Searching for dark matter with the ADMX experiment
Gianpaolo Carosi Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory USA ADMX Collaboration UCLA Dark Matter 2010 02/25/2010
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This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.
What is our Universe made of? _______________________________ADMX
We know neither what the dark energy or the dark matter is! A particle relic from the Big Bang is strongly implied for DM! WIMPs ? Axions ?
Peccei and Quinn: CP_______________________________ADMX conserved through a hidden symmetry
QCD CP violation should, e.g., give a large neutron electric dipole moment (T + CPT = CP); none is unobserved (10+ orders-of-magnitude discrepancy)
Why doesnt the neutron have an electric dipole moment?
This leads to the Strong CP Problem: Where did QCD CP violation go? 1977: Peccei and Quinn: Posit a hidden broken U(1) symmetry 1) A new Goldstone boson (the axion); 2) Remnant axion VEV nulls QCD CP violation.
Properties of the axion
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The dark matter axion - relatively confined parameter space! _______________________________ADMX
SV K
Z SZ DF
Hows the axion faring as a dark-matter candidate? _______________________________ADMX
Wilczek conclusion (Physics Today): Im much more optimistic about the dark matter problem. Here we have the unusual situation that two good ideas exist (wimps and axions) Witten conclusion (Axions in String Theory): Axions are ubiquitous in string theory; as necessary as gravitons. Couplings and masses of Dark-matter QCD axions are tightly constrained: Allowed couplings are within a range of 7 and the mass is constrained to the two decades 10-6 10-4 eV. The axion remains a very attractive dark-matter candidate (affirmed by HEPAP, DMSAG, etc.) The ADMX axion search is definitive and relatively inexpensive
[Pierre Sikivie, PRL 51, 1415 (1983)] _______________________________ADMX
Amp Superconducting magnet
Principle of the microwave cavity experiment
Microwave Cavity
Medium Resolution Channel (thermalized)
E/E ~ 1022
Resonance condition: h = mac2[ 1 + O(2~ 10-6) ]
High Resolution Channel (coherent)
Signal power: P ( B2V Qcav )( g2 ma a ) ~ 1023W
ADMX collaboration
University of Washington
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Leslie Rosenberg, Gray Rybka, Michael Hotz, Andrew Wagner, Doug Will, Jesse Heilman, Kyle Tracy, Miguel Morales University of Florida David Tanner, Pierre Sikivie, Neil Sullivan, Jeff Hoskins, Jungseek Hwang+, Catlin Martin Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Steven Asztalos*, Gianpaolo Carosi, Darrell Carter, Chris Hagmann, Darin Kinion, Karl van Bibber# National Radio Astronomy Observatory Richard Bradley University of California, Berkeley John Clarke Sheffield University Edward Daw
The Experiment _______________________________ADMX
Baffling Bucking Magnet SQUID 1K Pot Microwave Cavity Main Magnet 13 Ton 8 Tesla in center bore 4m 4m
Currently using copper-plated tuning rods _______________________________ADMX high-Q cavity experiment insert
The Axion Dark Matter eXperiment _______________________________ADMX
Stage Technology
Phase 0
HEMT; Pumped LHe
Phase I
Replace w. SQUID
Phase II
Add Dilution Fridge
Tphys Tamp
Tsys = Tphys + Tamp
2K 2K 4K 1 @ KSVZ
2K 1K
3K
100 mK 100 mK 200 mK 5 @ DFSZ
AND !
Scan Rate
1.75 @ KSVZ
OR
(Tsys ) 2
Sensitivity Reach g 2 Tsys
KSVZ
0.75 x KSVZ
DFSZ
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Details of data acquisition & analysis
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Sample data and candidates
Conversion microwave photons are detected by one of the worlds quietest radio receiver
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Systematics-limited for signals of 10-26 W ~10-3 of DFSZ axion power (1/100 yoctoWatt).
Prior ADMX results
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Three eras of (early) ADMX Phase 0 (non-SQUID) operations Single cavity/medium-resolution channel 1995 to 1998, 2001 to 2003 PRL 80 (1998) 2043 (PhD Thesis) PRD 64 (2001) 092003 PRD 69 (2004) 011101(R) (PhD Thesis) Four-cavity/medium-resolution channel 1999 to 2001 PhD Thesis Single cavity/high-resolution channel 2003 to 2004 PRL 95 (2005) 091304 (PhD Thesis)
Phase I & II Upgrade path: Quantum-limited SQUID-based amplification
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SQUIDs have been measured with TN ~50 mK Near quantum limited noise This provides an enormous increase in ADMX sensitivity
Phase I upgrade (Started data taking in May 2008) _______________________________ADMX
Field compensation magnet for SQUIDs SQUID amplifier
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Injected Power Noise floor
Now running in Phase I (SQUID amplifiers)
ADMX Phase I: Accomplishments to date. _______________________________ADMX
Successfully operated experiment with SQUID amp near 7 Tesla field
Received: Oct 27th, 2009 Accepted: Dec 22nd, 2009 Published: Jan 29th, 2009 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.041301
Covered 812 860 MHz = 48 MHz Total Run Time: 19 months Continuous Data Collecting: 8 months
FY09 Phase I reach
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PVLAS (retracted)
Phase 0 7 years Phase I 2009
Phase II: SQUID amplifiers plus dil fridge Ts ~ 200mK
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Periodic-post resonators (10-100 GHz)
Single cavity with SQUID amplifiers and dilution refrigerator 300 < f < 3 GHz T ~ 200 mK
Plans to move and install at University of WashingtonT
Phase II ADMX: Add dilution-refrigerator cooling _______________________________ADMX
Phase II will scan the lower-mass decade at or below DFSZ sensitivity, then continue upward in frequency This is the definitive search
Utilizing ADMX for a Chameleon search _______________________________ADMX
Chameleons: Particles whose mass depends on local matter density. (possible dark energy particle) Can mix with photons but have trouble moving through walls.
Utilizing ADMX for a Chameleon search _______________________________ADMX
Summary and Conclusions _______________________________ADMX
Successfully operated SQUID amplifier near 7 T B-field at pumped LHe temperatures (~ 2 k). Took Med. Resolution data at KSVZ sensitivity (812-860 MHz): Published results in PRL! Currently taking data to close out High Resolution channel. (will continue data-taking in both channels until April). Chameleon particle search: Proof of Principle (will be submitted for publication soon) Currently preparing for move magnet to UW in May/June timeframe. Phase II contruction (Dilution fridge + New Insert). DEFINITIVE SEARCH!
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Status of Electric Dipole Moment Searches
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Currently, there are at least four experiments aiming at improving the current limit (or measuring for the first time) on the neutron EDM with a sensitivity down to 10-28 e-cm over the next 10 years
* Baker, C. A.; et al. (2006). "Improved Experimental Limit on the Electric Dipole Moment of the Neutron". Phys. Rev. Lett. 91: 131801. http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v97/e131801.
Properties of the axion
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Phase I operations: Chameleons& hidden-sector photons (1) _______________________________ADMX
Chameleons
Scalars/pseudoscalars that mix with photons, and are trapped by cavity walls. Arise in some dark energy theories. Detectable by slow decay back into photons in cavity
Hidden-sector photons
Vector bosons with photon quantum numbers and very weak interactions. Detectable by reconverting HSPs back into photons in ADMX cavity
Phase I operations: Chameleons& hidden-sector photons (2) _______________________________ADMX
Chameleons
Hidden Sector Photons
GammeV Limit
One day of running in June set limits comparable to GammeV experiment.
Jaeckel & Ringwald (2009) Apply ADMX limits on HSP coupling.
