3
Average 4
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Sling - 6-8 0-8
Poor 2
0-12
Average 4
Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Javelins Light Spear
Poor 2
Javelinmen 4-6 0-6
Average 4
Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled - Light Spear
Poor 2

EARLY NOMAD ALLIES

Allied
Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1
commander
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases

Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4

Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5
Warriors 6-8 8-32
Light Spear,
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 6
Swordsmen
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4
Skirmishers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 4-6 0-8
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4

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OLD OR MIDDLE KINGDOM EGYPTIAN

INTRODUCTION
OLD OR MIDDLE KINGD OM EGYPTIAN NUBIAN
EARLY LIBYAN
The Egyptian Old Kingdom is usually taken as the Cataract of the Nile, and eastwards into Palestine LATER SUMERIAN OR
period of the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th dynasties and Lebanon. AKKADIAN
OLD OR MIDDLE
from c.2686 to 2181 BC. Some historians also After the end of the 12th dynasty, c.1802, KINGDOM
include the 7th and 8th dynasties. During this the country once again became divided. The EGYPTIAN
period the capital was at Memphis. It was during 13th dynasty gradually lost control over Egypt, HYKSOS

the Old Kingdom that most of the pyramids were ushering in the Second Intermediate Period. MITANNI
SYRO-CANAANITE
built. Towards the end of the period the power of A rival 14th dynasty appeared in the Nile Delta.
NEW KINGDOM
the nomarchs (regional governors) increased at Circa 1650 the (possibly Amorite) Hyksos took EGYPTIAN
the expense of the central authority. During the control of Lower (northern) Egypt and set LATER MINOAN OR
possibly 94 year reign of Pepi II (the longest themselves up as the 15th (and possibly 16th) EARLY MYCENAEAN
HITTITE EMPIRE
recorded reign in world history) the country was dynasty which lasted until c.1535. In Upper
MIDDLE OR EARLY
severely afflicted with droughts, and following (southern) Egypt the native 17th dynasty ruled NEO-ASSYRIAN
his death the kingdom fell apart. from Thebes from c.1650 to 1550. LATER MYCENAEAN
This ushered in the First Intermediate Period, Near the end of the 17th dynasty, the Theban OR TROJAN
SEA PEOPLES
a period of relative anarchy and cultural decline. pharaohs began a war of reconquest against
PHILISTINE
Circa 2050, Mentuhotep II, of the 11th dynasty, the Hyksos. Ahmose I, the first pharaoh of the
PHOENICIAN ALLIES
reunited Egypt, ushering 18th dynasty, who reigned from c.1550 to 1525,
NEO-HITTITE AND
in the Middle Kingdom. completed this and reunited the kingdom. This ARAMAEAN
During the Middle Kingdom, ushered in the period of the greatest Egyptian LATER HEBREW
Egyptian hegemony was glory, the New Kingdom. MANNAEAN ALLIES
expanded southwards into This list covers the armies of the 3rd to 17th LIBYAN EGYPTIAN

Lower (northern) Nubia, dynasties of Egypt from c.2686 to 1550 BC, URARTIAN

reaching beyond the Second excluding the 15th and 16th dynasties which are MEDIAN
NEO-ELAMITE
covered by the Hyksos list.
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
Middle Kingdom Archer SKYTHIAN
NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
PHRYGIAN ALLIES
KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
NEO-BABYLONIAN
EMPIRE
APPENDIX 1 – USING
THE LISTS
APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS

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MIDDLE KINGD OM EGYPTIAN STARTER ARMY

Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander
Sub-commanders 2 2 x Troop Commander
Each comprising 8 bases of elite close fighters: Superior, Protected,
Elite close fighters 2 BGs
Drilled Heavy Foot – Heavy Weapon
Each comprising 8 bases of close fighters: Average, Protected, Drilled
Close fighters 2 BGs
Medium Foot – Swordsmen
8 bases of conscript spearmen: Poor, Protected, Undrilled Medium
Conscript spearmen 1 BG
Foot – Light Spear
Each comprising 8 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Drilled,
Archers 2 BGs
Medium Foot – Bow
Each comprising 6 bases of Nubian archers: Average, Unprotected,
Nubian archers 2 BGs
Undrilled Light Foot – Bow
6 bases of Bedouin slingers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light
Bedouin slingers 1 BG
Foot – Sling
Camp 1 Unfortified camp
Total 10 BGs Camp, 74 foot bases, 3 commanders

Middle Kingdom Egypt at war, by Peter Bull. Taken from Warrior 121: Soldier of the Pharaoh: Middle
Kingdom Egypt 2055–1650 BC.

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OLD OR MIDDLE KINGDOM EGYPTIAN

INTRODUCTION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST fighters, or, from 1640, in NUBIAN
USING OUR ARMY POINTS light chariots. EARLY LIBYAN
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Close fighters can LATER SUMERIAN OR
minima in the list below. The following special interpenetrate archers AKKADIAN
OLD OR MIDDLE
instructions apply to this army: and vice versa. KINGDOM
EGYPTIAN
• Commanders should be depicted as close Middle Kingdom Close Fighter HYKSOS
MITANNI
SYRO-CANAANITE
OLD OR MIDDLE KINGD OM EGYPTIAN NEW KINGDOM
Territory Types: Developed, Agricultural EGYPTIAN
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 LATER MINOAN OR
EARLY MYCENAEAN
Field Commander 50 0-2
Sub-commanders HITTITE EMPIRE
Troop Commander 35 0-3
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total MIDDLE OR EARLY
Troop name NEO-ASSYRIAN
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases
Core Troops
LATER MYCENAEAN
OR TROJAN
Elite close fighters with
Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled - Heavy Weapon 10 6-8 6-16 SEA PEOPLES
2-handed eye-axe
Close fighters with one- PHILISTINE
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - Swordsmen 7 6-8 8-40
handed eye-axe or club PHOENICIAN ALLIES
Archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 6 6-8 12-64
NEO-HITTITE AND
Conscript spearmen Medium Foot Protected Poor Undrilled - Light Spear 3 8-12 8-48 ARAMAEAN
Optional Troops LATER HEBREW
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - Light spear 6 6-8
Javelinmen 0-8 MANNAEAN ALLIES
Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8
LIBYAN EGYPTIAN
Superior 6
Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 6-8
Average 5 URARTIAN
Nubian archers 0-16
Superior 6 MEDIAN
Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 6-8
Average 5
NEO-ELAMITE
Libyan javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8 0-8
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
Bedouin slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 4-6 0-6 SKYTHIAN
NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE

OLD OR MIDDLE KINGD OM EGYPTIAN ALLIES PHRYGIAN ALLIES

Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1 KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total NEO-BABYLONIAN
Troop name EMPIRE
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases

Elite close fighters with APPENDIX 1 – USING

Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled - Heavy Weapon 10 4-6 0-6 THE LISTS
2-handed eye-axe
Close fighters with one- APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - Swordsmen 7 6-8 6-12 TOURNAMENTS
handed eye-axe or club
Archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 6 6-8 6-18
Conscript spearmen Medium Foot Protected Poor Undrilled - Light Spear 3 8-12 0-16

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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

HYKSOS
The Hyksos (from the Egyptian heqa khasewet, ruling from Memphis, and the native Egyptian
“foreign rulers”) were a people of Asiatic 17th dynasty in Upper (southern) Egypt, ruling
(possibly Amorite) origin who took over Lower from Thebes. This lasted until the final years of
(northern) Egypt in the mid-16th century BC. the 17th dynasty, when the Theban pharaohs
The traditional view of their accession to power launched an offensive against the Hyksos. The
is based on the history of Manetho, who wrote in reconquest was completed by Ahmose I, the first
Ptolemaic Egypt in the 3rd century BC. He pharaoh of the 18th century, who finally drove
recorded the Egyptian tradition that the Hyksos the Hyksos from Egypt c.1535.
arrived as foreign invaders and took control of This list covers Hyksos armies from c.1650 to
Lower Egypt by military force. Their supposed c.1535 BC.
military success has in the past been attributed
to their possession of the latest technology in the TROOP NOTES
form of war chariots and composite bows. More We assume that retinue close fighters were
recently it has been theorized that the Hyksos armed with typical Amorite
may in fact have arrived as nomadic settlers weaponry as depicted on
during a period of weakness under the Egyptian Old Babylonian terracottas –
13th dynasty, and taken over control gradually javelins, bronze sickle
after perhaps being employed as soldiers and sword and shield.
officials by the dynasty.
Whatever the truth, a modus vivendi was soon
established between the Hyksos in Lower Egypt, Hyksos Javelinman

HYKSOS STARTER ARMY

Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander
Sub-commanders 2 2 x Troop Commander
Each comprising 4 bases of chariots: Superior, Drilled Light
Chariots 2 BGs
Chariots – Bow
Each comprising 8 bases of retinue close fighters: Average, Protected,
Retinue close fighters 4 BGs
Drilled Medium Foot – Light Spear, Swordsmen
Each comprising 6 bases of javelinmen: Average, Unprotected,
Javelinmen 2 BGs
Undrilled Light Foot – Javelins, Light Spear
8 bases of skirmishing archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light
Archers 1 BG
Foot – Bow
Slingers 1 BG 6 bases of slingers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – Sling
Camp 1 Unfortified camp
Total 10 BGs Camp, 8 mounted bases, 58 foot bases, 3 commanders

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MITANNI

INTRODUCTION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST instructions apply to this army: NUBIAN
USING OUR ARMY POINTS
EARLY LIBYAN
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Commanders should be depicted in LATER SUMERIAN OR
minima in the list below. The following special chariots. AKKADIAN
OLD OR MIDDLE
KINGDOM
HYKSOS EGYPTIAN
Territory Types: Developed, Agricultural HYKSOS
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 MITANNI
Field Commander 50 0-2
Sub-commanders SYRO-CANAANITE
Troop Commander 35 0-3
NEW KINGDOM
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total EGYPTIAN
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases
LATER MINOAN OR
Core Troops EARLY MYCENAEAN
Before 1590 Light 0-6
Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 18 4-6 HITTITE EMPIRE
From 1590 Chariots 4-16
MIDDLE OR EARLY
Retinue close fighters with Medium Light Spear,
Protected Average Drilled - 7 6-8 16-60 NEO-ASSYRIAN
sickle sword or axe Foot Swordsmen
Medium LATER MYCENAEAN
Retinue archers Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 6 6-8 0-8 OR TROJAN
Foot
Medium SEA PEOPLES
Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 6-8 0-64
Javelinmen Foot 6-92 PHILISTINE
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8 0-32
PHOENICIAN ALLIES
Skirmishing archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-16
6-32 NEO-HITTITE AND
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 0-16
ARAMAEAN
Allies
LATER HEBREW
Egyptian vassals – Old or Middle Kingdom Egyptian
MANNAEAN ALLIES
LIBYAN EGYPTIAN

MITANNI URARTIAN
MEDIAN
NEO-ELAMITE
Following the sack of Babylon by the Hittites buffer state between the Hittite Empire and
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
c.1595 BC, the various Indo-Aryan Hurrian Assyria, allied to the Hittites. Circa 1300 it SKYTHIAN
groupings in northern Mesopotamia were united became a vassal state of Assyria. Circa 1250 a NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
under one dynasty as the Kingdom of Mitanni rebellion against Assyria, with Hittite assistance, PHRYGIAN ALLIES
(or Hanigalbat). Its capital was Washshukanni. By was crushed, part of the population was deported KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
the mid-15th century BC, Assyria had become a and an Assyrian governor was installed. NEO-BABYLONIAN
EMPIRE
vassal state. At its greatest extent, in the early This list covers the armies of the Kingdom of
APPENDIX 1 – USING
14th century, the kingdom included Mitanni from 1595 to 1250 BC. THE LISTS
modern south-east Turkey, northern APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Syria and northern Iraq. TROOP NOTES TOURNAMENTS

Circa 1350, after Hittite The strength of Mitanni’s armies was in it

intervention in a dynastic chariots, crewed by the noble maryannu class. The
dispute, Mitanni became a main weapon of these chariot warriors was the
composite bow. Both warriors and drivers were
Mitanni Spearman well protected in suits of bronze scale or lamellar

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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

armour, extending to the elbow and to the knee nobility, but the armour and weapons of royal
or below. The horses and the chariots themselves maryannu at least were supplied by state
were also armoured. These styles were copied by armouries. We give the option of treating each
other nations throughout Mesopotamia, Syria, battle group as drilled or undrilled.
Canaan and, to a lesser extent, Egypt. Some, at least, of the infantry were equipped
The maryannu class formed a sort of feudal with swords and leather armour.

