ELASTICITY

#Elasticity:
When an exterenal orece is applied o n a n
object h e shape of the object deforem If
exterenas forece, the objec
We cemovethe
his phenom
back toits orcigimal shape,
-enon 1S kno ton as
s Elasticih of the object.
cestan
NoteBut is extercnal forece
erosses a

mevere back to its

imit he deforemobject

It means
elastie propeety destoys.
eigimal shape.

#Stress Forcce erc ernit attea on the object

#Strcain Dejormatiom in length

Ociginal lengh.
FHookes Law
5tess Sttaim within elastic timit
S t r t e s s = K. straim

Where K= elashe
nodulus,
Proporetional limit

E
(Psa ctutce
Poimt)
sAness Elasia tim it Plastic
Behosiown.
- ; orc Yeield point.

treain
 pes of Elastic Moduli

Young's Culk
Modulu5
Modulus
Volumerit shress
lowgihu dinal shress K Yolumetic srain
longicdudiual stsan
K FA

Y- A FL d Vchange in
vo

F Forc e V orciginax
A area of ve
ChC0SS-sect
= change m
Rigidity
Modulw
tngH Sheari m9 shus
Lotiqinal shearimg strun
lehgh.
(EA)

.
if AD= L, AA=
tan9-
i9 enysmall; tans
NotgpKdy)
Note3KA

idV=0, then K=0o, this kapresoxs. igid hody,So

he highee the rolue Kthe objectis mote Tigid
madius olso represwhs
For his rceaso, buk
incompressi bi lity /igidity
60, Compressibility,
-0; oe pecectly, igid body

Peisson's Ratio
LakermlArceal strain
longitudima strai

>Lomgiudi maf
shrdin
Laleral
Strai.

g1. Eaivalen ce
oa heart Strain is equal fo a
compression and an extensiom a ight angle.
A

We considerc h e object is a cube. ADCD is a

squane
with tength
C AD =L2
AA s BB°-2
.. Sheac strain, 9»-
 Toind the compre ssion and extension Ne
have o drea percpemdi culat fom poimt A and
en AD and c reespect vely.

i s smalß APGOand 4 AEA aMe 190Scale

riangle.
F EA'=

Compression A
AD LV
Expansisn -
- i compressiom + 1e pansiOn
=rcight agle
S2.Estalb 1ish the felloioing relnbions
a015

k
Y = 2 K (L- 20)

Y 2n (1+0)

P P

P
We comsidere a cube
d unit Jngh
Let 'Pbe the
pe ssure applied nor
to its each surtface outwatd ly
Non,
we have
hWe
two fonces P, P along X-dimect"/axis
- d i s e c " and contract"
ing
causing
extention along
Yand -direc
extension along X-disect" be e
Let, the
-

iedulus ch he matemal.
and Ybe
and
the young's
Y=- L=1
e =
Poissons tatio, o - Areal strain
e

Arreal strain

Arreal Strain =PO

50, Arreal Compression.
fore strcain 3 - n utual perpendicular diret s,
X
Y
X Po

Po P
Z -

Po
lotal
Strsam 2a)-2P-26)

Orciginal length =i nit

driginal wolume ==1? = L cubic unit.

NeN lengh + (-26)

 New Volume =

-1 (1-26)
hcre eased in vol
0-2}-1
= 1-26).
Yolume straim 3(-2)

C-2)
Bulk Modulus K= vo34ress
vol strain

P
3(1-26
Y
3C1-26)

Y 3K(1-26).

LeB, we apply P, P) pres ure in ouocod dinec

along, X- axis ,
and
(P, P) prenure mnand
ditrection alon9 Y-axis.
 stroaim along.
NOw,

X
Y
X

Y Ps

O
L
Simu'taneously, extensiom and comprescion 6train,
each equal to a ight angles to each othen

gives
gives ise to a heacimg strain 69iven

9idity modulus,n hearcing Stress (P)

Shearei tia stoin (6
P
(14)

2(1+6)
Y- 2n (1+6) O
 Fia oo

We considen a cube of wit length

Let P be the press u r r e applied noKmally

Ho itseach 3icface outin andly.

have wo forces (P,P) along

Now, Ne
dircection and
im X-
X-axis3 causi
causimg extension

Contraction along Yand Z- direction.

