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MATHEMATICAL REASONING
1. Statements: A statement is a sentence which either true
or false, but not both simultaneously.
2. Negaiton of a statement: The denial of a statement p is
called its negation, written as ~ p.
Negation of any statement p is formed by writing “ It is not
the case that ..... “ or “ It is false that.......” before p or, if
possible by inserting in p the word “not”.
3. Compound statement: We have learnt about negation of a
simple statement. Writing the negation of compound
statements having conjunction, disjunctions, implication,
equivalence, etc, is not very simple. So, let us discuss the
negation of compound statement. The Compound statements
are made by:
(i) Connectives: "AND", "OR"
(ii) Quantifiers: "There exists", "For every"
(iii) Implications: The meaning of implications “If ”, “only
if ”, “ if and only if ”.
(a) "p q" : p is sufficient condition for q or p implies q.
q is necessary condition for p.
The converse of a statement p ⇒ q is the statement q ⇒ p.
p ⇒ q together with its converse, gives p if and only if q.
(b) "p q"
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JEE | NEET | Class 8 - 10 Download eSaral App
A sentence with if p, then q can be written in the following
ways.
p implies q (denoted by p ⇒ q)
p is a sufficient condition for q
q is a necessary condition for p
p only if q
∼q implies ∼p
4. Contrapositive: The contrapositive of a statement p ⇒ q is
the statement ∼ q ⇒∼p .
5. Contradiction: A statement pattern is called a contradiction,
if it is always false, whatever may the truth values of its
constitute statements. In the last column of the truth table of
contradiction there is always F.
6. Validating statements: Checking of a statement whether it
is true or false. The validity of a statement depends upon
which of the special.
The following methods are used to check the validity of
statements:
(i) direct method
(ii) contrapositive method
(iii) method of contradiction
(iv) using a counter example.
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