Mitanni chariot crew, by Angus McBride. Taken from Elite 40: New Kingdom Egypt.

MITANNI STARTER ARMY

Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander
Sub-commanders 2 2 x Troop Commander
Each comprising 4 bases of chariots: Superior, Undrilled Light
Chariots 5 BGs
Chariots – Bow
Each comprising 4 bases of spearmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled
Spearmen and Archers 2 BGs Medium Foot – Light Spear, Swordsmen, and 4 bases of archers:
Average, Protected, Undrilled Medium Foot – Bow
8 bases of levy javelinmen: Poor, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot –
Levy Javelinmen 1 BG
Javelins, Light Spear
Levy archers 1 BG 8 bases of levy archers: Poor, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – Bow
Camp 1 Unfortified camp
Total 9 BGs Camp, 20 mounted bases, 32 foot bases, 3 commanders

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EARLY SLAVIC

INTRODUCTION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be NUBIAN
USING OUR ARMY POINTS depicted in chariots. EARLY LIBYAN
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Spearmen and archers can LATER SUMERIAN OR
minima in the list below. The following special be in mixed or separate AKKADIAN
OLD OR MIDDLE
instructions apply to this army: battle groups. KINGDOM
Mitanni Levy Archer EGYPTIAN
HYKSOS
MITANNI
MITANNI SYRO-CANAANITE
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly NEW KINGDOM
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 EGYPTIAN

Field Commander 50 0-2 LATER MINOAN OR

Sub-commanders EARLY MYCENAEAN
Troop Commander 35 0-3
HITTITE EMPIRE
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name MIDDLE OR EARLY
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases
NEO-ASSYRIAN
Core Troops LATER MYCENAEAN
Drilled 18 OR TROJAN
Chariots Light Chariots - Superior Bow - 4-6 8-44
Undrilled 17 SEA PEOPLES
Medium Drilled Light Spear, 7 PHILISTINE
Protected Average -
Foot Undrilled Swordsmen 6 1/2
Spearmen 8-24 PHOENICIAN ALLIES
Drilled 6 or all
Medium Foot Protected Average - Light Spear 6-8 NEO-HITTITE AND
Undrilled 5 ARAMAEAN
Drilled 7 1/2
Medium Foot Protected Average Bow - LATER HEBREW
Undrilled 6 or 0
MANNAEAN ALLIES
Drilled 6
Archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Bow - 6-8 8-24 LIBYAN EGYPTIAN
Undrilled 5
Drilled or
URARTIAN
Light Foot Unprotected Average Bow - 5 6-8
Undrilled MEDIAN
Medium Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled - Light Spear 2 NEO-ELAMITE
Levy foot Light foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 2 6-8 6-24 CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 3 SKYTHIAN
Optional Troops NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
Javelin skirmishers Light foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8 0-12 PHRYGIAN ALLIES
Levy dregs Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 8-12 0-12 KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
Allies NEO-BABYLONIAN
Nomad allies – Early Nomad EMPIRE

Syro-Canaanite allies (Only before 1350) APPENDIX 1 – USING

THE LISTS
Hittite allies (Only from 1350) – Hittite Empire
APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS

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MITANNI ALLIES
Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases
Drilled 18
Chariots Light Chariots - Superior Bow - 4-6 4-12
Undrilled 17
Drilled Light Spear, 7
Medium Foot Protected Average -
Undrilled Swordsmen 6 1/2
Spearmen 0-8
Drilled 6 or all
Medium Foot Protected Average - Light Spear 6-8
Undrilled 5
Drilled 7 1/2
Medium Foot Protected Average Bow -
Undrilled 6 or 0
Drilled 6
Archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Bow - 6-8 0-8
Undrilled 5
Drilled or
Light Foot Unprotected Average Bow - 5 6-8
Undrilled
Medium Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled - Light Spear 2
Levy foot Light foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 2 6-8 0-8
Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 3

SYRO - CANAANITE
This list covers the armies of Canaan (the Palestine came under the control of one such
modern region from Gaza to Lebanon) and Syria group, the Philistines, who came into conflict with
from the early 16th century BC, following the the neighbouring Canaanite cites but gradually
upheavals consequent upon defeat by the Hittites, absorbed their culture.Their armies are covered by
until 1100 BC. their own list.
The area was a patch-work of city states, and
substantial armies had to be coalitions. Desert TROOP NOTES
nomad raids, sometimes in substantial force, were Chariotry was the pre-eminent arm and was very
a problem, as were the imperial ambitions of the similar to Mitanni types in appearance (see
great powers. Successful rulers managed to play the above). Infantry was mostly lightly equipped and
great powers off against each other. By the mid- very much subordinate to the chariotry.
14th century Egypt was in firm control of Canaan Ugarit, on the coast of northern Syria, was one
and southern Syria, with a number of Egyptian of the larger Syro-Canaanite city states, and may
garrisons throughout the country. The city-states, have started using 3-crew chariots under Hittite
however, were left to rule themselves, and even war influence. As the use of 3-crew chariots by the
amongst themselves, as long as Hittites themselves is now in
the tribute continued to flow. doubt, this option is mainly kept
Egyptian control collapsed for compatibility with older
following the Sea Peoples interpretations.
incursions of the late 13th
and early 12th centuries. Syro-Canaanite Chariot

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SYRO-CANAANITE

INTRODUCTION
SYRO - CANAANITE STARTER ARMY
Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander NUBIAN
Sub-commander 1 Troop Commander EARLY LIBYAN
Each comprising 4 bases of chariots: Superior, Undrilled Light Chariots LATER SUMERIAN OR
Chariots 3 BGs AKKADIAN
– Bow
OLD OR MIDDLE
6 bases of guard infantry: Superior, Protected, Drilled Medium Foot – KINGDOM
Guard infantry 1 BG
Light Spear, Swordsmen EGYPTIAN
6 bases of Sea Peoples mercenaries: Average, Protected, Undrilled HYKSOS
Sea Peoples mercenaries 1 BG
Medium Foot – Impact Foot, Swordsmen MITANNI
6 bases of javelinmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled Medium Foot – SYRO-CANAANITE
Javelinmen 1 BG
Light Spear
NEW KINGDOM
6 bases of javelinmen: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – EGYPTIAN
Javelinmen 1 BG
Javelins, Light Spear LATER MINOAN OR
Archers 1 BG 8 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – Bow EARLY MYCENAEAN

Syro-Canaanite allied HITTITE EMPIRE

1 Troop Commander
commander MIDDLE OR EARLY
NEO-ASSYRIAN
Allied chariots 1 BG 4 bases of chariots: Superior, Undrilled Light Chariots – Bow
LATER MYCENAEAN
6 bases of javelinmen: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – OR TROJAN
Allied javelinmen 1 BG
Javelins, Light Spear
SEA PEOPLES
Camp 1 Unfortified camp
PHILISTINE
Total 10 BGs Camp, 16 mounted bases, 38 foot bases, 3 commanders
PHOENICIAN ALLIES
NEO-HITTITE AND
ARAMAEAN
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Ugaritic heavy chariots can only be used in LATER HEBREW
USING OUR ARMY POINTS the main army if the C-in-C is Ugaritic, MANNAEAN ALLIES
Choose an army based on the maxima and otherwise must be under the command of LIBYAN EGYPTIAN

minima in the list below. The following special an Ugaritic allied commander. An Ugaritic URARTIAN

instructions apply to this army: allied commander cannot be used if the MEDIAN
NEO-ELAMITE
• Commanders should be depicted in C-in-C is Ugaritic. Only one Ugaritic allied
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
chariots. commander can be used. SKYTHIAN
• A Syro-Canaanite allied commander’s • Egyptians and Mitanni NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
contingent must conform to the Syro- cannot be used together. PHRYGIAN ALLIES
Canaanite allies list below, but the troops in • Ugaritic heavy chariots KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
the contingent are deducted from the cannot be used with NEO-BABYLONIAN
EMPIRE
minima and maxima in the main list. Egyptian allies.
APPENDIX 1 – USING
• The main army (excluding allied THE LISTS
contingents) cannot include more than 16 APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
chariot bases (excluding commanders). Sea Peoples Mercenary

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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

SYRO - CANAANITE
Territory Types: Developed, Agricultural, Hilly
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1
Sub-commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 50/35 0-2
Syro-Canaanite allied
Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 0-2
commanders
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases

Core Troops
Light
Chariots Any - Superior Undrilled Bow - 17 4-6 0-36
Chariots
8-36
Only Ugaritic Heavy
3-crew chariots - Superior Undrilled Bow - 20 4-6 0-16
from 1275 Chariots
Medium
Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 6-8 6-16
Foot
Medium
Unprotected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4 6-8
Foot 6-48
Javelinmen
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8
8-48
Medium
Unprotected Poor Undrilled - Light Spear 2 6-8
Foot 0-16
Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 2 6-8
Medium
Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8
Foot 6-32
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8
Archers 6-32
Medium
Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 3 6-8
Foot 0-16
Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 3 6-8
Optional Troops
Medium Light spear,
Protected Superior Drilled - 9 4-6
Foot Swordsmen
Guard infantry 0-6
Medium
Unprotected Superior Drilled Bow - 7 4-6
Foot
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 0-8
Sea Peoples Only from Medium Impact Foot,
Protected Average Undrilled - 7 4-6 0-6
mercenaries 1207 Foot Swordsmen
Allies
Egyptian allies – New Kingdom Egyptian
Mitanni allies (Only before 1350)

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SYRO-CANAANITE

INTRODUCTION
SYRO - CANAANITE ALLIES
Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1 NUBIAN
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total EARLY LIBYAN
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases LATER SUMERIAN OR
AKKADIAN
Light
Chariots Any - Superior Undrilled Bow - 17 4-6 0-12
Chariots OLD OR MIDDLE
4-12 KINGDOM
Only Ugaritic Heavy
3-crew chariots - Superior Undrilled Bow - 20 4-6 0-12 EGYPTIAN
from 1275 Chariots
Medium HYKSOS
Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 6 0-6
Foot MITANNI
Medium SYRO-CANAANITE
Unprotected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4 6-8
Foot 6-16
Javelinmen NEW KINGDOM
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8 EGYPTIAN
6-16
Medium LATER MINOAN OR
Unprotected Poor Undrilled - Light Spear 2 6
Foot 0-6 EARLY MYCENAEAN
Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 2 6
HITTITE EMPIRE
Medium
Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 MIDDLE OR EARLY
Foot 0-12 NEO-ASSYRIAN
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8
Archers 0-12 LATER MYCENAEAN
Medium OR TROJAN
Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 3 6
Foot 0-6
SEA PEOPLES
Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 3 6
PHILISTINE
PHOENICIAN ALLIES
NEO-HITTITE AND
ARAMAEAN
LATER HEBREW
MANNAEAN ALLIES
LIBYAN EGYPTIAN
URARTIAN
MEDIAN
NEO-ELAMITE
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
SKYTHIAN
NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
PHRYGIAN ALLIES
KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
NEO-BABYLONIAN
EMPIRE
APPENDIX 1 – USING
THE LISTS
APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS

Canaanite chariot crew and Egyptian infantry, by Angus McBride.Taken from Elite 40: New Kingdom Egypt.