X-ditecion
X-ditec¥ion be ''e:
e:
extension in
Let the
EL-1"
ounsYoungs Modulus (
e

/Lgterad
(o)= Atcealnstreain
. P o i s 6on's catio
Loug itudiual strain

Arceal Strajm
e
Atceal Sraim=ge =

Arceal Compression = Po
ort
Latercal Comtreaction
We kno8M thak,
Y 3KI-26) 0
Y-2 Ct+ o) D
From eq"
= 2 -

his value in eq" OD,

Puting
RutHing
Y 3K - m +2)
T 3K 3

9K KY
Y
-

Y+ 9K

Y (1 + S K
9K 9Kn
Y=
1+K n+3K

n+3K
o . Poison's reaio let a matenial 1s O. 378 and

modulus is a.87 x 1 0 N / . Fimd

igidity
Young's Modulus.

Forse's Eotio, s =0.379

2
Rigidity modulus, m=2.87 x 10 m
We know thot,
Y- 2n(1+ C)
&x2.87 x10 (1+0.379) N/m
x10 (1 379) N/m
5.44

7.9 x 10 N/m
4.

Find
oFind QM expxession hon intenal bendin9 moment o av
beam.

R011
explain the tenm "neulral swtace in case o bending
wni onm beam.
2012
&plain he tem intexna bending noment nelated o
bendung o a beam

Explain the term lexual igidity

Let an unijoxm beam is ben? fvm its orcigina shape

d extercnad foreces, so that no

by
by
poret o
the action
the beam is stsained" beond efastic
limit. and its tcagaîn its shape when extennal
oHCes arce teemo Ved

Let,amele mentaey parct dk the bar

ABCD is

leng h dbejorte bendingLet he beam

is bent and the elememtareyparct

takes
takes
Ae'c'p° a s shown im he ii
the
the shape
shape
to A'B and
AB elomgates
Jilament
As rcesult
c'D.Filament PG
CD is compressed

he
O+the middle o the bare is meithen

compressed. So the surface passes

elongated more

Ahrrough P is known as
neutral sureface.
Let
O9 R
We considee a filament EF af cross- sectiono)
akea ' at a distance ' from meutrau
Surcface.
Then, fvom
P'
R R
EF
R+
dx dx+ 6 'PG =Pg= neuta
R+R+
Surcjace

' . E F ' = dx + E

da +E R+ e Exension of E'F|
d R

E da
R 11

NoW,
oung's Moduhus,
Yowgitudiuastress tiog oi
Aongitudina struim V.o

herte2,
f forcce on ceoss
secton K.
FY.
ENote3 5ureface elememt abore the neural
Surcface Nilbe extended avd surzface
element below the neutral Suface
Nil1 be C op s e c s e d .
The moment d 5 al +he Jorcces actmg over

Jhe crrosS- s ectiomal areea (A) about the neutra

the
axis/s uface is o

FX 2. z

A
AK where, K Tadius of
yTation

Wherce, AK=2xz=arceal rnoment orc geometcical

moment

moment, is YAK2
exterenal bendim9
Thus, R
Within elastic limit,
Intercnal Bedimg
momentExteremal Bending
Momenf.

YAK
nterenal Bending Moment
=

R
When, R i.

nterenal Bending Moment YAK

Jhen,
Jhe quantiky YAK is kno@n as Hexual

xigidit
.
.5
a94

OExplain the tenm tonsional nigidity.

R01
Shos thak in case o tostion o a Clinden
Co uple perc unit twist,
TTNrt

TE

Twist Cpb)
Vais
D loresional
Rigitih2 Toretiornal reigidity o a cylimdert
ore a wiree is the torcque rcequirned to
taist + thrrough one Cadion

i i ue considere a cylind icical shell with

tcadius X amd width d*. and o Angth
' A ngle of toist = 29og'- ¢

Shearcing sBrraín - 2gPg'- e.

 x¢
gs arc. length
imilaely, sa'!