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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

NEW KINGD OM EGYPTIAN

The period known as the New Kingdom, from Sea Peoples. These were defeated, but not without
1550 to 1069 BC, marked the zenith of Egyptian heavy losses and enormous strain on the economy.
power, under the 18th, 19th and 20th dynasties. Following the death of Ramesses III, the rest of the
The first pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, Ahmose dynasty was characterised by internecine strife,
I, had driven the Hyksos out of Lower (northern) droughts, official corruption and civil unrest. The
Egypt by 1535. Egyptian armies moved back into frontiers contracted, with the loss of Nubia and
Nubia and by the end of the reign of Thutmose I Canaan, much of the latter coming under the
(1504–1492) the frontier had been advanced to control of the Philistines, survivors of the Sea
the Fourth Cataract of the Nile. In the Levant also, Peoples’ defeat who were either settled in Canaan
Egyptian control was re-established and extended. by Ramesses III or took the territory by force. Even
Following the campaigns of Thutmose III before the death of the last pharaoh of the dynasty,
(1479–1425) which extended north as far as Ramesses XI, in 1069, Upper (southern) Egypt
the Kingdom of Mitanni, the Egyptian Empire was being ruled by the High Priests of Amun at
reached its greatest extent, from southern Syria Thebes, while Lower Egypt was under the control
to the Fourth Cataract in Nubia. of Smendes (Nesbanebdjed) who subsequently
During the later 18th dynasty, the Hittites founded the 21st dynasty. This ushered in the
expanded their influence into Syria and Third Intermediate Period.
Palestine. The early 19th dynasty pharaohs Seti I This list covers the armies of the 18th, 19th
(1290–1279) and Ramesses II (1279–1213) and 20th dynasties from 1550 to 1069 BC.
came into conflict with them. At Kadesh in Syria
in 1274, Ramesses’s army was ambushed by the THE BATTLE OF KADESH
Hittites under Muwatalli II, but managed to fight This battle is one of the best documented in the
them to a stalemate, both sides afterwards chariot period. It was fought near the strategically
claiming victory. Following this, Hittite control important city of Kadesh in Syria between the
was confirmed in Syria, while Egyptian army of King Ramesses II and the
Egypt retained Canaan. Hittite army of Muwatalli II. The most commonly
In the reign of Ramesses accepted date for the battle (depending on which
III (1183–1152), the chronology is used) is 1274 BC.
second pharaoh The Egyptian army was
of the 20th advancing in an attempt
dynasty, Egypt to capture Kadesh. The
suffered several Hittites used local
attacks from Bedouin to feed Ramesses
large armies of false information, leading
Libyans him to believe that the
and Hittites were many miles

Ramesses in his chariot

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NEW KINGDOM EGYPTIAN

INTRODUCTION
NUBIAN
EARLY LIBYAN
LATER SUMERIAN OR
AKKADIAN
OLD OR MIDDLE
KINGDOM
EGYPTIAN
HYKSOS
MITANNI
SYRO-CANAANITE
NEW KINGDOM
EGYPTIAN
LATER MINOAN OR
EARLY MYCENAEAN
HITTITE EMPIRE
MIDDLE OR EARLY
NEO-ASSYRIAN
LATER MYCENAEAN
OR TROJAN
SEA PEOPLES
PHILISTINE
PHOENICIAN ALLIES
NEO-HITTITE AND
ARAMAEAN
Egyptian chariot training, by Brian Delf. Taken from New Vanguard 119: Bronze Age War Chariots.
LATER HEBREW
MANNAEAN ALLIES
away. In fact the Hittite army was close at hand, each carrying a chariot runner in addition to its LIBYAN EGYPTIAN

hidden behind “Old Kadesh” near Kadesh. In an normal two crewmen, swept down on the Re URARTIAN

attempt to capture Kadesh before the Hittites division. This was in the process of fording the MEDIAN
NEO-ELAMITE
could arrive, Ramesses forced marched his army, River Orontes, and was immediately put to
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
so that it arrived in column of divisions with flight. The Hittites then pursued into SKYTHIAN
large gaps in between. The regular Egyptian the half-completed Egyptian camp, NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
troops were in four divisions, from front to rear where King Ramesses attempted to PHRYGIAN ALLIES
Amun, Re (P’re), Ptah and Seth (Suteh). There rally some resistance. Fortunately the KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
was also an advance guard called Ne’arin which Hittite troops started to loot NEO-BABYLONIAN
EMPIRE
may have been allied troops from Amurru, or a the camp and were in some
APPENDIX 1 – USING
detachment of Egyptian troops. disorder, so that Ramesses THE LISTS
Ramesses had arrived at Kadesh with the Amun was able to hold out until APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
division, and begun to make camp, when two new the Ne’arin advance guard
Hittite spies were captured and under torture returned and charged the
revealed the proximity of the Hittite army. Hittite chariots in the
Ramesses sent messengers to hasten the march of rear.
his rear divisions. Almost immediately, however,
the main Hittite chariot force of 2,500 chariots, Egyptian Standard Bearer

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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

The Battle of Qadesh, by Adam Hook. Taken from Warrior 120: Hittite Warrior.

Muwatalli then ordered in his reserve chariots, ending in Muwatalli offering Ramesses a truce.
numbering 1,000, but the Ne’arin managed to cut This allowed the Egyptian army to withdraw to
their way through to join Ramesses, who then went Egypt. Afterwards both sides claimed victory, but
on the offensive. With the arrival of the Ptah the Hittites retained their territorial gains.
division, the Egyptians were eventually able to drive
the Hittites back across the river, many of them TROOP NOTES
being drowned. Muwatalli remained on the far side Hand-to-hand weapons were not standardised
of the river throughout the battle, with a within close-fighter units, which were armed
huge number of infantry, who with a mixture
were not committed. The of hand axes,
Egyptian Seth division failed khopesh (sickle
to arrive until after the swords), mace-
fighting was over. axes and spear-swords. We
The next day there was treat them as equivalent to
some desultory fighting, Swordsmen.

Egyptian Close Fighter Egyptian Officer

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NEW KINGDOM EGYPTIAN

INTRODUCTION
NEW KINGD OM EGYPTIAN STARTER ARMY
Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander NUBIAN
Sub-commander 2 2 x Troop Commander EARLY LIBYAN
Each comprising 4 bases of Egyptian chariots: Superior, Drilled Light LATER SUMERIAN OR
Egyptian chariots 3 BGs
Chariots – Bow AKKADIAN
4 bases of Canaanite chariots: Superior, Undrilled Light Chariots – OLD OR MIDDLE
Canaanite chariots 1 BG KINGDOM
Bow
EGYPTIAN
Each comprising 6 bases of close fighters: Average, Protected, Drilled
Close fighters 2 BGs HYKSOS
Medium Foot – Light Spear, Swordsmen
Each comprising 6 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Drilled MITANNI
Archers 2 BGs
Medium Foot – Bow SYRO-CANAANITE
8 bases of Nubian archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled, Light NEW KINGDOM
Nubian archers 1 BG EGYPTIAN
Foot – Bow
Camp 1 Unfortified camp LATER MINOAN OR
EARLY MYCENAEAN
Total 9 BGs Camp, 16 mounted bases, 32 foot bases, 3 commanders
HITTITE EMPIRE
MIDDLE OR EARLY
NEO-ASSYRIAN
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be depicted in LATER MYCENAEAN
USING OUR ARMY POINTS chariots. OR TROJAN
SEA PEOPLES
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Close fighters can interpenetrate archers
PHILISTINE
minima in the list below. The following special and vice versa.
PHOENICIAN ALLIES
instructions apply to this army:
NEO-HITTITE AND
ARAMAEAN
LATER HEBREW
MANNAEAN ALLIES
LIBYAN EGYPTIAN
URARTIAN
MEDIAN
NEO-ELAMITE
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
SKYTHIAN
NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
PHRYGIAN ALLIES
KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
NEO-BABYLONIAN
EMPIRE
APPENDIX 1 – USING
THE LISTS
APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS

The chariot of Ramesses II, 1288 BC, by Angus McBride. Taken from Men-at-Arms 109:
Ancient Armies of the Middle East.

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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

NEW KINGD OM EGYPTIAN

Territory Types: Developed, Agricultural
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1
Field Commander 50 0-2
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0-3
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases

Core Troops
Light
Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 18 4-6 6-26
Chariots
Medium Light Spear,
Close fighters Protected Average Drilled - 7 6-8 6-36
Foot Swordsmen
Medium
Archers Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 6 6-8 12-48
Foot
Optional Troops
Armoured Light Spear, 12
Egyptian guardsmen Heavy Foot Superior Drilled - 4 0-4
Protected Swordsmen 9
Canaanite or Syrian Only from Light
- Superior Undrilled Bow - 17 4-6 0-6
chariots 1450 to 1150 Chariots

Medium Protected 5
Bedouin, Canaanite, Libyan or Syrian Average Undrilled - Light spear 6-8 0-8
Foot Unprotected 4 0-16
javelinmen
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8 0-16
Canaanite or Syrian archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8
Superior 6 0-8
Nubian archers Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 6-8
Average 5

Only from Armoured Impact Foot, 13

Sherden guardsmen Heavy Foot Superior Drilled - 4 0-4
1279 Protected Swordsmen 10
Sherden or other Sea Only from Medium Impact Foot,
Protected Average Undrilled - 7 8-12 0-24
Peoples swordsmen 1200 Foot Swordsmen
Only from Medium Impact Foot,
Libyan swordsmen Unprotected Average Undrilled - 6 8-12 0-24
1200 Foot Swordsmen
Fortified Camp 24 0-1

NEW KINGD OM EGYPTIAN ALLIES

Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases

Light
Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 18 4-6 4-8
Chariots
Medium Light Spear,
Close fighters Protected Average Drilled - 7 4-8 4-8
Foot Swordsmen
Medium
Archers Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 6 4-8 4-12
Foot
Sherden or other Sea Medium Impact Foot,
Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 0-8
Peoples swordsmen Only from Foot Swordsmen
1200 Medium Impact Foot,
Libyan swordsmen Unprotected Average Undrilled - 6 4-6 0-6
Foot Swordsmen

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LATER MINOAN OR EARLY MYCENAEN

INTRODUCTION
LATER MINOAN OR EARLY MYCENAEAN NUBIAN
EARLY LIBYAN
Minoan civilisation flourished on Crete from the close combat and should be classified as Heavy LATER SUMERIAN OR
3rd millenium BC until Crete was taken over by Chariots. AKKADIAN
OLD OR MIDDLE
the Mycenaeans in the mid-15th century BC. Spearmen carried very long spears wielded KINGDOM
Mycenaean civilisation, which borrowed much in both hands and very large “tower” or “figure EGYPTIAN

from Minoan culture, ruled Greece from the of eight” ox-hide body shields hung from a HYKSOS

early 16th century until it collapsed in the shoulder strap. MITANNI

SYRO-CANAANITE
upheavals of the early 12th century.
NEW KINGDOM
This list covers Minoan armies from c.1600 Later Minoan Spearman EGYPTIAN
to c.1450 BC, and Mycenaean armies from LATER MINOAN OR
c.1600 to c.1250. The Later Mycenaean period EARLY
MYCENAEAN
is covered by its own list. HITTITE EMPIRE
MIDDLE OR EARLY
TROOP NOTES NEO-ASSYRIAN

Although most chariots carried only two LATER MYCENAEAN

OR TROJAN
crewmen, the very heavy and relatively inflexible SEA PEOPLES
bronze plate armour (Dendra panoply) of chariot PHILISTINE
warriors in this period, the use of a long spear as PHOENICIAN ALLIES
main weapon, and the strengthened chariot NEO-HITTITE AND
ARAMAEAN
structure compared with Near-Eastern types,
LATER HEBREW
suggest that they were intended primarily for
MANNAEAN ALLIES
LIBYAN EGYPTIAN
URARTIAN
LATER MINOAN OR EARLY MYCENAEAN STARTER ARMY
Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander MEDIAN
Sub-commander 2 2 x Troop Commander NEO-ELAMITE
Each comprising 4 bases of chariots: Superior, Drilled Heavy Chariots CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
Chariots 2 BGs SKYTHIAN
– Light Spear
NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
Each comprising 6 bases of spearmen: Average, Protected, Drilled
Spearmen and archers 4 BGs Heavy Foot – Defensive Spearmen, and 3 bases of supporting archers: PHRYGIAN ALLIES
Average, Unprotected, Drilled Light Foot – Bow KUSHITE EGYPTIAN

6 bases of light infantry: Average, Protected, Drilled Medium Foot – NEO-BABYLONIAN

Light Infantry 1 BG EMPIRE
Light Spear
APPENDIX 1 – USING
6 bases of separately deployed archers: Average, Unprotected, Drilled THE LISTS
Separately deployed archers 1 BG
Light Foot – Bow APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Slingers 1 BG 6 bases of slingers: Average, Unprotected, Drilled Light Foot – Sling TOURNAMENTS
Camp 1 Unfortified camp
Total 9 BGs Camp, 8 mounted bases, 54 foot bases, 3 commanders

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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

Early Mycenaean infantry, c.1500 BC, by Angus McBride. Taken from Elite 130: The Mycenaeans
c.1650–1100 BC.