-
No Shearim9 streess
wodulus oh reigidityn-shshearcin shrain (
'Sheareing streess n0
bottom
shearcing occe is tangentia3 to the

5urtace o the Cylindrcicaß shel

a F strcess x arcea

n x RZ dz
d
cque o +he forece AF a bout the axis,
= df x *

Total toreque on the

cylimder,
x d

=TN r t

This is the asnount ok toeque tequiced to teoist

throu gh an angle P.
.'
.orTorcque
rque required to toist though i kadion

i.e. 1
Tnr1

his is the expression dorc torctional

reigidit
Note3 9n case oh holloco cylimder o inner Tdius
KR and outerc Sadiu5 Ro

TwO identical teods with Toung's Modulus Yand.

end to end. Fi'na the
2 arce connected
equivalent Young's Modulus Jor the composite
HOd.
A

A2P
YL

A
fore 1kod Y LF
Youngs
Youngs Modulus
AR
FL
A

Young's Medulus fore R"a reod , Y,

Whewe,
, A= change in length o 1* kod ahter appling honeef

2
M
d

NDW
Youngs odulus tore composi te rod,
YF2

Here, = change m length ok composite xod ate

Ppling eece F.

+2

'.Y(),+
[Y

FL
A
FL
AY

Y- QYY2
Y,+Y
Calculale the dispension at
beam 10 cated at the freee emd.
cantilevNo
pofne oa canie
a

OWith negligi ble mass.

N i h considercation o mass,

+(-*)>X

P
( y

Let the totai length othe beam be 4,

end
a Aoad Wis atached at Hhe -ree
the beam.

Let, a point PC*y) is taken an the

the

bend lbeam.

moment at p
point P
nterenal bemding.
YAK
R
brum
he bear iS mass1ess, aB equili

ending moment= Extercna

ntercna
0. bendinq moment

YA=
R Ca-) - --O
Wheree, W= load.
e knoD thot,

()«
 ---
-

Ficon C and

YAK - - CA-x)uA

YAK d (x-) W

akinglntegroatiom
on the both sides

YAK W +
Bht, * , g = O , 50, C1=O

AK w-A
both Sides
Taking ntegration
en

YAK )+e2
a, O , O s0 C2-0

otk S"be 4he n oximu dijspercsion at, «=l

AK"S = W.

|6- 3YAK2
 O

Cay)

Let, the beam js of umiorem masS pere

uit deng h GH
Neigh pert umt length
equa.
Let, weight pere unit Reng th be

A4 equilibreium,
nterenal bendimg momemt= exBenna
bendin9 mo ment

erc AK= (A-x)W

R +|tx(u-9
YAK 2--ou+ R

laking teration Omboth side5,

- YAK -tn-)W+ -231+), i
at,=O, = 0 , 50, Co
YAK d -(tx-w +£**-
king Imtegation
Ta kimg
om both sides,

C2
a, =0, y=o ,50, C2

.', Maximum disperesion iS at =l

-YAK& 4
..
YAK
98RLD

Derivee an
expre ssion herc the dispeesion at he
middle d he beam; when weight is at the the
middle o beam amd end tcoo points une
n e

horci2ontally supporcte
Considert that beam has neglegible masT

=========
Before
PCxy) adding
load

Let an light - uniherm

beam
ngth is
testimg en too horci zontal sharp krife edges
ends. The beam is loaded
4he
0 and o' at
W
at the cente it wi th Road
a point PCx4) om the
the
We Considere
hat 0 <a<2
bend beam, such
YAK
Moment
R
=

nterenal Bending

A+ equi li borium,
Moment- External Bending
ntercna Bendimg Moment.

A=
We know hat,

YAK --x 0
 tatimg interation n both 6ides,
NO
YAK2
W Cs
A

C 16

YAK d -- 16

tegratimg both sides,

YAK =-W NAx +C2

16

k, = 0 y=O S0, C2 0

YAK"y=- W* WA
12 6

is at
Minimum dis pere sion (S)
x=

YAK. S = - 96
+
32

S RWA3
YAK
=

6 48 YAK
This isthe exprression forc depreession o
the middle point.

YAK2
This is the expreession Jo: depession 5
a

point a o istance x from the end.

Case1
For cectangula bare Length brmdth'b'
a nd dep+h 'd'
2
A bd
12

' .Ss 4Y bd
3
M
= MK

Case 2
Fore
cylindreical beam adius r,

A 2

:S- WA
2 Yr4 I Mr
=M
 w i r e has mbre
A hollow cynder
thad, soid
compaad to
show a
as
Aortiomal r i d i d t length,
om omd
indTical wire f
Same

Som
mas erial.

ledus consider a

CHundmeal shell ofradis

amd width dx Jixed

Voy One enda.
led, itw'sled

om amale
rom dtgun
Angla s twist 290
Slearimg strain =28Pg=

9 acc
ength = *

Similarei gs-L (L is 4w lengt of mdril

ehel

shear stses
dity moduwlus, 8 (shear straun)
Sheat sire .