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LATER MINOAN OR EARLY MYCENAEN

INTRODUCTION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST instructions apply to this army: NUBIAN
USING OUR ARMY POINTS
EARLY LIBYAN
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Commanders should be depicted in LATER SUMERIAN OR
minima in the list below. The following special chariots. AKKADIAN
OLD OR MIDDLE
KINGDOM
EGYPTIAN
LATER MINOAN OR EARLY MYCENAEAN
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly HYKSOS
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 MITANNI
Field Commander 50 0-2 SYRO-CANAANITE
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0-3 NEW KINGDOM
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total EGYPTIAN
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases LATER MINOAN OR
Core Troops EARLY
Heavy MYCENAEAN
Chariots - Superior Drilled - Light Spear 20 4-6 6-24
Chariots HITTITE EMPIRE
Defensive 2/3
Spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7 12-60 MIDDLE OR EARLY
Spearmen or all
6-9 NEO-ASSYRIAN
1/3
Supporting archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 5 LATER MYCENAEAN
or 0
6-30 OR TROJAN
Drilled or
Light Foot Unprotected Average Bow - 5 6-8 6-30
Undrilled SEA PEOPLES
Separately deployed archers
Drilled 6 PHILISTINE
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Bow - 6-8 0-12
Undrilled 5
PHOENICIAN ALLIES
Optional Troops
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - Light Spear 6 NEO-HITTITE AND
Light infantry 6-8 0-12 ARAMAEAN
Light Spear,
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Drilled - 6
Swordsmen LATER HEBREW
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 0-8 MANNAEAN ALLIES
Javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8 0-16
LIBYAN EGYPTIAN
URARTIAN
MEDIAN
NEO-ELAMITE
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
SKYTHIAN
NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
PHRYGIAN ALLIES
KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
NEO-BABYLONIAN
EMPIRE
APPENDIX 1 – USING
THE LISTS
APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS

Early Mycenaean chariot, by Angus McBride. Taken from Elite 130: The Mycenaeans c.1650–1100 BC.

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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

HITTITE EMPIRE
The Hittite Old Kingdom arose in the 17th BC. In alliance with Kizzuwatna, he defeated
century BC as a result of the migration of the Hurrian Aleppo and Mitanni and expanded
Indo-European Hittites into eastern central westwards at the expense of the Luwian state of
Anatolia (in modern Turkey) and their Arzawa. Following his death the enemies of the
acquisition of the Hattian city of Hattusa as their Hittites counterattacked and even sacked Hattusa.
capital. The invaders borrowed much of their Suppiluliuma I restored the power of
culture from the non-Indo-European Hattians. the kingdom, conquering Aleppo and
After a period of expansion, culminating in the Carchemish, and reducing Mitanni to vassal
sack of Babylon by Mursili I in 1595, the over- status c.1350 under his son-in-law
stretched kingdom collapsed into anarchy. The Shattiwaza. In the later 14th century,
Hurrians took advantage of the chaos to set up Mursili II expanded the Hittite
states in Mitanni (see page 19) and Kizzuwatna Empire westwards.
(later Cilicia). From then until the end of the so- In the early 13th century,
called Middle Kingdom, the Hittite kingdom Egyptian expansion into Syria
contracted to its core territory. threatened Hittite influence and
The Hittite New Kingdom begins with the
reign of Tudhaliya I at the end of the 15th century Hittite Standard Bearer

Hittite chariot, by Angus McBride. Taken from Elite 40: New Kingdom Egypt.

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HITTITE EMPIRE

INTRODUCTION
trade, resulting in the Battle of Kadesh c.1274 runner being given a lift for speed when the NUBIAN
between the Hittites under Muwatalli II and the Hittite chariots burst from ambush. EARLY LIBYAN
Egyptians under Ramesses II (see page 26). This Chariots from the West Anatolian vassal states LATER SUMERIAN OR
was a draw, but confirmed Syria as a Hittite are more likely to have been influenced by AKKADIAN
OLD OR MIDDLE
protectorate, while Egypt retained control Aegean tactics and are therefore less likely to have KINGDOM
of Canaan. been bow armed. EGYPTIAN

Following the death of Muwatalli II the Egyptian infantry close fighters are depicted HYKSOS

Empire began to decline again. The Sea Peoples conventionally in the Kadesh reliefs with spear MITANNI
SYRO-CANAANITE
upheavals of the late 13th and early 12th in one hand, sword in the other and shield slung
NEW KINGDOM
centuries weakened it further. c.1180 it on their backs. Hittite infantry are depicted in EGYPTIAN
succumbed to combined attack by the Gasgans, exactly the same way except that shields are not LATER MINOAN OR
Bryges (Phrygians) and Luwians, and Hattusa depicted. We know from other sources that at EARLY MYCENAEAN
HITTITE EMPIRE
was destroyed. least some Hittite infantry did carry shields, and
MIDDLE OR EARLY
This list covers the armies of the Hittite New it is entirely possible that they are not depicted in NEO-ASSYRIAN
Kingdom from c.1400 to c.1180 BC. the Kadesh reliefs due to lack of an Egyptian LATER MYCENAEAN
artistic convention for rendering their differently OR TROJAN
TROOP NOTES shaped shields. It is quite likely, therefore, that SEA PEOPLES
PHILISTINE
Current thinking is that Hittite chariots were Hittite infantry fought in a similar fashion to
PHOENICIAN ALLIES
primarily bow-armed like other contemporary Egyptian close fighters, giving a classification of
NEO-HITTITE AND
Near Eastern chariotry. We allow either the current Medium Foot, Protected, Light Spear, ARAMAEAN
or the old interpretation to be used. Egyptian Swordsmen. We follow this view rather than LATER HEBREW
reliefs of the battle of Kadesh show Hittite chariots older interpretations, but retain the old MANNAEAN ALLIES
apparently with three crew. We therefore allow this interpretation as an option for those spearmen LIBYAN EGYPTIAN

as an option. However, it is now thought more depicted as unshielded. An army can include URARTIAN

likely that the third man represents a chariot both types. MEDIAN
NEO-ELAMITE
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
HITTITE EMPIRE STARTER ARMY SKYTHIAN
Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
Sub-commander 2 2 x Troop Commander PHRYGIAN ALLIES
Hittite, Arzawan, Masan or Each comprising 4 bases of Hittite, Arzawan, Masan or Pitassan
3 BGs KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
Pitassan chariots chariots: Superior, Drilled Light Chariots – Bow
4 bases of other Anatolian chariots: Superior, Undrilled Light Chariots NEO-BABYLONIAN
Other Anatolian chariots 1 BG EMPIRE
– Bow
APPENDIX 1 – USING
Each comprising 8 bases of Hittite spearmen: Average, Protected, THE LISTS
Hittite spearmen 2 BGs
Drilled Medium Foot – Light Spear, Swordsmen
APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
6 bases of Anatolian javelinmen: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light TOURNAMENTS
Anatolian javelinmen 1 BG
Foot – Javelins, Light Spear
6 bases of Anatolian archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light
Anatolian archers 1 BG
Foot – Bow
6 bases of Anatolian slingers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light
Anatolian slingers 1 BG
Foot – Sling
Camp 1 Unfortified camp
Total 9 BGs Camp, 16 mounted bases, 34 foot bases, 3 commanders

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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • If any Hittite, Arzawan, Masan

USING OUR ARMY POINTS or Pitassan chariots have
Choose an army based on the maxima and Bow capability, all must.
minima in the list below. The following special • Minima marked * apply only
instructions apply to this army: if any Syro-Canaanite troops
are used.
• Commanders should be depicted in chariots. Hittite Spearman

Buyukkale, citadel of Hattusha, late 13th century BC, by Brian Delf. Taken from Fortress 73:
Hittite Fortifications c.1650–700 BC.

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HITTITE EMPIRE

INTRODUCTION
HITTITE EMPIRE
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Mountains NUBIAN
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 EARLY LIBYAN
Field Commander 50 0-2 LATER SUMERIAN OR
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0-3 AKKADIAN
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total OLD OR MIDDLE
Troop name KINGDOM
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases
EGYPTIAN
Core Troops
HYKSOS
Light
- Superior Drilled - Bow 18 4-6 MITANNI
Chariots
Any date
Light SYRO-CANAANITE
Hittite, Arzawan, - Superior Drilled - Light Spear 16 4-6
Chariots
Masan or Pitassan 6-20 NEW KINGDOM
chariots Heavy EGYPTIAN
- Superior Drilled - Bow 22 4-6
Only from Chariots
LATER MINOAN OR
1275 Heavy EARLY MYCENAEAN
- Superior Drilled - Light Spear 20 4-6
Chariots
HITTITE EMPIRE
Light Superior 15
- Undrilled - Light Spear 4-6 MIDDLE OR EARLY
Other Anatolian or Gasgan Chariots Average 11
4-8 NEO-ASSYRIAN
chariots Light Superior 17
- Undrilled - Bow 4-6
Chariots Average 13 LATER MYCENAEAN
OR TROJAN
Light Spear,
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7 6-8
Swordsmen SEA PEOPLES
Hittite spearmen 8-36
Defensive PHILISTINE
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Drilled - 6 6-8
Spearmen
PHOENICIAN ALLIES
Optional Troops
NEO-HITTITE AND
Light *4-
Syro-Canaanite chariots - Superior Undrilled Bow - 17 4-6 ARAMAEAN
Chariots 12 *4-
3-crew Ugaritic Only from Heavy 12 LATER HEBREW
- Superior Undrilled Bow - 20 4 0-4
chariots 1275 Chariots MANNAEAN ALLIES
Anatolian, Syro-Canaanite or LIBYAN EGYPTIAN
Bedouin spearmen/javelinmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 6-8 0-12
with shields URARTIAN
Syro-Canaanite spearmen Average 4 MEDIAN
Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled - Light Spear 8-12 *8-24
without shields Poor 2
NEO-ELAMITE
Average 5
Anatolian or Bedouin archers Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 6-8 0-8 CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
Poor 3
SKYTHIAN
Average 5
Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 6-8
Poor 3 NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
Syro-Canaanite archers *6-12
Average 5 PHRYGIAN ALLIES
Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 6-8
Poor 3
KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
Average 4
Anatolian or Bedouin slingers Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Sling - 6-8 0-8 NEO-BABYLONIAN
Poor 2
EMPIRE
Anatolian, Syro-Canaanite or Average 4
Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6-8 0-8 APPENDIX 1 – USING
Bedouin skirmishing javelinmen Poor 2
THE LISTS
Impact Foot,
Gasgan foot Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-12 0-12 APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Swordsmen
TOURNAMENTS
Poor quality levies Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 8-12 0-12
Allies
Mitanni vassal allies

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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

HITTITE EMPIRE ALLIES

Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases
Light Chariots - Superior Drilled - Bow 18 4-6
Any date
Light Chariots - Superior Drilled - Light Spear 16 4-6
Hittite, Arzawan,
Masan or Pitassan Heavy 4-8
- Superior Drilled - Bow 22 4-6
chariots Only from Chariots
1275 Heavy
- Superior Drilled - Light Spear 20 4-6
Chariots
Light Spear,
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7 6-8
Swordsmen
Hittite spearmen 0-12
Defensive
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Drilled - 6 6-8
Spearmen
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 4-6
Skirmishers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light spear 4 4-6 0-6
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 4-6

MIDDLE OR EARLY NEO -ASSYRIAN

In the 15th century BC, Assyria (in modern and Marduk-apal-iddin I (1170–1157) Assyria
northern Iraq) was conquered by the Kingdom was forced to accept tributary status.
of Mitanni and reduced to vassal status. However, Tiglath-Pileser I (1115–1076) was the next
following the reduction of Mitanni to vassal great Assyrian conqueror, expanding the
status by the Hittites in the mid-14th century, kingdom’s power in all directions, and
Assyria was able to reassert its independence campaigning as far as the Mediterranean.
under Ashur-uballit I (1365–1330) and start to Following his reign, however, Assyrian power
expand once more, including intervening in once more declined.
Babylonian dynastic disputes. Mitanni was This decline ended with the accession of Adad-
conquered and reduced to vassal status under nirari II (912–891) the first king of the
Adad-nirari I (1307–1275). Shalmaneser I Neo-Assyrian period. He, his son Tukulti-Ninurta
(1274–1245) defeated a Mitanni revolt II (891–884), his grandson Ashur-nasir-pal II
supported by the Hittites, and subjected the (884–859) and great-grandson Shalmaneser III
rump of Mitanni to direct rule under an Assyrian (859–824) relentlessly and successfully
governor. He also conquered several cities from campaigned against the surrounding states –
the Hittites. Tukulti-Ninurta I (1244–1208) although the latter’s advance
inflicted a severe defeat on the Hittites and also into Syria was halted by a
captured Babylon although it subsequently coalition of several Aramaean
successfully revolted. However, under his son and Neo-Hittite kingdoms with
Ashur-nadin-apli (1207–1204) Assyria lost Israel at Qarqar in 853. As in
much of its power, and internecine strife marked previous periods of Assyrian
the next few reigns. During the reigns of the
Babylonian kings Melishipak II (1185–1170) Tribal Levy Slinger

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MIDDLE OR EARLY NEO-ASSYRIAN

INTRODUCTION
expansion, however, though tribute was exacted TROOP NOTES
NUBIAN
from defeated foes, their territories were not In the early part of the period, chariots had two EARLY LIBYAN
consolidated into a formal empire. There followed horses and two crewmen. From the early 9th LATER SUMERIAN OR
a period of relative decline, under weaker rulers century some chariots were heavier, with three AKKADIAN
OLD OR MIDDLE
– apart from Adad-nirari III (810–782), who crewmen and three or four horses. At the same KINGDOM
expanded Assyrian influence in Syria – until the time, cavalry started to come into use. EGYPTIAN

accession of Tiglath-Pileser III in 745. Hupshu were peasant conscripts. Asharittu HYKSOS

This list covers the armies of Assyria from were better equipped and trained “for a fight to MITANNI
SYRO-CANAANITE
1365 to 745 BC. the finish”.
NEW KINGDOM
EGYPTIAN
LATER MINOAN OR
EARLY MYCENAEAN
HITTITE EMPIRE
MIDDLE OR EARLY
NEO-ASSYRIAN
LATER MYCENAEAN
OR TROJAN
SEA PEOPLES
PHILISTINE
PHOENICIAN ALLIES
NEO-HITTITE AND
ARAMAEAN
LATER HEBREW
MANNAEAN ALLIES
LIBYAN EGYPTIAN
URARTIAN
MEDIAN
NEO-ELAMITE
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
SKYTHIAN
NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
PHRYGIAN ALLIES
KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
NEO-BABYLONIAN
EMPIRE
Ashurnasirpal II besieging a city, 9th century BC, by Angus McBride. Taken from Elite 39: APPENDIX 1 – USING
THE LISTS
The Ancient Assyrians.
APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS

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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

EARLY NEO -ASSYRIAN STARTER ARMY

Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander
Sub-commander 2 2 x Troop Commander
Heavy chariots 1 BG 4 bases of heavy chariots: Superior, Drilled Heavy Chariots – Bow
Each comprising 4 bases of light chariots: Superior, Drilled Light
Light chariots 2 BGs
Chariots – Bow
4 bases of cavalry: Average, Protected, Drilled Cavalry – 2 Light Spear,
Cavalry 1 BG
Swordsmen and 2 Bow, Swordsmen
Each comprising 4 bases of spearmen: Average, Protected, Drilled
Asharittu 2 BGs Medium Foot – Light Spear, Swordsmen, and 4 bases of archers:
Average, Protected, Drilled Medium Foot – Bow
4 bases of spearmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled Medium Foot –
Hupshu 1 BG Light Spear, and 4 bases of archers: Average, Protected, Undrilled
Medium Foot – Bow
8 bases of tribal levy archers: Poor, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot
Tribal levy archers 1 BG
– Bow
6 bases of tribal levy slingers: Poor, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot
Tribal levy slingers 1 BG
– Sling
6 bases of tribal levy javelinmen: Poor, Unprotected, Undrilled Light
Tribal levy javelinmen 1 BG
Foot – Javelins, Light Spear
Camp 1 Unfortified camp
Total 10 BGs Camp, 16 mounted bases, 44 foot bases, 3 commanders

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST instructions apply to this army:

USING OUR ARMY POINTS
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Commanders should be depicted in
minima in the list below. The following special chariots.

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LATER MYCENAEAN OR TROJAN

INTRODUCTION
MIDDLE OR EARLY NEO -ASSYRIAN
Territory Types: Agricultural, Developed, Hilly NUBIAN
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 EARLY LIBYAN
Field Commander 50 0-2 LATER SUMERIAN OR
Sub-commanders AKKADIAN
Troop Commander 35 0-3
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total OLD OR MIDDLE
Troop name KINGDOM
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases
EGYPTIAN
Core Troops
HYKSOS
Any date Light Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 18 4-6 4-24
MITANNI
Chariots Only from Heavy 8-24
- Superior Drilled Bow - 22 4-6 4-12 SYRO-CANAANITE
890 Chariots
Light Spear, NEW KINGDOM
Only from Cavalry Protected Average Drilled - 10 1/2
Cavalry Swordsmen 4-6 0-12 EGYPTIAN
890
Cavalry Protected Average Drilled Bow Swordsmen 12 1/2 LATER MINOAN OR
Light Spear, EARLY MYCENAEAN
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7 1/2
Swordsmen HITTITE EMPIRE
Asharittu 6-8 8-32
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Bow - 7 1/2 MIDDLE OR EARLY
NEO-ASSYRIAN
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 1/2
6-8 LATER MYCENAEAN
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Bow - 6 1/2 OR TROJAN
Hupshu 0-64
Medium Foot Protected Poor Undrilled - Light Spear 3 1/2 SEA PEOPLES
8-10
Medium Foot Protected Poor Undrilled Bow - 4 1/2 PHILISTINE
Unprotected 5
Light Foot Average Undrilled Bow - 6-8 0-24 PHOENICIAN ALLIES
Poor 3
Unprotected 4 NEO-HITTITE AND
Tribal levies Light Foot Average Undrilled Sling - 6-8 0-8 0-24 ARAMAEAN
Poor 2
Unprotected 4 LATER HEBREW
Light Foot Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4-6 0-6
Poor 2 MANNAEAN ALLIES
Optional Troops LIBYAN EGYPTIAN
Levy dregs Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 8-12 0-12
URARTIAN
Fortified camp 24 0-1
MEDIAN
Allies
NEO-ELAMITE
Neo-Hittite and Aramaean allies (Only from 890)
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
SKYTHIAN
NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
LATER MYCENAEAN OR TROJAN PHRYGIAN ALLIES
KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
This list covers Mycenaean armies from the mid- large body shields to shorter NEO-BABYLONIAN
EMPIRE
13th century until the early 12th century BC. It spears, smaller round
APPENDIX 1 – USING
also covers Trojan armies of the Trojan War. shields and body armour. THE LISTS
In the Iliad, some APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TROOP NOTES infantry (Nestor’s) TOURNAMENTS

A change to lighter chariot types and more lightly still appear to use the
equipped crew in the mid-13th century BC old fighting style.
suggests a change in chariot tactics.
Likewise there appears to have been a change
of infantry equipment from long spears and very Dismounted Charioteer

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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

Later Mycenaean spearmen, c.1250–1200 BC, by Angus McBride. Taken from Elite 130: The Mycenaeans
c.1650–1100 BC.

LATER MYCENAEAN STARTER ARMY

Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander
Sub-commander 2 2 x Troop Commander
Each comprising 4 bases of chariots: Superior, Undrilled Light
Chariots 3 BGs
Chariots – Light Spear
Each comprising 6 bases of spearmen: Average, Armoured, Undrilled
Spearmen 2 BGs
Medium Foot – Offensive Spearmen
Each comprising 8 bases of spearmen: Average, Protected, Undrilled
Spearmen 2 BGs
Medium Foot – Offensive Spearmen
6 bases of javelinmen: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot –
Javelinmen 1 BG
Javelins, Light Spear
Archers 1 BG 6 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – Bow
Slingers 1 BG 6 bases of slingers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – Sling
Camp 1 Unfortified camp
Total 10 BGs Camp, 12 mounted bases, 46 foot bases, 3 commanders

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LATER MYCENAEAN OR TROJAN

Myrmidon INTRODUCTION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST
NUBIAN
USING OUR ARMY POINTS
EARLY LIBYAN
Choose an army based on the maxima and LATER SUMERIAN OR
minima in the list below. The following special AKKADIAN
OLD OR MIDDLE
instructions apply to this army: KINGDOM
EGYPTIAN

• Commanders should be depicted in HYKSOS

chariots. MITANNI
SYRO-CANAANITE
• Chariots can always dismount as Medium
NEW KINGDOM
Foot, Armoured, Superior, Undrilled, EGYPTIAN
Offensive Spearmen. LATER MINOAN OR
EARLY MYCENAEAN
HITTITE EMPIRE
LATER MYCENAEAN OR TROJAN MIDDLE OR EARLY
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly NEO-ASSYRIAN
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1 LATER MYCENAEAN
Field Commander 50 0-2 OR TROJAN
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0-3 SEA PEOPLES
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total PHILISTINE
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases
PHOENICIAN ALLIES
Core Troops
NEO-HITTITE AND
Chariots Light Chariots - Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 15 4-6 6-30 ARAMAEAN
Offensive LATER HEBREW
Medium Foot Armoured Average Undrilled - 9 6-8 0-12
Spearmen 12-
Spearmen MANNAEAN ALLIES
Offensive 66
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 0-60 LIBYAN EGYPTIAN
Spearmen
Javelinmen Light foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8 6-18 URARTIAN
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 MEDIAN
Archers 6-12
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 NEO-ELAMITE
Optional Troops CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
Armoured 10 SKYTHIAN
Cavalry Cavalry Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4-6 0-6
Protected 7 NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 0-8 PHRYGIAN ALLIES
Fortified Camp 24 0-1 KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
Special Campaigns NEO-BABYLONIAN
Only Achaians in the Trojan War EMPIRE

Achilles’s Armoured Impact Foot, 12 APPENDIX 1 – USING

Medium Foot Superior Undrilled - 4-6 0-6 THE LISTS
Myrmidons Protected Swordsmen 9
APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Defensive 2/3
Nestor’s spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7 TOURNAMENTS
Spearmen or all
and supporting 6-9 0-18
archers 1/3
Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 5
or 0
Only Trojans in the Trojan War
Sarpedon’s Lukka Impact Foot,
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 0-8
warriors Swordsmen
Thracians Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 6-8 0-12