sheatdoce'df Shear Stresx Asea o

hross Seetion

2Td

n(rmd
oqu
(orque due to t e c e df abou tu axs,

L
Tota orqueor a Solid eylihder sf radius R

2tn d
. 2L
 lortonal gidity fo tue Sotid udor,

2L
holLow
Foom equattom i) Yordue for
a

Oylmde ofimesraduu R , md 6u
raouu R,

2nT
L
R

2
(-R)
Tonsttormal
d i y . Ho a hellow OundT

TA (2L ) -

ow, Somne materal, dm

md be Same ,

o c e mom s a s o Sam

Mas soud Man of Hollb

C

Netd,

R
S

J 2 R2
A

provsd
fimd om expremion o r Ctraun morq

e , comaidar a mokalic
wre of lengthL ond its
one emd iied t a Suppo*
applied forre as shoun
Siune
et be tu elongation

a ter
oppurg u force e

oumg's Modulus, y /A = - -ti

Nous,fore Judur d omownd ofin crea>e
im Lengt,
requieed uorkelona dw =F.dx

YAn
dw = -
Toda worKdonay

A d
X= may i m u
. .Gii)
elongaton
From woTK enmuryhaorems ri blop
chamge1D potentia emara workdo na
Polenttal enarTd /
SAaun emer
 Sdaun Pt Umt vo wm i
Shou thad emisA

equalto strain x Sthrem

we KMOw,

Shrain emr F YA
2 A

Ssain enorgu 8
Vowma = Sr ci emr A

YA
2

2LV

AL

Sra'n Parurgo s d s e s x srain

VoUmaa

A aold vire, o.32 mnm iamter, elongaded

o instrechd by. a force o33N
wistAroush adiai Van wnma Torqus
oits emd, jimd tua poissons atto

Torttonod Tigidiay

2L

Moduls,

AR
 Kmo that,
e

-2n C4

2
7 3520
2

2.2

2 2TTA
i1 33 x *T

22 A0. rt 16. AOOO

.6 6.16
33 x x Loeo 1000

240 . i

o. o0 o 0 4 1 d -

t Define ottonal oseillation

o w cam you find, tostienal sigidit b
usima dostionad OscilladiHon.

Os cillaton o
The o obTee dua 4o Aosttona
tgiditt and appled dorqus ts Knowr aS
+otomal Osillation
 o englh amd
and
Lod us conaide a sinn
attachwd
M ' i s attachd
a disc oradi u 'R'and mam

îm J u a
o tha sAring a s Shown

The Osci llatton of

Ae disc s equ valem
+o Oscillation of Simple
pendulum. ( frictton
Force is oitted hore).

Momomi inetfa of
tha disc,
t
I MR2 g : fxpeumental Set up
detexmine tortHonad riqidity
amd Tigaidity. modum.
Appue d Tosqu

7,-I -ti
Led, Cfs tue tovWomal siaidity
A a tma 4, tuwist amale e s

nternal (oqus, TC - - -

ii)
As appl'ad torque amd imernad toroque
ts opposite to each othur

dttce o

fquation ti) is simi lau to

difjerential
equat on e seM.
 - r

Tme paiod,
TT r or
T*= A

C 4rt2T
T

MR
2rMR2 -(V

Tuas i's ue expremón os

tovttomal 'sh
De Knoo,

2L C

Usfng 4ue vaut f efrom eq" (v m

eq'vi
we
qe, tue value ofaldity Modulus,
212"M

ATLMR2
 eqa
to produuee
*he loads r e q w e d
CompaJTL made s
s a m

beams
das persion for two
,
weg
same 1emath amd
Tnatev al amd havimg. ohile ong
thad
o t h tue d s a r e
dHfese nee
omd oam
m oo
t ltw
arr

has a
Seetiom
CUtcular ross
seetion.
uas a squouce cross

t u e m a x i m u m
dispee slon
We Knoo tad, esatton 6j mm

Comteleves u t h corsid
a
3 ohre
(

S
AK L

For rcular Coss seetton

-1
CroSS seetton,
For Squar

12
S

AT &eSs

TCR ) ---
O mas SOme
Nou,

atR
-Jrom diti)-

r + 3 4 L
(a-»)
Sfern pr e 9e
oma

- <o
W