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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

SEA PEOPLES
The origin of the Sea Peoples, who played such TROOP NOTES
a major role in the upheavals of the late 13th and Several of the Sea Peoples are depicted as captives
early 12th centuries BC is unknown. Numerous in Egyptian reliefs. The common item of clothing
theories have been advanced, none of which can was a tasselled kilt, possibly reinforced with
be substantiated. Whatever their origin, their leather strips. In addition to this, Sherden, Peleset,
sea-borne raids caused increasing pressure on and probably Tjekker and Denyen, wore a leather
the civilisations of the eastern Mediterranean, or bronze cuirass, while Sheklesh and Teresh wore
several of which collapsed or declined sharply at banded leather or linen armour. Sherden wore
around this time, as discussed in the notes for horned helmets and were armed with a long
their lists. sword, javelins and a round shield. Peleset, Tjekker
The Sea Peoples included the Sherden, and Denyen wore a “tall crown” composed of a
Peleset, Tjekker, Shekelesh, Denyen, Weshwesh, circle of upstanding horsehair, reeds, linen or
Lukka, Teresh and Ekwesh. Of these, Peleset, leather strips attached to a decorated head band
Sherden and Tjekker are all recorded as settled in and fastened by a chin strap. Shields could be
Philistia (Palestine) by 1100 BC. studded with possibly bronze bosses.
This list covers Sea Some Egyptian-style chariots are
Peoples armies prior depicted, though with three crew
to the development of (driver and two javelinmen).
a distinctive Philistine Sea Peoples are depicted as
military system around the carrying their families and
end of the 12th century BC. belongings in large two-wheeled
ox-drawn carts. These would look
Peleset good as part of a supply camp
Commander diorama.
Sherden
Swordsman

SEA PEOPLES STARTER ARMY

Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander
Sub-commander 2 2 x Troop Commander
Chariots 1 BG 4 bases of chariots: Superior, Undrilled Light Chariots – Light Spear
Each comprising 6 bases of retinue swordsmen: Superior, Armoured,
Retinue swordsmen 2 BGs
Undrilled Medium Foot – Impact Foot, Swordsmen
Each comprising 8 bases of ordinary swordsmen: Average, Protected,
Ordinary swordsmen 4 BGs
Undrilled Medium Foot – Impact Foot, Swordsmen
Each comprising 6 bases of javelinmen: Average, Unprotected,
Javelinmen 2 BGs
Undrilled Light Foot – Javelins, Light Spear
Camp 1 Unfortified camp
Total 9 BGs Camp, 4 mounted bases, 56 foot bases, 3 commanders

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SEA PEOPLE

INTRODUCTION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be NUBIAN
USING OUR ARMY POINTS depicted in chariots or as EARLY LIBYAN
Choose an army based on the maxima and retinue swordsmen. LATER SUMERIAN OR
minima in the list below. The following special AKKADIAN
OLD OR MIDDLE
instructions apply to this army: Peleset Jaelinman KINGDOM
EGYPTIAN
HYKSOS
SEA PEOPLES MITANNI
Territory Types: Agricultural
SYRO-CANAANITE
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1
NEW KINGDOM
Field Commander 50 0-2 EGYPTIAN
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0-3 LATER MINOAN OR
Troop Type Capabilities EARLY MYCENAEAN
Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases HITTITE EMPIRE

Core Troops MIDDLE OR EARLY

NEO-ASSYRIAN
Light Chariots - Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 15 4-6
Chariots 0-8
LATER MYCENAEAN
Heavy OR TROJAN
- Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 18 4-6
Chariots
SEA PEOPLES
Protected Impact Foot, 9
Retinue swordsmen Medium Foot Superior Undrilled - 6-8 0-18 PHILISTINE
Armoured Swordsmen 12
Impact Foot, PHOENICIAN ALLIES
Ordinary swordsmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 8-12 32-96
Swordsmen NEO-HITTITE AND
Javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8 0-24 ARAMAEAN
Optional Troops LATER HEBREW
Families Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 8-12 0-12 MANNAEAN ALLIES
Fortified camp 24 0-1 LIBYAN EGYPTIAN
Allies URARTIAN
Libyan allies – Early Libyan MEDIAN
NEO-ELAMITE
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
SEA PEOPLES ALLIES SKYTHIAN
Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1 NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total PHRYGIAN ALLIES
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases
KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
Light Chariots - Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 15 4 NEO-BABYLONIAN
Chariots Heavy 0-4 EMPIRE
- Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 18 4
Chariots APPENDIX 1 – USING
Protected Impact Foot, 9 THE LISTS
Retinue swordsmen Medium Foot Superior Undrilled - 4-6 0-6
Armoured Swordsmen 12 APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
Impact Foot, TOURNAMENTS
Ordinary swordsmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 8-12 8-32
Swordsmen
Javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8 0-8

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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

The invasion of the Sea Peoples, by Angus McBride. Taken from Elite 40: New Kingdom Egypt.

PHILISTINE
Descended from Sea Peoples defeated by Egypt c.1100 BC. They lost their independence to
in the second quarter of the 12th century BC, the Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria by 732 BC, though
Philistines either carved out their own territory there were several
in modern Palestine, or were settled there by revolts thereafter.
Egypt as military colonists but soon asserted their They eventually
independence. Their name, as well as that of became part of the
Palestine, derives from the Peleset, one of the Neo-Babylonian
Sea People groups. The five principal Philistine Empire.
cities were Gaza, Ashdod, Ekron, Gath, and
Ashkelon. This list covers Philistine armies from Philistine
their development of a distinct military system Spearman

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PHILISTINE

INTRODUCTION
PHILISTINE STARTER ARMY
Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander NUBIAN
Sub-commander 2 2 x Troop Commander EARLY LIBYAN
Each comprising 4 bases of chariots: Superior, Drilled Light Chariots LATER SUMERIAN OR
Chariots 2 BGs
– Bow AKKADIAN
6 bases of elite spearmen: Superior, Armoured, Drilled Heavy Foot OLD OR MIDDLE
Elite spearmen 1 BG KINGDOM
– Offensive Spearmen
EGYPTIAN
Each comprising 8 bases of other spearmen: Average, Protected,
Other spearmen 3 BGs HYKSOS
Undrilled Medium Foot – Offensive Spearmen
6 bases of javelinmen: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – MITANNI
Javelinmen 1 BG
Javelins, Light Spear SYRO-CANAANITE
Archers 1 BG 8 bases of archers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – Bow NEW KINGDOM
Slingers 1 BG 6 bases of slingers: Average, Unprotected, Undrilled Light Foot – Sling EGYPTIAN
Camp 1 Unfortified camp LATER MINOAN OR
EARLY MYCENAEAN
Total 9 BGs Camp, 8 mounted bases, 50 foot bases, 3 commanders
HITTITE EMPIRE
MIDDLE OR EARLY
NEO-ASSYRIAN
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be depicted in chariots LATER MYCENAEAN
USING OUR ARMY POINTS or as elite spearmen. OR TROJAN
SEA PEOPLES
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Aramaean allies cannot be used with
PHILISTINE
minima in the list below. The following special Kushite Egyptian allies.
PHOENICIAN ALLIES
instructions apply to this army:
NEO-HITTITE AND
ARAMAEAN
LATER HEBREW
MANNAEAN ALLIES
LIBYAN EGYPTIAN
URARTIAN
MEDIAN
NEO-ELAMITE
CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
SKYTHIAN
NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
PHRYGIAN ALLIES
KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
NEO-BABYLONIAN
EMPIRE
APPENDIX 1 – USING
THE LISTS
APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS

Sherden (left), Philistine (right) and Nubian archer (centre), by Angus McBride.
Taken from Men-at-Arms 109: Ancient Armies of the Middle East.

47
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SWIFTER THAN EAGLES

PHILISTINE
Territory Types: Agricultural, Developed
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1
Field Commander 50 0-2
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0-3
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases
Core Troops
Light
Before 800 - Superior Drilled Bow - 18 4-6
Chariots
Chariots 4-20
Heavy
From 800 - Superior Drilled Bow - 22 4-6
Chariots
Heavy Armoured Offensive 13
Elite spearmen Superior Drilled - 6-8 0-8
Foot Protected Spearmen 10
Medium Offensive
Other spearmen Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 16-48
Foot Spearmen
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8
Medium 6-32
Unprotected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4 6-8
Javelinmen Foot
Medium
Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 6-8 0-12
Foot
Optional Troops
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-12
Archers Medium 0-12
Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 4-6 0-6
Foot
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 0-8
Armoured Superior 12
Medium Light Spear,
Hebrew mercenaries Protected Superior Drilled - 9 4-6 0-6
Foot Swordsmen
Protected Average 7
Only from Light Spear,
Cavalry Cavalry Protected Average Drilled - 10 4 0-4
800 Swordsmen
Allies
Aramaean allies – Neo-Hittite and Later Aramaean
Egyptian allies (Only from 800) – Libyan Egyptian or Kushite Egyptian
Phoenician allies

PHILISTINE ALLIES
Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases
Light
Before 800 - Superior Drilled Bow - 18 4-6
Chariots
Chariots 4-6
Heavy
From 800 - Superior Drilled Bow - 22 4-6
Chariots
Offensive
Spearmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 6-16
Spearmen
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8
Javelinmen 0-12
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4 6-8

48
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PHOENICIAN ALLIES

INTRODUCTION
PHOENICIAN ALLIES NUBIAN
EARLY LIBYAN
This list covers allied contingents supplied by the boosted by emigration from the homeland LATER SUMERIAN OR
Phoenician cities. Phoenicia was the coastal following the Persian conquest, Tyre’s largest AKKADIAN
OLD OR MIDDLE
region of northern Canaan, in modern Lebanon, colony in North Africa, Carthage, grew in power KINGDOM
Syria and Israel. The Phoenicians were great until it ruled an empire in the western EGYPTIAN

sailors and traders, trading as far away as the Mediterranean before ultimately succumbing to HYKSOS

British Isles, and planting many colonies in Rome. The armies of Carthage are covered in Field MITANNI

Cyprus and the western Mediterranean. Phoenicia of Glory Companion 3: Immortal Fire, and Field of SYRO-CANAANITE
NEW KINGDOM
was divided into a number of city-states, of which Glory Companion 1: Rise of Rome. EGYPTIAN
Tyre and Sidon were the greatest. Phoenicia was LATER MINOAN OR
ultimately incorporated into the Achaemenid • Commanders should be depicted in EARLY MYCENAEAN
HITTITE EMPIRE
Persian Empire in 539 BC, subsequently chariots.
MIDDLE OR EARLY
providing much of the Persian fleet. Possibly • Spearmen must all be classified the same. NEO-ASSYRIAN
LATER MYCENAEAN
OR TROJAN
PHOENICIAN ALLIES SEA PEOPLES
Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1 PHILISTINE
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name PHOENICIAN ALLIES
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases
NEO-HITTITE AND
Light ARAMAEAN
Before 800 - Superior Drilled Bow - 18 4
Chariots
LATER HEBREW
Heavy
Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 22 4 0-4 MANNAEAN ALLIES
Chariots
From 800
Heavy LIBYAN EGYPTIAN
- Superior Drilled - Light Spear 20 4
Chariots
URARTIAN
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Light Spear Swordsmen 7 6-8 MEDIAN
Spearmen 6-16 NEO-ELAMITE
Offensive
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8
Spearmen CIMMERIAN OR EARLY
Archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 4-6 0-6 SKYTHIAN
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 4 NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
0-4
Javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 4 PHRYGIAN ALLIES
KUSHITE EGYPTIAN
NEO-BABYLONIAN
NEO -HITTITE AND ARAMAEAN EMPIRE
APPENDIX 1 – USING
THE LISTS
Following the collapse of the Hittite Empire, a including Unqi, Sam’al, Bit-Adini, Bit-Bahiani, APPENDIX 2 – THEMED
TOURNAMENTS
number of so-called Neo-Hittite (Syro-Hittite) Bit Agusi, Napigu, Hatarikka-Luhuti and Hama –
kingdoms arose in southern Anatolia and Aramaean rulers came to power around 1000
northern Syria. In the northern group – BC. Aleppo and Damascus were major cities
including Carchemish, Milid, Tabal, Kummuhu, under Aramaean control.
Hilakku, Quwê & Gurgum – Hittite rulers Hadadezer of Damascus and King Ahab of
remained in power. In the southern group – Israel, together with other Aramaean and Neo-

49
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 At best, however, the restoration of an entire ear may be
considered impracticable, and only in such cases where the greater
part of the ear remains can cosmetic results be looked for.
In the illustration shown the author restored the upper third of the
ear shown above the line drawn obliquely across the ear. Seventeen
delicate operations were necessary to obtain the result (see Fig.
115).

Fig. 115.—Partial Restoration of the Auricle.

(Author’s case.)

Where the loss of substance is not too great and along the helix of
the ear, a flap can be taken from the back of the ear, leaving it
attached at its cicatrized union with the primary wound, and sliding
this flap upward or outward until the defect of the helix is
overcorrected to allow for contraction and suturing the flap in its
new position.
The secondary wound if too large to permit of direct union with
sutures may at once be covered with a flap taken from the anterior
border of the arm, or, if preferred, from the inner aspect of the calf
of the leg. The wound occasioned by the removal of the graft can
easily be closed by suture, leaving simply a linear scar of little
consequence. Usually such defects of the rim can be hidden by the
combing of the hair, especially in women.

AURICULAR PROTHESES
When the injury has resulted in complete loss of the organ or so
much of it that its remaining stump will not permit of otoplasty,
protheses or artificial ears or parts of ears may be employed to
render the patient less unsightly. These protheses are usually made
of aluminum, papier maché, or rubber, and painted to match the
good ear. They are attached with a special kind of gum, termed zinc-
leim, which makers of such protheses furnish, or are held by metal
springs, which are inserted under strips or bridges of skin surgically
created for the purpose. The esthetic effect is surprisingly good in
most cases.

COLOBOMA
A very common injury observed in women is laceration of the
lobule of the ear or ears, generally due to the wearing of heavy
earrings, which gradually cut their way through the tissues.
Coloboma may be occasioned by the forcible tearing out of the
earrings; it has also been found to be congenital in rare cases.
The simplest method for correcting this deformity is to cut away
both cicatrized edges of the defect by the aid of the angular scissors,
exposing fully the width of the lobular tissue on both sides (Fig.
116), as the cicatricial edges are likely to be thinner than the lobule
proper, and if brought together would leave a depression along the
line of union. The freshened cut surfaces are brought together with
fine silk sutures, an inferior one being taken in the outer border, so
as to establish perfect coaptation at this point (Fig. 117).
 The objection to the above operation is that invariably owing to
the resultant contraction a notch is formed at the union of the
angles of the freshened wound. To avoid this the operation shown in
Fig. 118 is to be employed (Greene).
Fig. 116.—Correction of Lobular Defect.
Fig. 117.—Coaptation of Wound.
 Fig. 118. Fig. 119.
Greene Method.

The bistoury is thrust through the lobule at the point A and an

incision is made to follow at a little distance the defect along the line
D. This frees the cicatrix except at the pedicle A. A transverse
incision is now made above the point A corresponding to the curved
exsection of the opposite side except for a thin strip of tissue B. This
delicate little flap is preserved and severed a short distance beyond.
The raw edges when now brought in apposition will assume the
form in Fig. 119. The wound is sutured as in the simpler operation.

Fig. 120.—Noyes’s Clamp.

These operations are best performed under local anesthesia, the

two-per-cent eucain being preferred. There is practically little
bleeding, but even this may be avoided by applying a large Noyes’
compression clamp with its angular arms so placed as to include the
entire lobule (Fig. 120).

MALFORMATION OF THE LOBULE

There may be an enlargement of or an absence of the lobule.

Enlargement of the Lobule

In the enlargement of the lobule the operation last described may

be resorted to, making the now supposed coloboma the triangular
amount of tissue to be removed. It will be found that the upper
curve of the incisions must be carried much higher in cases of this
kind, furthermore, that they should define a sharper angle at this
point.
The simple exsection of a triangular piece of the lobule and
suturing is commonly practiced, with the objection of the notch
previously referred to. This operation is very quickly done, and if
care be taken in bringing the raw surfaces together neatly a splendid
result is attained, especially if the incisions are made obliquely to the
plane of the skin.

Attachment of the Lobe

There may be a shortening of the lobule, or, as is more frequently

seen, the attachment of the inner lateral border of the lobe to the
skin opposite.
This attachment of the lobe has been alleged by criminologists to
be a mark of the degenerate. If this be so it can scarcely apply to
the Japanese, in whom it is found as a racial fact.
As the defect is often objected to by patients its correction may be
considered briefly.
An incision is made in the inferior auricle and in the skin below it,
as shown by the dotted lines in Fig. 121, removing the triangular
piece of tissue included therein.
 Fig. 121. Fig. 122.
Correction of Attached Lobe.

The wound is then sutured with fine silk, as shown in Fig. 122,
and allowed to heal. The result is very gratifying in most cases.

MALFORMATION OF THE AURICLE

Malformations of the ear are due to the arrest of development,
termed microtia, excessive development, or macrotia, and
malposition.

Microtia

The total absence of the auricular appendage is quite rare. One or

the other part of the ear is usually found, either partially or fully
developed, giving to the ear an irregular rolled-up appearance. This
defect may be unilateral or bilateral.
It may be associated with congenital fistula (Fistula auris
congenita), varying in length from one fourth to one inch, and
secreting a serouslike fluid. These fistulæ are usually found
anteriorly and above the tragus, the lobule, or more rarely at the
crus helix, or even behind the ear. Sometimes these fistulæ
communicate with the middle ear or even the esophagus. They are
due to imperfect development in utero. In microtia little can be done
surgically, since the malformation is usually so pronounced as to
exclude all methods of restoration.
Szymanowski advises making an ear from the skin immediately
back of the auditory canal if present, making the incisions of the
shape shown in Fig. 123.

Fig. 123.—Restoration of Auricle,

Szymanowski Method.

The flap included in these incisions is dissected up and doubled on

itself posteriorly. The doubled flap thus formed is brought forward
and placed as near into the linear position as the ear should have.
The flap is then sutured through and through to make the raw
surfaces heal together. The secondary wound and the treatment of
the flap are carried out as already referred to under restoration of
the auricle.
 Several later delicate operations are done to add to the shape of
the newly made organ, but at best the effect is far from even good.
In the case of Mr. B., illustrated in Fig. 124, an attempt was made
to enlarge the somewhat elastic roll of tissue corresponding to the
helix by several injections of paraffin. The result proved to be
anything but satisfactory; in fact, the prominence of the malformed
upper ear was made more evident, and painful when subjected to
pressure, so that the patient was compelled to refrain from lying on
that side of the head.
Fig. 124.—Auricular Stump for Attachment of
Artificial Ear.
 Fig. 125.—Auricular Prothesis.

There had been also congenital atresia of the auditory meatus,

which had been operated for, leaving a hair-lined opening, leading
down to a useless middle ear, a condition sometimes associated with
microtia.
In presenting himself to the author for operation it was decided
that the otoplastic methods for the restoration of the ear were out of
the question, as is usually the fact in these cases.
The hard mass of tissue referred to and corresponding to the helix
was reduced considerably, so that the stump obtained was soft and
pliable, with not only the object of overcoming the sensitiveness and
inconvenience of the part, but to obtain as good a base for the
attachment of an artificial ear as possible (see Fig. 124).
Fig. 126.—Auricular Prothesis Applied to Stump.
Fig. 127.—Anterior View of Auricular Prothesis.
 Fig. 128.—Posterior View of Auricular Prothesis.

The author advises a complete amputation of such

underdeveloped ears, since a better and firmer seat of attachment is
offered thereby to the prothesis to be worn over it, at the same time
giving the artificial organ a better position in reference to its normal
relation to the face. An irregular stump makes this more or less
difficult, as in the case just referred to, but even these patients are
loath to part with an irregular ugly mass of tissue they consider
themselves thankful to be born with.
The auricular prothesis used in this case is shown in Fig. 125, and
its position and appearance when placed on the stump is shown in
Fig. 126.
 Another, showing both anterior and posterior surfaces, is given in
Figs. 127 and 128.
The fistular conditions mentioned should be thoroughly dissected
out and healed from the bottom when practical by antiseptic gauze
packing. Those involving the middle ear require special treatment
that cannot be included under plastic procedure.

Macrotia

Abnormal enlargement of the ear is often found in the idiot, but is

commonly seen as a hereditary defect in many without having the
least relation to the mental development of the person. These
conditions occur more frequently in men than in women.
Enlargement always depends upon overdevelopment of the
cartilaginous structure of the auricle, and may also be the result of
direct violence, the result of blows upon the organ, as in prize
fighters, football players, and other athletes.
Following violence the auricle undergoes either an acute or chronic
hypertrophy of the chondrium, resulting in the condition known as
the “cauliflower ear.”
Again, there may be hematoma occasioned by direct violence,
termed othematoma traumaticum, or a spontaneous development of
such hematoma without any appreciable injury, as found in the
insane. In the latter form the disease appears suddenly without
warning or inflammatory manifestations, the hematoma reaching its
full size in three or four days, after which a passive resolution in the
form of absorption of the tumor takes place associated more or less
with an organization of the blood mass, and leaving the auricular
appendage unduly enlarged, distorted, and thickened, with here and
there islands of seemingly detached or displaced cartilage firmly
adherent to the overlying skin.
Early in these cases much can be done by the application of
external medication, depletion, and pressure bandage, and the
removal of the effusion producing the swelling and lying between
the perichondrium and the cartilage, by the introduction of a trocar
cannula or by incision, as may be required.
The union between cartilage and perichondrium is always slow,
requiring about three weeks in the traumatic variety and often
months in the noninflammatory form.
Be the enlargement due to whatever cause, the patient not
infrequently presents himself for a correction of the deformity.
The slightest of such deformities is a tiplike enlargement of the
outer and upper angle of the helix, most commonly unilateral. This
has been termed “fox ear.”
In this condition there is more or less loss of the curl of the helix,
with flattening beginning well down in the fossa, extending upward,
and terminating in a triangular cartilaginous tip resembling the ear of
an animal, hence the name.
The correction of this fault is quite simple. An incision somewhat
larger than the base of the cartilaginous triangle is made under a
local anesthetic about one fourth inch below and back of the line
corresponding to the superior border of the helix. The cartilage is
exposed through this incision and excised with a fine curved scissors
without wounding the anterior skin of the helix, and the incision
neatly sutured, leaving the now redundant skin to contract.
In this manner the fault is corrected without any appreciable scar.
The sutures can be removed in three or four days.
In the correction of macrotia various surgical methods may be
employed, yet none can be emphasized, as exclusively indicated,
inasmuch as the enlargements may involve one or the other part of
the pinna.
The greatest fault with most of these ears lies in the
overdevelopment of the triangular antihelix or that area lying
posterior to the fossa of the antihelix and the fossa of the helix,
although in many cases the greatest malformation is found in the
concha itself.
The following methods for operation are therefore given not so
much for their individual merit, but to act as a guide in the selection
of an appropriate election or modification for specific cases.
Schwartze Method.—Schwartze advises and has obtained
excellent results by removing a long elliptical piece of the entire
thickness of the pinna, including both skin and cartilage, from the
fossa of the helix, followed by the excision of a triangular section
with its base corresponding to the outer border of the helix and its
apex terminating well in the concavity of the concha. The scheme of
procedure is shown in Figs. 129 and 130. The raw edges are brought
together by fine silk sutures, which are made to pass directly
through the cartilage, and tied carefully to prevent any change of
the transfixed parts, which would mar the result of the operation
more or less and necessitate further interference. The arrangement
of the sutures and the disposition of the parts are shown in Fig. 131.

Fig. 129. Fig. 130. Fig. 131.

Schwartze Method.
 Parkhill Method.—Parkhill advises a semilunar incision from the
fossa of the helix with a rhomboidal exsection of the helix, as shown
in Fig. 132, and suturing the parts, as shown in Fig. 133.

Fig. 132. Fig. 133.

Parkhill Method.

The tonguelike ends of the semilunar incisions must, of course,

vary in length, according to the amount of tissue necessary to
remove to facilitate accurate juxtaposition of the newly designed
flaps.
Author’s Method.—The latter operation is most successful where
the upper part of the pinna is unusually flat. It does not correct this
flatness, however, which is often an objection, hence the author
suggests excising a section of the entire thickness of the ear from
the fossa somewhat in the form shown in Fig. 134, curving the two
deeper invading incisions, so that when the parts are brought
together a concavity will be given the antihelix, as in the natural
auricle.
 Fig. 134. Fig. 135.
Author’s Method.

The rearrangement of the parts in this event is shown in Fig. 135.

The only objection to the above may be found in the two linear scars
across the antihelix entirely overcome by the Parkhill operation,
wherein the line of union falls just below the rim of the helix and
into the groove commonly found there, yet any of these scars shows
little in well-done operations and when union takes place by first
intention.
There will always appear a notchlike depression where the newly
cut ends of the helix are brought together, owing to the cicatrix
involving the space between the cartilaginous borders.
Inasmuch as this notch necessarily shows the most prominent part
of the ear, the author advocates the following method in which the
notch is brought anterior to the fossa of the antihelix; in other
words, near to the point of the union of the helix with the skin of the
face about on a line with the superior border of the zygomatic
process; a point where the hair is in close proximity with the ear and
where the scar can be more easily covered.
 The form of incision is somewhat sickle shaped, the upper
curvature of the incision following the inferior border of the helix and
extending well into the fossa of the helix, as shown in Fig. 136.
Where the antihelix is particularly large a triangular section may be
removed, as shown at A, with a corresponding shortening of the
helix flap at B. The latter gives more contour to the ear as well.

Fig. 136. Fig. 137.

Author’s Method.

The parts are brought together and sewn into position, as shown
in Fig. 137.

AURICULAR APPENDAGES
Small nipplelike projections of skin or elongated tumefactions of
connective tissue are sometimes found about the tragus, the lobule,
or on the neck. They are easily removed by encompassing their
bases with an elliptical incision and amputating them a little below
the level of the skin and suturing the wound in linear form.
 POLYOTIA
Auricular appendages may contain small pieces of cartilage or
resemble crudely the auricle in miniature. This condition is termed
polyotia. One or more of these supernumerary ears may be found
anterior or posterior to the true ear or even below it on the skin of
the neck.
In the case reported by Wilde there were four ears, the two
abnormal ones being situated on the neck at either side. Langer has
reported a similar case. The condition may be unilateral or bilateral.
This congenital malformation is corrected by simple amputation,
as described under minor auricular appendages.

MALPOSITION OF THE AURICLE

The most common deformity met with in ears is undue
prominence. The ears stand out from the head at an obtuse angle,
often lopping forward and downward, giving the patient a stupid
appearance. This condition is usually inherited, but may be acquired
during childhood by the careless wearing of caps that crowd the
pinnæ forward and away from the head. The habit of ear-pulling is
also said to be a cause, also the faulty position of the head during
sleep. The deformity is usually bilateral, but in the majority of cases
one ear usually projects more than the other.
Where the deformity is recognized during infancy the ears should
be simply bandaged to the head with a suitable bandage or ear cap,
procurable for that purpose with the hope that the cartilages may
thus be influenced during their period of hardening and growth.
Invariably these patients are seen too late, and operative
procedures alone will restore the ears to their normal position.
The earlier in life such an operation is performed the more
satisfactory is the result, inasmuch as the cartilage of the ear is
more pliable, and hence more susceptible of readjustment;
moreover, the operation when done early in life necessitates only the
removal of an elliptical piece of skin from the back of the ear,
according to Monks, and suturing of the wound, as shown in Fig.
138.
The elliptical form of the
incision must, however, be
changed according to the
varied prominence of various
parts of the ear. When the ear
lops forward, it should be
broader above and narrower
below, and vice versa in the
event when the concha is
overprominent.
When the patient is less than
fourteen or fifteen years of age
a general anesthetic should be
employed, but in older patients
the operation can be easily
undertaken under local use of Fig. 138.—Monks’ Method.
two-per-cent eucain solution.
Author’s Method.—The
method followed by the author is to thoroughly anesthetize the back
of the ear, the patient lying in a recumbent position with the head to
one side, sufficient to place the ear to be operated upon in as
convenient position for operation as is possible. A rubber cap is
drawn over the head to cover the hair.
An incision is now made along the whole of the back of the ear as
far down as the sulcus, where the retro-aural integument joins that
of the neck.
The incision should involve the skin only, and vary from three
fourths to one half an inch from the outer border.
 At once the blood will ooze from the line of incision. The operator
now presses the ear backward on the bare skin of the head, leaving
an imprint of the bleeding line on the skin there.
A second incision is made along this line, giving the total outlining
incision a heart-shaped form, as shown in Fig. 139.
The skin within this area is now dissected up quickly. There will be
more or less bleeding from the post-auricular vessels, which can
easily be controlled by sponge pressure, or with one or two artery
forceps of the mosquito-bill pattern. The wound should be large
enough to overcorrect the fault, as the ear springs out more or less
when healed.
Sutures are now introduced. When necessary one or two catgut
sutures are taken through the concha, not going through the
anterior skin, however, and the deeper tissue back of the ear and
tied. These hold the cartilage in place.

Fig. 139.—Author’s method.

Fig. 140.—Cartilage to be Removed. (Author’s method.)

 For the coaptation of the skin the continuous suture is to be
preferred, but when the cartilage suture is employed it will be found
impracticable, owing to the close position of the ear to the head. In
that event interrupted sutures must be placed, as shown in the
Monks operation, and tied after the cartilage has been fixed as
described.
Where it is deemed necessary to fix the cartilage in this way, the
author advises to remove an elongated elliptical piece of the concha,
as shown in Fig. 140.
This is neatly done by outlining the section with the scalpel, and
excising it with the aid of a fine pair of scissors, half rounded; the
operator holding the index finger of the left hand in the depression
of the concha anteriorly as a guide to avoid injuring the skin.
After the elliptical exsection a linear incision with the scissors may
be made both superiorly and inferiorly to further mobilize the springy
shell of the ear, which will then be found to fall easily into place.
The bleeding in the latter method is more severe, since the
posterior auricular arteries and the auricular branch of the occipital
have to be severed, yet ligation is rarely necessary.
The interrupted suture may now be applied, varying the site of
puncture as below or above its fellow puncture, as made necessary
by the droop of the ear, with the object of shifting it into a normal
position; or in other words, by raising or lowering it upon tightening
the sutures.
The continuous suture is to be preferred, however, when the
cartilage has been removed as described, since the ear has now
become quite mobile and is easily placed in position.
When the removal of these sutures, which should be of Nos. 5 or
6 twisted silk, is considered, one can comprehend the advisability of
this form of wound closure.
The ear will now appear to lie quite close to the head, compared
with the original position, as shown in Figs. 141 and 142.
 The patient is now turned so as to present the other ear, a pad of
gauze and absorbent cotton being placed under the ear operated on
for comfort’s sake.
The second ear is operated as was the first, the operator having
taken note of the form and size of the incision of the ear just
finished.
Both ears sutured, the wounds are cleansed thoroughly, though
gently, with fifty-per-cent peroxid of hydrogen and dried and dusted
over with aristol powder.

Fig. 141. Fig. 142.

Correction of Malposed Auricles. (Author’s case.)

A pad of gauze is placed over each ear and a bandage applied

around the head to protect the wounds and retain the ears, care
being taken not to tighten too tightly, as this occasions great pain
and possible pressure erosion of the skin.
The dressing should be changed on the second day, as there is
usually some soiling of the dressings at the lower angles of the
wounds. They are again powdered, using the pulverflator preferably,
and rebandaged.
 The ears will be found to lie very close to the head at this time, if
the operation has been properly done. Anteriorly in the skin of the
concha and corresponding to the line of cartilage exsection will be
found a crease more or less discolored, according to the severity of
injury occasioned by the operation.
This should give the surgeon no concern, as the fold will
accommodate itself in a few days. There may be a persistence of the
fold for some time, however, which, if desirable, can be corrected by
a small secondary operation at a later date. The author has never
experienced the need of such, however.
The patient at this time usually bemoans the position of his ears,
and should be assured beforehand what was expected, and that the
condition is only temporary.
The dressings after this can be repeated every second or third
day, as may be required, although these wounds heal surprisingly
well.
Moist dressings are to be avoided at all times, they soften the
edges of the wound and prevent primary union.

Fig. 143. Fig. 144.

 Posterior View of Replaced Auricles.

The sutures are removed on the ninth or tenth day, whereafter the
patient may be allowed to go without the head bandage, but is
strictly instructed to replace it at night with a band of muslin three
inches wide, snugly pinned around the head to prevent the ears
from being injured or torn away from their new attachment by
sudden movements during sleep. This bandage should be worn at
night for at least a month.
When only a part of the ear is overprominent the operation
undertaken should in the main be according to the methods just
described, the incisions being changed in extent accordingly.
In the illustrations above, Figs. 143 and 144, are shown the
posterior view of the ears before and after operation. At no time
should the ears be placed too closely to the head, as is often
peculiarly requested by the patient, as it gives an unnatural
appearance and predisposes toward the collection of filth in the
sulcuses that is hard to remove. The distance from the head to the
outer rim of the ear should be about half an inch at its widest part.
 CHAPTER XI
CHEILOPLASTY
(Surgery of the Lips)

This branch of plastic surgery has to do

with the correction of deformities of the lips.
These deformities usually involve one lip
only, and are dependent upon direct
traumatism, operative interference in the
extirpation of malignant growths, particularly
carcinomata, the correction of cicatricial
disfigurement following tubercular or
syphilitic ulceration or congenital faults,
commonly met with in harelip.
Operations for the latter condition have
usually been considered under a separate
heading, but since the restorative procedures
involve methods purely plastic they are
included under this their proper classification.
Owing to the great number of blood
vessels in the lips, it is advisable to resort to
Fig. 145. the bloodless method, where the defect to be
Burchardt Compression corrected involves more than the superficial
Forceps. structure. This is accomplished:
1. By compressing the coronary arteries at
both angles of the mouth by digital pressure, suitable clamps or
compression forceps. The fenestrated oval forceps, illustrated in Fig.
145, and designed by Burchardt, or the harelip clamp of Beinl, Fig.
146, will be found to meet the purpose well, the latter having a
sliding lock by which the pressure upon the tissue can be regulated
to a nicety.

Fig. 146.—Beinl Harelip Clamp.

2. By clamping off the site of operation with specially made

cutisector forceps. Its smooth parallel jaws should be curved
outward, so that the diseased area can be fully excluded by their
concavities.
3. By employing the indirect ligature of Langenbuch. This is
accomplished by including the site of operation with several strong
silk threads firmly tied in loops upon the skin surface, each loop
including a given amount of tissue, the next encroaching upon it up
to the center of this area, and so on until the entire site is rendered
anemic. The advantage of this method is that with the anemia a
certain amount of anesthesia is produced at the same time; a fact to
be remembered when the patient is to be operated under local
anesthesia, the anemia enhancing the efficacy of the latter.

HARELIP
A congenital defect of the upper lip caused by the lack of proper
union of the maxillary, globular, and frontonasal processes in
embryo. Treves states that from the buccal aspect of the maxillary
process of either side the palatal processes arise, passing inward to
combine with each other to form the soft palate and all of the hard
palate, except the intermaxillary portion, and that from this same
source are formed the cheeks, the outer or lateral parts of the upper